Element 1

Element 1:
Workplace Hazards and Risk

Control
CONTENTS
1.1 HEALTH, WELFARE AND WORK ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS�� 1

1. Welfare Requirements��1
2. Effects of Extremes of Temperatures��5
3. Stacking and Storage/Falling Materials��6
1.2 VIOLENCE AT WORK�� 8

1. Meaning and Definition��8
2. Control Measures��9
1.3 SUBSTANCE MISUSE AT WORK�� 10

1. The Extent of the Problem��10
2. Drugs and Alcohol Policy��10
1.4 SAFE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN THE WORKPLACE�� 12

1. Hazards in the Workplace��12
2. Falling From Height��13
3. Collision With Moving Vehicles��13
4. Struck by Moving, Flying and Falling Objects��14
5. Struck against fixed or moving objects��14
6. Safe Movement of People – Control Measures��14
7. Maintenance of Safe Workplace��16
1.5 WORKING AT HEIGHT�� 18

1. Hazards and Risk Factors��19
2. Avoid Working At Height��20
3. Work At Height – Risk Assessment��20
4. Work At Height – Precautions��20
5. Emergency Rescue from Heights ��21
6. Equipment, Training, Instruction and Minimising Distance of Fall��21
7. Head Protection��22
8. Safe Working Practices��23
1.6 IMPACT OF TEMPORARY WORKS�� 31

1. Maintenance Works��32
2. Building and Renovation��33
3. Demolition��34
4. Excavation��35
SUMMARY�� 37
REFERENCES�� 38
Green World Group | v

1.1 HEALTH, WELFARE AND WORK
ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS
1. Welfare Requirements
When considering the provision of welfare arrangements, there has to be the
inclusion of the provision of suitable and sufficient:
• Sanitary conveniences,
• Washing facilities,
• Drinking water,
• Accommodation for clothing,
• Facilities for changing clothing and
• Facilities to take rest and eat meals.
The provision of first-aid is also considered a welfare issue but is covered in

Unit 1 – Element 3.
Working Environment
International and national requirements relating to the workplace vary, Source: Publish Your Article
but many contain all the requirements on issues such as:
• Ventilation, and Workplace temperature,

• Lighting, as well as secure Access to and within the workplace, etc.
They aim to ensure that workplaces meet the basic health, safety and welfare needs of all the members of the workforce
including people with disabilities. They apply to all non-domestic places of work, and all parts of buildings that may be
shared with other employers i.e.:
• Building toilets, corridors, foyers and lobbies

• Private roads and car parks
• Paths in industrial estates and business parks
• Temporary workplaces (but not construction sites – they have their own set of requirements).
Ventilation
Appropriate and efficient provision need to be

made to ensure that every enclosed workplace
is ventilated by an adequate amount of fresh
or purified air.
Any ventilation plant must have a gadget

that provides visible or audible warning of
failure. Windows or other openings might
offer adequate ventilation, but mechanical
ventilation systems might be needed to ensure
adequate fresh air and comfortable working
conditions.
Green World Group | 1

UNIT GC2: CONTROLLING WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Processes and activities that produce hazardous gases and vapour may require local exhaust ventilation, which has its
own particular technical guidelines and requirements.
Standards for Ventilation
In all cases, the list below factors need to be considered:
• Fresh air to be provided at the rate of at least 5 to 8 litres/sec per occupant

• It should not cause discomfort (draughts), suggesting air speeds of in between 0.1 to 0.15 m/sec. In summer
0.25 m/sec is appropriate
• Ventilation inlets should lie to guarantee that the inbound air is not contaminated
• Re-circulating systems ought to filter and add fresh air before recirculation.
• Stale, humid or hot air must be changed at a sensible rate e.g. in canteens and places for dining may need 10
changes of air every hour, whereas in workplaces 4 - 6 air changes per hour are required
• All ventilation devices must be regularly cleaned up, kept and tested to ensure that it stays sanitary and efficient.
Temperature
Reasonable temperatures should be provided, but obviously, climate will be a major factor. For example, in the UK the
recommended temperature should be a minimum of 16°C for sedentary workers (i.e. sitting down) or 13°C if there is
severe physical effort unless lower temperatures are required e.g. freezer stores. There is no maximum temperature.
Lighting
Lighting should be sufficient to enable people to work and move about safely, and as per the requirement, local light may
need to be provided at individual workstations. A well-lit workplace is the first step towards a safe work environment.
Source: Punctuation Mark
Employers have duties to ensure the provision of adequate lighting by natural means so far as is reasonably practicable,
and to keep windows and skylights reasonably clean when they are relied upon as a source of natural light as well
as maintaining emergency lighting where necessary to facilitate safe evacuation or to prevent a risk of danger from
machinery, etc.
2 | Green World Group

Recommended levels of lighting in the workplace are determined by the task being performed. Natural lighting should
be used where possible as this is the most comfortable light for the eye.
Health and safety effects of inadequate lighting are:
• Eye strain
• Headaches
• Poor posture
• Tripping over unseen objects
• Increased likelihood of error
• Increased time to evacuate work area during emergency
Factors to consider in the provision of adequate lighting are:
• The tasks being undertaken

• The size, volume and layout of the work area
• The equipment being used
• Availability of natural lighting
• The shift patterns
• Suitability of artificial lighting
• Glare from computer screens
• Areas in shadow
• Need for localised lighting
• Maintenance and replacement of faulty lighting
• Requirement and provision of emergency lighting
Cleanliness and Waste Materials
The workplace and the furniture etc. should be kept clean and
if possible walls, ceilings and floors should be cleaned. The
wastes must be timed and regularly removed and should be
stored in suitable containers.
Workstations/Seating
Suitable workstations should be provided for people at work.

If work is done seated, appropriate chairs must be provided.
Seating should give adequate support to the lower back and
footrests provided to workers whose feet cannot reach the floor.
If one is required to work in a sitting posture for an extended

period of time can cause:
• Vertebral and muscular damage

• High blood pressure
• Circulation problems e.g. thrombosis.
A suitable chair for sedentary work should have a good lower Source: GTM Payroll Services
back support, and easily adjustable height and arm rest. It must have a safe and
stable base and ability to swivel in all directions. A suitable footrest would be
required for short height people. The seat material must suit the environment in which it is being used.

Sanitary Conveniences
The table below shows the minimum sanitary conveniences and washing stations which are the minimum advised to
be provided. The number of individuals at work displayed in column 1 refers to the maximum likely to be at work in
the work environment at any one time. Where separate hygienic accommodation is offered for a group of workers, for
instance, men, females, office workers or manual employees, an independent estimation should be made for each group.
There should be separate facilities for men and women unless each facility is in a separate room with a lockable door
and is for use by only one person at a time.
1 2 3
Number of Number of water Closets Number of
People at work Wash stations
1 to 5 1 1
6 to 25 2 2
26 to 50 3 3
51 to 75 4 4
76 to 100 5 5
Table Source: GWG
Washing Facilities
Washing facilities should be suitable and sufficient. An employer may provide showers if required because of the type
of work carried out. Washing facilities should have running hot and cold or warm water and soap, clean towels or other
means of drying.
Drinking Water
Source: VideoBlocks

Enough supply of wholesome drinking water should be offered. Water ought to be provided only in refillable enclosed
containers where it can not be gotten from a direct mains supply. The tanks ought to be filled up at least day-to-day
unless it is in chilled water containers and is filled up by the provider.
Accommodation for Clothing and Changing
Provision of suitable and sufficient arrangements for a person’s own clothing not worn during working hours and for
any special clothing not taken home. So far as is reasonably practicable there should be facilities for drying clothing.
Facilities for changing clothes must be suitable and sufficient, where a person has to use special clothing for work and
for reasons of propriety may have to be separate for male and female
Facilities for Rest and Eat Meals
Dedicated areas at work can be considered as rest areas and as eating facilities as long as they adequately clean. Where
supplied consuming centres need to have a facility for preparing or getting a hot beverage.
Ideal rest centres ought to be offered pregnant females and nursing mothers.
Restricting smoking in the workplace has the following benefits:
• Reduction in fire risk

• Improvement in general cleanliness
• Reduction in exposure to cigarette smoke for other staff
• General promotion of good health
• Avoidance of conflict between smokers and non-smokers.
2. Effects of Extremes of Temperatures

Exposure to excessive cold or heat may have significant effects on employees’ health and can cause accidents due to
fatigue or stress.
Risk assessments should be carried out considering the personal factors such as the amount of activity and the type of
clothing provided, the task and environmental factors such as temperature, radiant heat, specific sources of cold or heat
if the work is performed outdoors.
Hot Environments
A significant hazard for the body at higher temperature is the adverse effect on physiological and biochemical processes.
Working in hot environments such as foundries, glass works, etc. can cause health effects such as:
• Skin Burns
• Dehydration
• Heat Exhaustion
• Heat Cramps
• Heat Cataracts
• Heat Strokes
• Heat Stress
• Radiant Heat Burns
Measures to protect the workers working in hot environments should include:
• Medical pre-selection
• Acclimatisation
• Cold Drinks
• Mechanical aids to avoid physical exertion

• Minimising Exposure
• Shielding and Refugees
• Ventilation
• Control of Humidity
• Suitable Clothing
• Health Surveillance
• Reducing heat/cold at source
• Regular Work Breaks
Cold Environments
The health effects of working in cold temperatures in workplaces such as cold stores and freezers could be:
• Rapid onset of Fatigue

• Shivering
• Loss of Dexterity
• Cold Burns
• Frostbite
• Hypothermia
Measures to protect employees working in cold environments can be:
• Use of Thermal Clothing

• Reduced Exposure Time
• Monitoring of Workers
• Cold Sensors and alarms
• Heating system
3. Stacking and Storage/Falling Materials

In any workplace, there will, at some time or another, be a need to store and stack materials and/or substances.
This particular topic needs to be approached with care and consideration for the safety of those in the workplace, those
passing by the workplace and of course the items themselves that could, if not managed appropriately become lost or
damaged.
Source: Used Racking London, Reclaimed & Used Shelving London
Designation of Appropriate Storage Locations
Designate storage areas for:
• Plant, - All sites will at some time or another have plant and equipment that will require being parked/stored
when not in use. With regard to plant, the areas designated for storage will need to be suitable and sufficient
for the purpose with regard to:

• Ground condition
• Security
• Access and egress
• Materials, - Flammable materials will usually need to be stored away from other materials and protected
from accidental ignition. Do not store materials where they block to gain access to paths or where they might
disrupt emergency escape.Make sure required guard rails are in place if individuals could fall when stacking or
collecting products or equipment if products are saved at height.
• Waste, - Decide how the waste stream will be managed to ensure it is timely and efficient.
Procedures should be in place for safe stacking and storage to prevent fall of material. Good practice includes:
• Materials and equipment are stored securely, neatly stacked on stable, level bases that are capable of carrying
the weight of the load
• Stored items and storage racks must not protrude beyond the sides of the rack or shelf or into aisles or walkways
that could cause accidental collision causing the material to fall.
• Circular items such as pipes and drums should be stored in suitably designed restrictive racks, or firmly chocked
to prevent falling.
• Storage racks for storing tools and equipment must be marked with maximum loading values
• Racks should not be overloaded to prevent collapse or toppling over
• Bulky items that are manually handled must be stored at a low height to minimise damage associated with a
potential fall
• Access should be provided that allows for removal of articles by use of mechanical aids
• Stepladders or similar approved means should be utilised for safe access to storage areas
• Do not allow the storage of items on the top of cabinets or other furniture and fittings not specifically designed
for storage
• Chemicals, including gas cylinders or materials that could react with or contaminate one another, should be
stored separately

1.2 VIOLENCE AT WORK
1. Meaning and Definition
Source: OHS Insider
Violence is defined as ‘any incident in which an employee is abused, threatened or assaulted in the circumstances relating
to their work’. Within the scope of this definition would be included verbal abuse, as well as physical aggression.
These definitions include verbal in addition to physical abuse and might arguably also consist of psychological control
(mental abuse). Incidents involving spoken abuse are the most typical.
Violence at work can be from two areas:
• Internal violence by fellow employees and this can also include bullying
• External violence such as physical, verbal aggression and assault by people outside the organisation
People at Risk
Certain work factors, processes, and interactions can put people at increased risk of workplace violence, including:
• Working with the public or having a mobile work environment.

• Handling money, valuables or prescription drugs.
• Carrying out inspection or enforcement duties.

• Education and Health care and other service staff.

• Working with unstable or volatile persons e.g. criminal justice system.
2. Control Measures
Finding out if there is a Problem of Violence
All potential hazards that may lead to violence in the workplace need to be examined. Employers may not be aware
where the problem lies; it is important for Line Managers to discuss with employees and refer to incident records of
past events.
Decide What Action to Take
If violence is considered to be a capacity an issue companies must choose what action to take by recognising who may
be affected and how, and thereafter:
• Examining the risk

• Assessing the level of training and info required
• Supplying a sufficient workplace - Taking a look at the style of the task to see how direct exposure to violence
can be eliminated or the risk reduced
• Recording the findings and evaluating the evaluation.
The way jobs and workplaces are designed can reduce the risk of violence, but there are no easy remedies and employers
need to identify the measures best suited to their particular workplace and activities. The following are examples of
various actions that are used:
• Queue management and details

• Change the task to offer less face to deal with contact
• Usage cheques, credit cards, tokens rather of money
• Examine credentials of customers and meeting places
• Avoid lone working in high-risk areas
• Call-in system for lone workers
• Arrangements to get staff house if working late
• Training employees to deal with aggression
• Changing public waiting locations
• Offer staff at risk with escape paths
• Video cams, alarm buttons, visible security staff
• Protective screens and coded security locks
• Wider counters and greater floor on personnel side
Source: India Forums

1.3 SUBSTANCE MISUSE AT WORK
1. The Extent of the Problem

Substance abuse is becoming a major issue for businesses. One of the causes of alcohol abuse in the workplace is
increasing levels of stress, both occupational and in people’s personal lives.
Policy Issues
It is important to be consistent in the approach to impaired performance due to abuse of drugs or alcohol policies. The
general approach to dealing with the problem is to determine a policy that clearly states:
• What it covers (and what it does not)

• What the company expects of its employees
• What the employees can expect of the company
• A clear disciplinary procedure for dealing with breaches of the policy.
2. Drugs and Alcohol Policy
Source: Med Fraud
There are two most important aspects of an alcohol policy - 1 regarding the organisation’s intentions towards employees
under the influence of alcohol at work, and 2 - employees that have a problem with alcohol addiction.
In either case, the prime purpose must be to establish the intentions of the organisation regarding the effects of the use
of alcohol by its employees on the business of the organisation.
An organisational policy should be drawn up, and all staff consulted, especially those who regularly work away from
the regular business premises.

It should be made clear that the organisation does not have the intention of intruding on the employees’ personal lives
until what they do outside work affects the organisation.
Alcohol on Company Premises or at Company Functions
Whenever consumption of alcohol on business premises is permitted, the organisation has a particular need to ensure
the safety of those attending.
It is suggested making sure that the need to drive to the event was removed by the provision of company-subsidised
transport.
In addition, it is advisable to make specific provisions to prevent employees from ‘visiting’ their regular workplace
during the event, to avoid an increased risk of accident when their judgement is impaired.
It is not unknown for employees to return to their workplace whilst highly intoxicated and fall where they are not found
for many hours - sometimes with tragic consequences.
Drugs
If an employee is taking drugs that are controlled by national legislation, whether prescribed or not, there is all the
possibility that some impairment of their ability to function efficiently and safely.
The risks to the safety of those affected by employees taking prescribed drugs are likely to be easier to control, as it is
more likely that the employee will reveal this.
However, it would be no defence merely to allege that the employer was not aware of an employee’s abuse of drugs
if there were no training and information for managers to identify a problem and no procedures for dealing with a
suspected problem.
In addition, an employer that ‘turns a blind eye’ to drug abuse amongst its employees, particularly if it has made an
insufficient attempt to prevent drug taking in the workplace, is likely to be liable for prosecution.
Indications of Drug Abuse
The signs that an employer can use to determine substance abuse vary widely between people, based on the depth of an
abuser’s addiction, the frequency of their abuse and the types of drugs they are abusing.
Overall the most obvious signs are:
• A change in personality or
• An inability to work efficiently (such as an increase in accidents or absences).

1.4 SAFE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN THE
WORKPLACE
1. Hazards in the Workplace

• Slips, Trips and Falls
When considering the movement of people in the workplace one of the most common causes of harm are slips, trips and
falls. These can typically be categorised into the two areas of:
1. Falls on the level

2. Falls from a height
Slips, trips and falls are one of the principal causes of accidents. Listed below are some causes of slips, trips and falls:
• Slipped on wet surface

• Slipped on dry surface
• Tripped over obstruction
• Tripped over uneven floor surface
The factors that contribute to these accidents can be considered under the headings of:
• The floor surface: Slippery surface, holes, uneven surface, etc.

• Contamination: Spillages, Leaks, etc.
• Obstructions: Rubbish, Trailing cables, Rugs, etc.
• The Task: Carrying loads, insufficient space to work
• Environment: Lighting
• Footwear: unsuitable footwear
• The People: Unaware of the dangers
To prevent slips and trips, the following precautions could be considered:
• Designated walking routes where possible

• Ensure walkways are level
• Ensure walkways are non-slip
• Well lit and clearly marked walkways
• Procedures to quickly identify and remove spillages and obstacles
• Eliminate need to carry loads
• Make employees aware of the hazards
The employee should also observe the following precautions:
• Follow designated walking routes

• Wear appropriate footwear
• Avoid walking on uneven surfaces
• Avoid areas where spillage has occurred
• Avoid poorly lit areas
• Report any problems immediately
The majority of slips, trips and fall incidents happen on stairs or access ways/ramps, etc. The hazards are:
• Inadequate design (dimensions, threads, no handrails)

• Poor Housekeeping (obstructions, trailing cables)

• Poor lighting
• Slippery surfaces (Oil/water/Ice) or unsuitable footwear
• Damaged flooring or coverings
• Manual handling/rushing on stairs
To avoid accidents on stairs, the following precautions could be considered:
• Adequate width of walkways/stairs and handrails fitted

• Remove obstructions/trailing cables
• Improve lighting levels and install emergency lighting
• Non-slip surfaces/spillages procedures/covered walkways
• Maintain/report and repair defects
• Use lifts for loads/sites rules
2. Falling From Height

This topic covers all forms of access for working at a height:
• Scaffolds,
• Towers,
• Ladders,
• Mobile work platforms,
• Window-cleaning equipment,
• Man-riding skips, and
• Roof work.
Numerous accidents occur from bringing, raising and utilising tools
and devices on gain access to platforms or ladders.
Employers who have employees who work at height should guarantee

that:
• All work at height is adequately prepared and arranged

Source: Daily Mail
• Those involved in work at height are qualified
• The threats from work at height are evaluated, and proper work
devices is chosen
• The threats from fragile surfaces are appropriately controlled
• Devices for work at height is correctly checked and maintained
A suggested hierarchy of control for working at height is:
• Avoid operating at height wherever possible

• Usage work equipment or other procedures to prevent falls where working at height can not be prevented
• Where the risk of falls can not be gotten rid of, use work devices or other control measures to minimise the
distance and consequences of a fall should one happen.
3. Collision With Moving Vehicles

Any circumstance which includes crossing a vehicle/plant traffic route is a hazard, particularly when lighting/visibility
is limited and it is not possible to see oncoming vehicles clearly. Emerging from doors can provide an issue where the
exit leads straight on to a vehicle course.
Other hazardous scenarios consist of:
• Working close to moving vehicles, such as in filling/loading bays or carrying out road repair works.
• Where vehicles move or cross around locations which are usually reserved for pedestrians, such as in parks.

4. Struck by Moving, Flying and Falling Objects

People may be struck by:
• Objects falling from overhead conveyors

• Bits of material ejected from equipment or items falling from above
• Hand tools falling from height during maintenance work
Wherever possible the hazards should be eliminated by:
• Guarding of equipment
• Protection such as netting to prevent objects falling.
• If this cannot be done then cordoning off the area should be done if possible, and it may be necessary to issue
PPE such as hard hats.
5. Struck against fixed or moving objects

This can occur where obstructions are protruding into walkways; hazards are not marked; lack of awareness of people
and where there could be distractions and human error such as people not paying attention.
The most efficient way is to prevent this type of accident is to plan the workplace to ensure walkways are clear of
obstructions.
If this is not possible, then obstructions should be barriers off making sure the barrier itself does not create a hazard and
making sure that the obstruction is clearly marked and identifiable.
6. Safe Movement of People – Control Measures

Slip Resistant Surfaces
To minimise the risk from slips, trips and falls:
• Install slip resistance floor, consider the

type of floor surfaces and coverings.
• Use treatments that substantially increase
the surface roughness of the flooring. Be
sure a floor treatment doesn’t introduce a
new hazard.
• Minimise changes in the floor level. If
levels must change, install ramps rather
than steps.
• Avoid sudden changes in floor surface
texture, where possible. If such changes
do occur, ensure proper lighting and
visual markers are in place
• If footwear in the workplace cannot be
standardised, increasing the roughness of
surfaces can increase the slip resistance Source: Silikal america
of floors.
• Products used to increase the surface friction will need to be maintained
in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications

Spillage Control
• Ensure work environment policies and procedures for cleaning up spills clearly determine who is accountable
for separating and cleaning up the spill without holed-up
• Execute and establish emergency situation treatments for dealing with emergency situation situations including
loss of containment
• Ensure all personnel is adequately trained and instructed in the spills clean-up treatments
• Ensure easy access to equipment and materials for tidying up spills - use absorbent products that do not leave
a residue
• Transport and carry compounds in suitable containers to prevent spills - utilise covers or covers where needed
• If bad product packaging causes spills, Use alternative containers
Drainage
To prevent contamination of the environment, ensure there is drainage system to contain spills for proper disposal.
When installing drainage, consider the following:
• Provide a means of draining pipes containing water, or other fluids, by means of a spill tray or procedures as
required.
• Supply channels in the flooring covered by gratings if there is a substantial amount of liquid.
• Use gratings as a floor covering if the work job is really damp and/or greasy.
• Surface areas must be slip resistant and not introduce a journey hazard with uneven surfaces.
• Floor covering that has to be cleaned, or that will be damp sometimes, ought to be graded to drain points to
reduce pooling of water. The area of drains should be as close as possible to any source of liquid, and there
should be sufficient drain points provided to avoid excessive modifications in floor level due to grading.
Designated Walkways
The function of designated pedestrian pathways is to segregate

pedestrians from lorries so as to decrease the incidence and
possibility of mishaps in the workplace.
Walkways need to be plainly marked to make sure that

pedestrians do not cross a lorry lane to reach their location.
Sidewalks need to be well-lit at all times and ensure that the

surfaces are entirely flat, with no fractures in the flooring that
someone could inadvertently trip over. Clear away any particles
or rubbish frequently, and clean up any spills that could result
in somebody slipping and falling.
As part of safety strategy, check the pathways and surrounding

locations regularly to make sure that the markings are clear Source: Boplan
which there are no obstructions.
Fencing and Guarding
Physical barriers should be erected to prevent people from falling into holes, open drains or ditches and also to prevent
people being struck by falling object.There should also be warning signs to prohibit access by unauthorised persons
Use of Signs and Personal Protective Equipment
Signage should be clearly visible and easily understood. Signage should be used to alert people to hazards and indicate
safety requirements. Examples:

• Make people aware and attentive to surfaces that are wet following recent cleaning or spills, and
• State procedures, for example, the use of specific personal protective equipment such as footwear required for
certain locations.
Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision
Training employees are vital to make sure control measures are kept and utilised.
All workers need to have a mutual understanding of hazards in their work environment. This understanding should be
developed through induction and ongoing training sessions.
Workers must be trained to report any hazards to their supervisor and/or the person responsible for workplace health
and safety.
Examples of training topics include:
• How to recognise hazards and the part workers can play in minimising them.
• What action to take in the case of spills, covering procedures to clean up spills, and immediate action to take
to warn others.
• The importance of regular floor surface cleaning, maintaining housekeeping and procedures for preventing
slips, trips and falls hazards.
• Methods required and control systems. Example: restricting access and using appropriate signage during
cleaning to warn of slippery floors.
7. Maintenance of Safe Workplace

Cleaning and Housekeeping Requirements
One of the biggest problems in the workplace is poor housekeeping which results in untidy, obstructed, unhygienic and
dirty areas. One factor involving housekeeping is that as one pile of rubbish is being removed, another pile is starting
in some other area.
All employees have a duty not to create hazards that will endanger other people, and this applies to housekeeping
especially when:
Source: Cintas

• Someone could slip or fall

• There is increased risk of fire
• Fire exits could be blocked
• There is a risk of infection
• Chemicals are being used
• There is infestation
• Vehicle collisions if traffic routes are blocked
• There are falling materials
It is essential that management ensures that they:
• Identify housekeeping requirements

• Have clear lines of responsibilities for housekeeping
• Provide resources for good housekeeping
• Train staff if necessary in use of equipment
• Regularly inspect the workplace to ensure proper housekeeping standards
Access and Egress,
Safe access and egress and a safe place of work should be provided, and steps are taken to ensure that no unauthorised
person gains access to a workplace.
Means of access to and egress:
• Assist personnel to move around safely to and from the workplace

• At all times be kept free of obstructions
• Be free from tripping hazards such as trailing cables
• Be clearly marked
• Floor markings should provide a contrast to the floor colour
• Be designed to permit free movement of employees bringing and removing material
• Doors to have vision panels to avoid collision
• Emergency routes to have adequate lighting and not be obstructed
• Stairways to have handrails
• Be designed for suitable access by vehicles

1.5 WORKING AT HEIGHT
Accidents associated with people falling from heights are prevalent in both the construction and maintenance sectors. As
the consequences of such accidents are usually serious, a high degree of protection is required. In practice, this means
the provision and proper use of suitable equipment and the development of safe systems of work.
Examples of Work Activities Involved in Working at Height
Source: Cheap Tool Hire
The legislation of the majority of nations have no minimum height requirement for work at height and tend to include
all work activities where there is a have to manage a risk of falling a range responsible for causing an accident. This is
no matter:
• The work equipment being used,

• The period of the work at height involved or
• The height at which the work is performed.
The legislation/regulations now being introduced around the world tend to include access to and egress from a place of
work. They would, in many countries contain:
• Working/activities on a scaffold.
• Working/activities on a mobile elevated working platform (MEWP);.
• Sheeting a truck or dipping a roadway tanker;
• Dealing with the top of a container in docks or on a ship or storage location;
• Cutting of tree and/or forestry works;
• Utilising cradles or rope for access to a building or other structure like a ship under repair; Climbing up
permanent structures like a gantry or telephone pole;
Working near an excavation area or cellar opening if an individual could fall into it and be injured;
• Painting or pasting and setting up costs posters at height;

• Work on staging or trestles for instance, for shooting or events;
• Utilising a ladder/stepladder or kick stool for rack filling,
• Window cleaning and so forth;
• Using man-riding harnesses in ship repair, or off-shore or steeple jack work;
• Working in a mine shaft or chimney

1. Hazards and Risk Factors

Legislation/regulation regarding operating at height in many countries require that guardrails on scaffolds are at a
minimum of 950 mm (this may differ a little from nation to nation) and the maximum unguarded space between the toe
and guard rail of a scaffold is 470 mm.
This implies using an intermediate guardrail although other ways, such as additional toe boards or screens, may be
utilised. They likewise define requirements for specific suspension devices and implies of arresting falls (such as
safeguard).
When working at height, a hierarchy of steps ought to then be followed, to prevent falls from occurring. These steps are:
• Avoid operating at height, if possible; Provide a properly constructed working platform, complete with toe-
boards and guard rails;
• If that is impractical or if works are required to be done for a short period, suitable suspension equipment shall
be used.
• Collective fall arrest equipment (safety nets) may be utilised;
• Where this is not practicable individual fall restrainers (safety harnesses) should be utilised;
• Only when none of the above measures is viable, should ladders or step ladders be considered.
Roofing work mainly works on angled roofs, is harmful and needs an appropriate risk evaluation and approach statement
prior to the beginning of work. Specific hazards are:
• Vulnerable roofing materials,

• Exposed edges,
• Hazardous access devices and
• Falls from purlins, girders or ridges.
There should be appropriate means of access such as:
• Scaffolding, ladders and crawling boards;

• Suitable barriers, guard rails or covers; and
• Appropriate indication showing a roof is fragile
Other hazards that are associated with working on roof consists of:
• Overhead services and blockages,

• The existence of asbestos or other dangerous compounds,
• Using equipment such as gas cylinders and bitumen boilers and
• Manual dealing with hazards.
It is vital that competent and just trained individuals are allowed to deal with roofs which they use footwear having an
excellent grip. It is a great practice to guarantee that a person does not work alone on a roofing system.
While all is well on a relatively fine day for individuals working at height – this can all change very dramatically for
example:
• Windy conditions tend to make persons unsteady on their feet and thereby losing balance more quickly.
• Rain, frost and snow will add to slipping potential of those working at height.
Add to this the weight of rain and/or snow and the effect that it can have on the stability of working surfaces making
them more prone to overloading.
• Lightning is particularly problematic – as those working at height may well be the tallest object and therefore
more vulnerable to being struck by lightning

2. Avoid Working At Height

There are numerous ways by which a company can prevent his employees operating at height - this is the finest split into
a three-stage hierarchy applied to all work which is to be brought out at height. The three actions are:
• The avoidance of work at height,

• The prevention of workers from falling and
• The mitigation of the impact on employees of falls need to they happen
Employers must do a thorough assessment of the activity, and ascertain the need and necessity to have people work at
height. If the task could be modified reasonably well to ensure that activities could be done at ground level, and then
raised to the height through mechanical means. It must be however assessed thoroughly for risks coming from the
modified activity.
3. Work At Height – Risk Assessment

A simple activity like using a stepping stool to collect books from a shelf should be simple (not overloading, not
overstretching, etc.). But, for a complex activity or construction project, a much detailed assessment would be necessary.
A risk assessment for working at height should first consider whether the action could be avoided. If this is not possible,
then the risk assessment should consider the following issues:
• The nature and duration of the work;

• The competence level of all those involved with the work;
• The required level of supervision;
• Use of edge protection, operating platforms and means of access and egress;
• Required PPE such as helmets and harnesses;
• The presence of fall arrest systems, such as netting or soft landing systems;
• The health status of the workers;
• The possible weather conditions;
• Compliance with the relevant legislation.
4. Work At Height – Precautions

Choosing the right means of gain access to and work devices
When planning for working at a height that is unavoidable, the first choice will be to use any current safe place of work
that enables secure access and provides a safe working place.
Where it is not reasonably practicable and alternative ways of access will be required. This will include making use of
work equipment.
Traditionally, much work has actually been done from scaffolding. However, other ways of gain access to (such as
MEWPs and tower scaffolds) will ensure cumulative fall prevention since they are geared up with guard rails. Individual
steps, such as podium steps, can likewise be used to prevent falls.
If fall prevention is not reasonably practicable, other work equipment can be used to reduce the distance and repercussions
of a fall e.g. individual suspension devices such as rope gain access to methods and boatswain’s chairs.
Due to the fact that they do not avoid or mitigate a fall, Ladders are at the bottom of the hierarchy. When deciding upon
the safest ways of gaining access to and selecting an ideal work equipment, you will require considering:
• The distance and consequences of a prospective fall?

• How long the work will last and how often it will be undertaken?
• How will numerous individuals be operating at height and require protection?
• The area readily obtainable on the site;

• The kind of work to be carried out;

• The dangers throughout the erection and removal of the platform?
• Can the devices be stabilised?
• What will occur in unfavourable weather?
• Whether part of the structure can be offered early in the work so that there is an irreversible working platform?
and
• What are emergency situation and rescue treatments required?
When it is not practicable to offer a work platform that avoids falls ought to procedures which alleviate falls be utilised,
- Only;
• If harnesses are used, an approach needs to

be available to allow people to be saved;
• Rescue packages and training may be
provided by the harness providers;
• Consider measures to secure those setting
up guard rails etc.;
• Ladders to be prevented from slipping and
positioned stability.;
• Heavy work activity ought to never ever
be brought out from a ladder;
• When climbing rungs of ladder with a
load, ensure a safe handhold;
• When choosing a safe system of work
at height, all the threats have actually to
be thought about before one technique is
chosen.
• Prior to taking up any work at height,
check that there is sufficient clearance for Source: Alibaba
equipment.
5. Emergency Rescue from Heights

Rescue from height - exactly what does the provision mean - does it imply that there should be a designated rescue group
on all sites or should it be the result of regular risk evaluation?
The risk assessment process should inform you about the level of rescue cover that may be needed, included the need
to consider:
• How remote the site is,

• What equipment is being used and
• How difficult etc. it would be to get a worker to ground level in the event of an emergency (including a
suspension situation).
One should not rely on the emergency services, and consideration needs to include:
• The level of competence required for workers involved in the rescue and
• Any specialist equipment they may need to use.
6. Equipment, Training, Instruction and Minimising Distance of Fall

To minimise or prevent risk when preparing for work at height, consider the work to be done and take a reasonable risk
based technique to identify appropriate precautions.
As talked about a little earlier there is a hierarchy of control measures for determining how to operate at height securely.

The regime needs to be followed methodically and only when one level is not fairly practicable might the next level be
thought about. Where it is relatively feasible to prevent a fall, preventative measures must be required to do so. It is not
acceptable to select work devices from lower down the hierarchy in the very first circumstances.
The hierarchy of control measures
• Avoid working at height unless it is necessary to do so (e.g. set up guard rails on steel work at ground level
then crane the steel and the guard rails into position; offer cast in mesh throughout riser ducts at the position of
services; repair nets using extending poles).
• Prevent falls by utilising an existing safe place of work that does not need the usage or addition of work devices
to prevent a fall (e.g. a flat roofing system with permanent edge security). Prevent falls by:
• Using a safe place of work that does not need the usage or addition of work devices to avoid a fall.
• Use work equipment that collectively protects all risk exposure personnel
• Use work equipment that individually protects the person who is performing the work.
• Mitigate falls by using equipment for work which will reduce the distance and the severity of a fall and protect
everyone at risk. Mitigation can also be achieved by using equipment to minimise the distance of fall and the
severity of the individual who is exposed to the risk, and equipment that reduces the severity of a fall.
Adequate training, instruction and supervision for the use of all these means are essential to make sure the precautions
work.
7. Head Protection
Legislation/regulation mandates companies to provide head protection (construction hats) to employees whenever there
is a risk of head injury from falling items. (Sikhs using turbans are excused from this requirement-- in the UK for
example.). The company is likewise responsible for ensuring that hard hats are adequately preserved and replaced when
they are harmed in any way.
Self-employed workers need to provide and maintain their own head safety. Visitors to construction sites ought to be
provided with head protection.
Types of Helmets/Head Protection
Hard hats can protect employees from effect, penetration electrical shock and burn hazards.
Companies should make sure that their employees wear head defence if any of the following use:
• Items might fall from above and strike them on the head;
• They may bump their heads against repaired things, or;
• Chances of contact with electrical hazards.
In basic, protective helmets or construction hats must do the following:
• Withstand penetration by objects.

• Soak up the shock of a blow.
• Be slow and water-resistant burning.
• Have clear instructions discussing correct adjustment and replacement of the suspension and headband.
Hard hats are divided into 3 industrial classes:
• Class A: construction hats offer effect and penetration resistance together with less voltage (> 2,200 volts).
• Class B: These the highest level of protection versus electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and burn
protection (approximately 20,000 volts). They also supply protection from impact and penetration hazards by
flying/falling objects.
• Class C: hard hats offer light-weight comfort and effect security but provide no defence from electrical hazards.

Another class of protective headgear on the marketplace is called a “bump hat,” developed for use in areas with low
head clearance. Each hat needs to bear a label inside the shell that notes the producer, the ANSI designation and the
class of the hat.
Size and Care Factors to consider
A lot of protective headgear is available in a variety of sizes with adjustable headbands to make sure an appropriate fit
(many changes in 1/8-inch increments). A proper fit ought to permit sufficient clearance in between the shell and the
suspension system for ventilation and distribution of an impact.
The hat must not bind, slip, fall off or irritate the skin. Regular cleaning and inspection will extend the useful life of
protective headgear.
Paints, paint thinners and some cleaner can compromise the shells of hard hats and may eliminate electrical resistance.
Never drill holes, paint or use labels to protective headgear as this might lower the stability of the security. Avoid
keeping head protection devices in direct sunlight.
8. Safe Working Practices

Ladders
The ladder must be securely fixed near to the top of the stiles or, near to the bottom to prevent swaying;
• Set up the ladder in level and firm footing.

• Each style must be adequately supported;
• The ladder must extend at least 1 metre above the landing place;
• There must be sufficient clear space at each rung to allow a safe foothold;
• The vertical run of the ladder should not exceed 9 m unless an intermediate landing has been provided;
• Set up the ladder at an angle of 75° – one horizontal (base) to four vertical (height);
• The ladder must not be lashed to any gutter or soil stack or other similar items which may be insecure.
For construction works, ladders or step ladders of industrial or light industrial specification only are acceptable. Domestic
class equipment is not suitable for the construction environment.
Where two-handed operations are undertaken, safety harnesses must be used on ladders or, preferably, fixed or mobile
towers erected by a competent person. Independent scaffolds, which provide safe access to and around the roof edge,
storage space or a loading bay, are the ideal solutions. However, they are not always possible or cost-effective.
Stepladders, Trestles, Staging Platforms
Trestles and stepladders should be:
• Manufactured to an acknowledged industrial standards;

• Saved and handled with care to prevent damage and deterioration;
• Subject to a programme of regular inspection;
• Examined by the user prior to usage;
• If harmed-- and ruined or repaired, - Taken out of use;
• Utilised on a safe surface, with due stability at all times;
• Avoided overhead cable televisions and comparable hazards.
• The little platform fitted at the top of lots of step ladders is designed to support tools, paint pots and other
working products-- not used as a working place unless the step ladder has an appropriate handheld.
• Stepladders should not be used if they are too short for the work being done.
Trestles are utilised in combination with boarding to develop a work platform.

Trestles must be inspected before use. The purpose of such an inspection is to recognise whether the devices are fit for
its function, has actually been correctly assembled or set up, and can be used safely
In considering whether a platform or trestle is ideal for work at height, employers require to make sure that it is:
• Of adequate measurements to permit safe passage and safe usage of equipment and materials
• Free from gaps through which persons or products could fall
• Fitted with toeboards and hand rails
• Kept spick-and-span, e.g. Do not permit mortar and debris to develop on platforms
• Not loaded so regarding give rise to a risk of collapse or to any deformation that might impact its safe use
• Erected on the firm level ground to guarantee equipment stays steady throughout use.
Leading edge protection
The preferred option is to utilise correctly set up safety nets together with edge protection around the boundary of the
roofing system. Nets offer roof workers optimal freedom of movement, provided that they do not work beyond their
border.
They can be installed to minimise fall ranges. Where it is not possible to utilise webs, other fall-arrest systems may be
used.
Source: YouTube
The quality of the attachment point is crucial; as is the kind of harness (belts are not appropriate for fall arrest).
Where a mobile anchor or inertia reel system is used, reduce the variety of employees approaching the edge to minimise
the risk of snagging and tripping. Keep in mind that a lot of inertia real devices are developed for usage just where the
anchor point is straight above the user.
Tube and fitting scaffold – Independent Tied
As the name suggests, these type of scaffolds are made up of individual tubes and couples and are capable of handling
its own weight and that of load it carried. However, they are tied into any building/structure for stability. The scaffold
structure carries its own weight and all applied loads – men, materials and wind loads

Components of Scaffold
SOLE PLATES/ A good base is essential.

MUDSILL AND BASE The ground should be levelled to give a firm surface, and timber
PLATES sole plates should be laid to support the base plates for standards.
The Independent Tied Scaffold has two vertical rows of standards;

STANDARDS an inner row and an outer row in line with the inner row to provide
a platform.
The standards in each row are kept equidistant and strengthened

LEDGERS by ledgers fixed horizontally on the inside of standards with right
angle couplers.
Transoms, keeping the inner and outer rows of standards evenly

apart, are set on top of ledgers at right angles to them and to the
building.
Note: Ledgers and transoms should not protrude more than is
TRANSOMS
necessary beyond the general outline of the scaffold. At lower
levels, such protrusions are a danger to pedestrians or passing
vehicles, and it is good practice to use safety caps on the open
ends.
Bracing is essential to stiffen the structure.

Ledger bracing should not be removed to make way for men and
BRACING materials. If it does become necessary, individual braces, within
one lift, may be removed to allow passage of material; braces must
then be replaced.
Table Source: GWG
Working Platforms
All boards which make up a working platform should rest squarely and evenly on correct spaced transoms. Each board
should have at least three supports unless its thickness or span is enough to prevent any sagging under load.
Too much overhang will cause a board to tip if someone treads on end: too little will make it unsafe – i.e. a small
movement would cause it to drop through. The surface of the working platform should be even to prevent anyone
tripping. All boards should lay closely together along their length.
Take suitable precautions to avoid boards from lifting in high winds by using straps or purpose-made metal clamps.
Platforms should always be wide enough to permit freedom of movement and, as necessary, to accommodate whatever
materials need to be stored.
Wherever materials need to be deposited a clear way must always be maintained.

Source: Various
Leading Edge Protection – Toe-boards and Guard-Rails
Guard-rails and toe-boards are required at the exteriors and ends of all work platforms from where people and materials
can fall more than 2 meters. Toe-boards and guard-rails should be fitted on the inside of standards to prevent outward
movement.
Where materials need to be stored, additional boards may be necessary to stop materials falling, or it may be advisable
to suspend wire mesh frames from guard-rail to toeboard to effect complete closure.
If guard-rails and toe boards are removed to permit passage of men and materials, they must be replaced as soon as
possible afterwards.
Moving the Working Platform
Careful attention must be given to moving all boards from lift to lift. Otherwise a well-designed and prepared deck will
progressively become an incomplete and unsafe platform.
Means of Access
When using a ladder as a means of access to scaffolding, the following precautions should be taken:

• Ladder at correct angle – ration of 1:4

• Extends suitable distance - 1 metre
• Tied off at top
• On secure base level ground
• Visible/in safe position, e.g., access
• Suitable for the purpose e.g. single span/limited length
• Pre-inspected/ladder register/inspected and maintained/in good condition
• Removed or boarded at night/in times of non-use
• Assistance when removing/erecting ladder
• Not used for carrying excess loads
Prevention of Materials Falling
To prevent materials falling, the following precautions should be taken:
• Toe boards to prevent items being kicked off

• Mesh guards to prevent things falling through guard rails
• Catchments/debris chutes to prevent things falling to ground
• Safe means of raising or lowering material
Scaffold Inspections
Source: SSP Print Factory
Scaffold structure should be inspected routinely for its overall integrity by a competent person and inspection recorded.
Specifically, it should be checked:
• After erection
• Once every seven days
• After adverse weather conditions
• Being struck by a vehicle
• After substantial alteration

Reasons Why Scaffolding Can Collapse
• Use of wrong materials

• Unstable foundations
• Improperly designed
• Improper erection
• Overloading
• Modified incorrectly
• Undermined by excavations
• Hit by machinery
• Excessive winds/Rain
Examination of Scaffolding
• Base: Check that it is on firm ground and with sole plates

• Line of standards and ledgers is accurate and correct
• Condition of tubes and fittings
• Right couplers are used
• Joints are staggered
• Spacing of transoms to support boards is correct
• Boards good condition and proper overhang
• Guardrails & toeboards are installed
• Bracing is sufficient
• Means of access available and not obstructed
• Ties: number & position are sufficient
• Signs of damage by falling loads etc.
• Not overloaded
• Security of stacked materials
Mobile Tower Scaffold
Tower scaffolds arise from the needs of painters and others who do lightweight work from a working platform/structure
that can be mobilised from place to place. Mobile tower scaffolds have castors/wheels on them. The working platform
size could be equal or less than the dimensions of the base. If required additional stabilisers are also used, as the height
of the platform increases.
Primary Hazards of Mobile Tower Scaffold
• Overturning
• Collapse
• Fall from height
• Falling objects
• Overhead obstructions
Structure of Mobile Scaffold Tower
Wheels, or castors should be fitted with brakes which cannot accidentally be released and should be locked into the base
of the standards. The safe working load should be indicated. The platform for working must be completely and fully
boarded without leaving any gaps.
Guard-Rails and Toeboards
Guardrails and toeboards will be necessary on all four sides to prevent persons, materials and tools from falling, the
guardrail at the ladder is fitted with a swivel coupler to provide access.

Precautions when using mobile tower scaffolds should include:
• Only to be used on firm, stable level ground

• To be moved only by pulling or pushing at the base.
• Working platforms should be clear of men and
materials when the scaffold is being moved.
• Wheels should be turned outwards to provide
maximum base dimensions, and wheel brakes must be
“on” and locked when the scaffold is being used.
• Correct height to width ratio (outdoor 3:1)
• Diagonal bracing
• Working platform properly boarded and evenly
supported
• Working platform properly fitted with guardrails and
toeboards
• Not overloaded
• Properly secured access extending above landing place
• Account taken of overhead obstructions/power lines
• Correct fittings and materials used
• Inspected every 7 days
Mobile Elevated Work Platforms
This type of work equipment, used in the building and

construction industry, is covered by Federal Law and supporting
legislation, Regulation and Codes of Practice.
Source: blogger
The essential requirement of Federal Law is that the equipment must be suitable
and stable in terms of its construction and for what it will be used.
In addition, it must be properly maintained and inspected and must periodically undergo thorough examinations by an
independent, competent and approved the third party. Dangerous parts must be guarded, and there must be correctly
marked controls or control systems, a means of isolation from its power source and, where mobile, means of preventing
it overturning or rolling over.
The primary types of mobile elevating work platform are - Scissor lifts; Telescopic booms or jibs, articulating and
telescopic booms.
All of these may be either - Towable units; Vehicle mounted; Self-propelled; Pedestrian controlled. The main functional
differences between the three basic types of platform are described in your course notes. Their sizes and capabilities
vary considerably.
The work activity which results in the use of MEWPs should have been subject to a work based risk assessment. Travel
must never take place with outriggers or stabilisers extended unless the machine is designed to function in this way.
Before travelling, a check should be made to ensure:
• No ramps, trenches, holes or other ground obstructions lie in the path of travel
• No overhead electrical cables, building projections or other overhead hazards will be encountered
• Adequate warning has been given to persons on the ground
• A signaller or other responsible person is employed, if necessary
• Nothing has been left unsecured and liable to fall off
• No trailing hoses, cables, wires on the unit or other snagging hazards are in the path of travel.
• Travelling up and down inclines and traversing slopes should only be undertaken within limits laid down by
the manufacturers.

Suspended Access Equipment
Suspended access equipment covers such things

as suspended cradles e.g. window cleaning
cradles, boatswains chairs, etc.
The main precautions should be:
• Regular inspection
• Safe working load
• Competent staff
• Safety equipment working
• Platform edge protection
• Guard rails and toe boards fitted
• Adverse weather rules
• Protected electricity supplies
• Communication
• Emergency procedures
Inspection of Access Equipment

Source: Trade Asia
Access equipment should be thoroughly examined by a competent, independent
and impartial person. Also, equipment must be thoroughly inspected at regular
intervals.
The inspection should be carried out before the equipment is put to use for lifting for the first time; Equipment has been
exposed to conditions that may cause it to deteriorate, and result in a dangerous situation. After an accident or inclement
weather that could have affected the strength and stability of the equipment.
Where working platform is used for construction work and from which a person could fall more than two metres: It
must be inspected after it is assembled after an incident that must have affected its strength and stability . It must
also be checked once in 7 days.
Equipment such as mobile crane hired from the rental company must be accompanied by a certificate of inspection.
The person making the thorough examination should notify any defects to the Employer immediately, and a written
report must follow.
The reports should be kept until the next inspection for reference purposes.

1.6 IMPACT OF TEMPORARY WORKS
What is Temporary work?
Temporary works such as building, maintenance, renovation, demolition and excavations are activities which may be in
place for a short period and are expected to be completed within a given period of time.
Temporary works are needed to enable the permanent works to be built.
Common hazards along with general control measure associated with temporary work such as building, maintenance,
renovation, demolition and excavations are listed below
COMMON HAZARDS CONTROLS

Adopt safe systems of work – permit to work. Log out and tag out
Electricity the system. The system in place to avoid accidental re-energising
of plant and equipment.
Use mechanical and non-mechanical aids, team lifting, reduce
Manual Handling
size and weight of material
Effective cable management, removal of material to storage,
Slips, trips and fall spillage clean up procedures, use of correct footwear, install
temporary handrail, good housekeeping
Use of fall protections. Safety harness, safety belts, safety nets.
Work at Height
Adequate lighting. Install guard rails
Use of barriers, noise damping and absorbing material. Use of
Noise electric instead of petrol driven equipment. Issue appropriate ear
protections.
Install toeboards on scaffolds, return all tools and material to
Hit by falling objects storage and avoid leaving tools and material lying in precarious
positions
Adopt a safe system of work - use of permit to work. Test to ensure
Confined space confined space is safe before entry. Provide sufficient access and
egress. Use of appropriate personal protective equipment
Adopt a safe system of work – use of permit to work. Use
Fire intrinsically safe equipment in a flammable atmosphere. Remove
all flammable material. Fire watch during and after welding.
Identify all hazardous chemicals, refer to MSDS for information
on safe use. Ensure adequate ventilation as appropriate. Use of
Hazardous chemicals and dust
personal protective equipment. Ensure good housekeeping and
hygiene.

COMMON HAZARDS CONTROLS

Carry out a survey to identify types of contaminated water. Arrange
Legionella specialist treatment of contaminated water before commencing
work. Use of appropriate personal protective equipment
Carry out a survey to identify contaminated material/site/ground.
Arrange specialist removal of contaminants before commencing
work. Adopt a program of continuous monitoring if there is the
Asbestos and radioactive material
presence of asbestos or radioactive material.
Barricade and seal off the area to prevent unauthorised entry. Use
of appropriate personal protective equipment.
Table Source: GWG
1. Maintenance Works
Maintenance covers a huge range of activities such as repair work, servicing, replacing, inspecting and testing.
HAZARDS CONTROL
Ensure sufficient width work equipment, safety equipment and
Inadequate access and egress in the
rescue equipment. Secure access and egress is not blocked by
working area
material
Follow safe systems of work, Lock off machines if there is
a chance the power could be accidentally switched back on.
Hit by moving parts of machinery
Moving plant must be stopped and isolated from all energy
sources.
Musculoskeletal disorder -
Plan work to reduce repetitive movements. Use efficient and
Maintenance work can involve
well-maintained equipment that is fit for the work. Ensure
bending or repetitive work, often
sufficient rest periods.
with a lot of force.
Isolate plant and pipelines including pressured fluid, gas, steam
or dangerous material. Lock off separating valves.
Pressured gas, fluid, steam in
pipelines. Stored energy in
Discharge/dissipate all residual energy, like stored compressed
machinery
air, steam or hydraulic oil that may cause the device to move or
cycle
Enable elements that operate at high-temperature levels time to
Hot surfaces
cool
Table Source: GWG

2. Building and Renovation

Renovation projects can introduce a number of contaminants into the work environment
HAZARDS CONTROLS
Inform occupants who are likely to be impacted by a renovation project
Trespassers – unauthorised
and notify management of the affected location of the work prior to its
entry
commencement. Place warning and safety signage.
Inspect item labels to determine if the product consists of volatile
organic substances such as solvents, formaldehyde or isocyanates that
could be released throughout routine usage
Define that products/furnishings used in remodelling work should fulfil
low emission criteria.
Unwrapping and storing carpets and new furnishings in well-ventilated
Chemical and fumes from
areas, so that volatile organic compounds can be off-gassed before
paint, sealers, glue, carpet
installation
and new furnishings
Use local ventilation or other protective devices if toxic gases/fumes or
other harmful substances are present in quantities hazardous to health.
Schedule work during off-hours when the building is unoccupied.
Temporarily relocating workers away from potential problem areas
Isolate the work area with barriers example floor to ceiling sheeting so
that dust and debris will be confined to the renovation area.
Dust, odours, noise Isolate ventilation system by closing off air returns in occupied areas
Ventilate the work area
Use of negative pressure in work area
Regular cleaning and good housekeeping practices
Lead - When lead-containing
coatings or paint are
disturbed or removed from Damp down with water. Use personal protective equipment
surfaces during building
renovation
Diesel exhaust, carbon Ensure area is well ventilated
monoxide – use of generators
Mould - from existing
contaminated building
materials during renovation
Remove all damaged and contaminated material.
and construction activities.
Clean and disinfect area
Example: water-damaged
Use of personal protective equipment
building materials, such as
ceiling tiles and carpets that
have become contaminated.
Arrange removal by trained personnel prior to any renovation or
Accumulated bird droppings
building work
Table Source: GWG

3. Demolition
Protection of the Public during Demolition Work
Demolition is frequently carried out in densely populated areas, and unusually high standards of protection, safe
systems of work and adequate supervision are therefore needed. Where possible a fence should be erected to enclose all
demolition operations, the fence should be not less than 2m high and should not be capable of being quickly climbed.
Access gates should be secured outside working hours.
Source: Demolition | Ground Construction Ltd
The primary hazards that may be encountered during demolition work are:
• Services (electricity, gas and water)

• Explosion and fire
• Chemical contamination e.g. Splash, dust, fumes
• Asbestos, lead, etc.
• Biological e.g. Weils (stagnant water); hepatitis (syringes)
• Manual handling e.g. Strains fractures
• The use of explosives
• Collisions with heavy plant, plant toppling over
• Noise e.g. Heavy plant, pneumatic drills, power tools
• Vibration from pneumatic drills
The main safety precautions to be put in place before and during demolition include:
• Conduct a pre-demolition survey to identify services, shoring and other support requirements, identify
dangerous substances such as asbestos, identify unsafe structure
• Identification and isolation of services such as electricity, gas and water
• Erection of barriers and fences to prevent unauthorised access
• Use of a safe system of work
• Notification to owners of adjacent building and local authorities
• Restricted access
• Means of preventing falls from height
• Use of “Elephant Trunks” for debris removal
• Competent staff such as supervisor to be appointed
• Means of suppressing dust
• Identification and correct removal of hazardous substances

• Preventing premature collapse (building and adjoining buildings)

• Properly maintained equipment
• Sequence of demolition to be followed
• Responsibilities understood by all concerned
• Provision of personal protective equipment
4. Excavation
Excavation is an essential element of the building and construction - particularly in relation to the building of structures,
drain work.
Source: Fortress Foundations, LLC
In performing an excavation, the soil conditions can vary widely, frequently in brief ranges. No soil, whatever its nature,
can be relied upon to support its own weight for any length of time - not to mention any extra loads which might be
enforced by plant and products. If battering/sloping cannot be provided, the sides will need supporting to avoid the
possibility of collapse. Battering and support of excavated sides will:
• Make safe conditions for individuals operating in or nearby to the excavation and, in some circumstances the
public too
• Make it possible for the works to be brought out without disturbance
• Secure nearby property and/or public services.
The Employer is needed to provide a safe location for work, and safe ways of access to and from the office and
excavation enter into this. The property of others should also be safeguarded. Whenever excavation needs to be
undertaken, appropriate prior consideration has to be offered to the soil conditions that will be satisfied, the technique of
excavation to be utilised and the manner where any necessary assistance will be provided.

Excavations should be inspected at the start of every shift before work starts; after any event likely to affect the strength
or stability and any incidents where rock, soil or other materials have accidentally fallen into the excavation.
The information on the excavation report should include:
• Who made the inspection, date and time

• Location of the excavation and workplace
• Anything identified that could lead to a risk
• Any further actions that may be required.
Checks Prior to Undertaking Excavations
Knowledge of the ground and local constraints (adjacent buildings, etc.) must be available in order to determine the
method of excavation and the need for support. In addition, in the case of trench work in particular, what has to go into
the trench or excavation will be important.
Excavation Hazards/Risks
Risks associated with excavations are:
• Workers struck by plant and machinery

• Collapse of sides
• Contaminated soil
• Buried services such as electricity, gas lines and water/sewage lines
• Flooding
• Fumes, lack of oxygen
• Falling material, plant & equipment & people into the excavation
• Dust
• Noise from machinery such as pneumatic drills
• Obstructed access and egress
Precautions for Excavations
The precautions that need to be taken for excavations include:
• Not to undermine nearby structures

• Identify underground services
• Determine the type of soil
• Precautions to prevent collapse with supporting structures
• Prevent persons falling into the excavation
• Stop vehicle falling into the excavation
• Avoid contact with overhead cables when using excavators
• Provision of banksmen for vehicles near the excavation
• Ensure sufficient ladders for safe access and egress from excavation
• Precautions against flooding
• Precautions against gases with ventilation
• Precautions for excavation adjacent to existing structures or roads
• Checking if the soil in contaminated
• Provision of lighting
• Arrangements for site security, particularly in relation to stopping children getting onto the site
• Competent and trained staff
• Suitable emergency procedures
• Personal protective equipment
• Inspect excavation after inclement weather and when there is a change in condition

SUMMARY
The typical workplace environment hazards and controls are discussed in this element. Specifically, this element has
discussed:
• Health and welfare provisions: supply of drinking water, washing facilities, sanitary conveniences,
accommodation for clothing, rest and eating facilities, seating, ventilation, heating and lighting.
• The effects of exposure to extremes of temperature; preventive measures
• Prevention of falling materials through safe stacking and storage.
• Violence at work-Risk factors relating to violence at work (both between employees/workers and third parties).
Appropriate control measures to reduce risks from violence at work.
• Substance misuse at work- Types of substances misused at work, eg, alcohol; legal/illegal drugs; solvents.
Risks to health and safety from substance misuse at work. Control measures to reduce risks from substance
misuse at work.
• Safe movement of people in the workplace-Hazards in the workplace: typical hazards leading to: slips, trips
and falls on the same level; falls from a height; collisions with moving vehicles; being struck by moving,
flying or falling objects; striking against fixed or stationary objects; conditions and environments in which
each hazard may arise, including maintenance activities
• Control measures for the safe movement of people in the workplace: slip resistant surfaces; spillage control
and drainage; designated walkways; fencing and guarding; use of signs and personal protective equipment;
information, instruction, training and supervision. Maintenance of a safe workplace: cleaning and housekeeping
requirements, access and egress, environmental considerations (lighting), including during maintenance
activities.
• Working at height: Examples of work activities involving a risk of injury from falling from height, and the
significance of such injuries
• Basic hazards and factors affecting risk from working at height (including vertical distance, fragile roofs,
deterioration of materials, unprotected edges, unstable/poorly maintained access equipment, weather and
falling materials)
• Main precautions necessary to prevent falls and falling materials, including proper planning and supervision of
work, avoiding working in adverse weather conditions
• Emergency rescue: Provision of equipment, training, instruction and other measures to minimise distance and
consequences of a fall.
Safe working practices for common forms of access equipment, including ladders, stepladders, scaffolds (independent
tied and mobile tower), mobile elevating work platforms, trestles, staging platforms and leading edge protection systems.
Inspection of access equipment.
The element discussed the nature of temporary works, their hazards and control measures for works of a temporary
nature. In particular:
• The impact on workplaces from hazards associated with works of a temporary nature (including building
maintenance, renovation, demolition and excavations)
• Main control measures relating to the management of works of a temporary nature: communication and
co-operation; risk assessment; appointment of competent people; segregation of work areas; amendment of
emergency procedures; welfare provision.

REFERENCES
UK references - Statutory provisions
• Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992
• The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007
• The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996
• The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (as amended) The Work at Height Regulations
2005 (as amended)
• The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992
Other references
1. Health and Safety Toolbox, online resource, HSE, www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/index.html
2. Drug misuse at work a guide for employers, INDG91, HSE Books www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg91.pdf
3. Health and Safety in Construction, HSG150, 3rd edition, HSE Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-6182-2 www.hse.
gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg150.pdf
4. Lighting at Work, HSG38, second edition 1997, HSE Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-1232-1 www.hse.gov.uk/
pubns/priced/hsg38.pdf
5. Managing Health and Safety in Construction, Construction (Design and Management) Regulations,
Approved Code of Practice (ACoP), L144, HSE Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-6223-4 www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/
priced/l144.pdf
6. Personal Protective Equipment at Work (second edition), Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations
1992 (as amended), Guidance on Regulations, HSE Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-6139-3 www.hse.gov.uk/
pubns/priced/l125.pdf
7. Safe Use of Work Equipment, ACoP and guidance (part III in particular), L22, third edition 2008, HSE
Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-6295-1 www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l22.pdf
8. Seating at Work, HSG57, third edition 2002, HSE Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-1231-4 www.hse.gov.uk/
pubns/priced/hsg57.pdf
9. The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, Guidance on regulations, second edition
2009, L64, HSE Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-6359-0 www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l164.pdf
10. Violence at work: A guide for employers, HSE Books, INDG69, http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg69.pdf
11. Work at Height Regulations 2005 (As Amended) – A Brief Guide, INDG401(rev1), HSE Books http://www.
hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg401.pdf
12. Workplace health, safety and welfare, Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, ACOP,
L24, HSE Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-0413-5 www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l124.pdf
13. Understanding ergonomics at work, INDG90(rev2), HSE Books http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg90.pdf
14. Workplace Transport Safety – Guidance for Employers, HSG136, HSE Books, ISBN: 978-0-7176-6154-1
www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg136.pdf
EU/International references
1. Ambient factors in the Workplace, International Labour Organisation (ILO) Code of Practice (CoP), ISBN
92-2-11628-X http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/WCMS_107729/lang--en/index.
html
2. Directive 89/656/EEC - use of personal protective equipment https://osha.europa.eu/en/legislation/directives/
workplaces-equipment-signs-personal-protective- equipment/osh-directives/4
3. Hygiene (Commerce and Offices), ILO Convention, 1964 (No 120) - C120 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/
en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C120
4. Management of alcohol and drug related issues in the workplace, ILO CoP, 1999
5. ISBN: 92-2-109455-3 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/--- safework/
documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_107799.pdf

6. Safety and Health in Construction, ILO CoP, ILO Geneva 1992, ISBN: 92-2-107104-9
7. http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_107826/lang--en/index.html
8. Safety and Health in Construction Convention, C167, 1988, ILO
9. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C167
10. Safety and Health in Construction Recommendation, R175, 1988, ILO
11. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R175
12. Welfare Facilities Recommendation, R102, 1956,
13. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R102

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Workplace Hazards and Risk

1.1 HEALTH, WELFARE AND WORK ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS����������������������������� 1

1.4 SAFE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN THE WORKPLACE������������������������������������������������������� 12

Green World Group | v

The provision of first-aid is also considered a welfare issue but is covered in

• Ventilation, and Workplace temperature,

• Building toilets, corridors, foyers and lobbies

Appropriate and efficient provision need to be

Any ventilation plant must have a gadget

Green World Group | 1

Standards for Ventilation

In all cases, the list below factors need to be considered:

• Fresh air to be provided at the rate of at least 5 to 8 litres/sec per occupant

Source: Punctuation Mark

2 | Green World Group

Health and safety effects of inadequate lighting are:

Factors to consider in the provision of adequate lighting are:

• The tasks being undertaken

Cleanliness and Waste Materials

Suitable workstations should be provided for people at work.

If one is required to work in a sitting posture for an extended

• Vertebral and muscular damage

Green World Group | 3

4 | Green World Group

Accommodation for Clothing and Changing

Facilities for Rest and Eat Meals

Restricting smoking in the workplace has the following benefits:

• Reduction in fire risk

2. Effects of Extremes of Temperatures

Measures to protect the workers working in hot environments should include:

Green World Group | 5

• Rapid onset of Fatigue

Measures to protect employees working in cold environments can be:

• Use of Thermal Clothing

3. Stacking and Storage/Falling Materials

Source: Used Racking London, Reclaimed & Used Shelving London

Designation of Appropriate Storage Locations

Designate storage areas for:

6 | Green World Group

Green World Group | 7

1. Meaning and Definition

Source: OHS Insider

Violence at work can be from two areas:

• Working with the public or having a mobile work environment.

8 | Green World Group

• Education and Health care and other service staff.

Decide What Action to Take

• Examining the risk

• Queue management and details

Source: India Forums

Green World Group | 9

1. The Extent of the Problem

• What it covers (and what it does not)

2. Drugs and Alcohol Policy

Source: Med Fraud

10 | Green World Group

Alcohol on Company Premises or at Company Functions

1.1 HEALTH, WELFARE AND WORK ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS�� 1

1.4 SAFE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN THE WORKPLACE�� 12