INTRODUCTION

Phonetics and Phonology

:Segmental Phonology
.Phonemes and Allophones .1
.Methods of Phonological analysis .2

Branches of Linguistics
 Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics

:The difference between PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY

Phonetics: It is one of the branches of linguistics. It concerned with the sound .1
.individualization
Phonology: It is the study of sound system patterns of a particular language and the rules .2
that govern these patterns. In other words, it studies the patterns of sounds and the rules of
.grouping and distributing sounds in larger linguistic unites

:The difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features

Segmental features: They are single sounds that are used to build up larger linguistic .1
.unites
Suprasegmental features: They are higher linguistic unites like words, syllable, feet, .2
phrases clauses, and utterances which are associated with stress, rhythm, length, juncture,
.tone, and intonation

Syllable
.a word or part of a word usually containing a vowel sound .1
.Syllables are meaningless .2
?What is the difference between syllable and morpheme
.Syllable does not have a meaning but morpheme have a meaning

Language Universal
They are the types of rules and principles that phonology seeks to discover and they are
.common to all human languages

:The difference between phoneme and allophone

A difference between them is that changing the phoneme will change the meaning of the
word that means changing a phoneme will make up a new word, whereas changing the
allophone will change the sound of the realization of word but does not change the meaning .
[ ]of the word. The symbol of phoneme is \ \ and the symbol of allophone is
:The difference between phonetic transcription and phonemic transcription
The difference is in the level of detail – a phonetic transcription contains a lot more
.information

:Methods of phonological analysis

:Overlapping Distribution .1
.When speech sounds occur in the same position in different words
Such as : Fat
Cat
Overlapping distribution means sounds that occupy the same position in the word. It is
:divided into two types
A . Contrastive Distribution: They are sounds that are distributed in overlapping
.distribution and caused a different in meaning
Such as : Cat Set
Car Sit
There two techniques for using contrastive distribution to discover the phonemes of a
:language
Minimal Pair: two words that have similar sounds except for a difference of one sound in *
.the same position
Such as : Cup
Cut
Minimal Set: group of three or more words that have similar sounds except for one sound *
.in the same position
Such as : Fat Cat Sat Rat Hat
B . Non-contrastive Distribution: (Free variation)
It means sounds that are in overlapping distribution do not cause a difference in meaning
:between words. There are Two cases of non-contrastive speech sounds
.The difference or change will be between phonemes, according to dialectical variation . 1
.Such as : Data British accent
.Data American accent
.Often British accent
.Often American accent
The difference or change will be between allophones. ( this situation usually occur in . 2
.complementary distribution )
Such as : unreleased and unaspirated allophones like [ p ] are the example of non-contrastive
.distribution

:Complementary Distribution .2
It means sounds that occur in different phonetic environment in different words but never
.in the same environment, they are usually allophones of the same phoneme
In this distribution always we deals with allophones, but the phonemes occur in *
exceptional cases. (Exemplify)
.Such as: \ŋ\ That cannot occur in the initially position
.h\ That cannot occur in the finally position\

.Phonetic environment: it is the position of a sound occupies the sound in the word
.)Initially, middle, finally(

Syllabic: a syllable where the vowel and the consonant have merged into one. The
:syllabic consonants in English are

\n, l, r , m written like this         \

Such as :

button
widen
rotten
bottle

3. Phonetic Similarity:
It means that these sounds share two or more (not one) phonetic features
(place,manner,voice).

Such as
\t\ voiceless – alveolar - stops.
\s\ voiceless – alveolar – fricatives.

Natural class: a group of speech sounds that share two or more phonetic features.
Neutralization: the loss of the contrastive function of two or more phonemes .4
.in a certain phonetic environment
Such as
.\writer \rɑɪɾə\ and rider \rɑɪɾə