The University of Azad Jammu and

Kashmir Jehlum valley campus Hattian

Bala

Submitted by :
Raja Munsab Ali Khan
Roll no : 35

Assignment no :02

Department of Computer Science

.Learning
The definition of learning is the process or experience of
gaining knowledge or skill. An example of learning is a student
understanding and remembering what they've been taught. ...
Changes in behavior resulting from experience, especially
changes due to conditioning.

Stages of the Learning Process

1 Develop a reason for learning.
2 Give your full attention to the task of learning, avoiding
distractions.
3 Selectively focus your attention on what is important.
4 Acquire necessary background information for a certain
subject.
5 Are aware of how your past experiences affect what you
perceive.

Types of learning
-Learning by Observation

Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing

the behavior of others. ... In humans, this form of learning seems
to not need reinforcement to occur, but instead, requires a social
model such as a parent, sibling, friend, or teacher with
surroundings.
Learning by Observation contains four stages and
processes:
Attention. Observers can only learn if they pay attention to a
mentor or teacher. For example dancing classes. Attendants
must observe and pay attention to teacher to
learn how to dance.
Retention. Observers must memorise information and store
in to memory. In order to take next step must recall what was
memorised before. For example learn how to use computer
programs.
Reproduction. Observes must replicate another behaviour.
But there is a limitation factor of physical abilities. Example
may be that humans can’t fly.
Reinforcement. Observers will go through different stages
and will be motivated to learn. According to Bandura’s (e.g.
1977) Social learning theory, experiment on children by letting
them watch television and later motivate aggressive behaviour

-Learning by Insight
Insight, in learning theory, immediate and clear learning or
understanding that takes place without overt trial-and-error
testing. Insight occurs in human learning when people recognize
relationships (or make novel associations between objects or
actions) that can help them solve new problems.
Insight learning is a form of cognitive learning where
animals use insight to accomplish something.
Here are examples:
.A dog is in a room with a small gate to keep him from
leaving. He pushes a box over to the gate in order to
stand on it and jump over the gate.
.People will use a chair in order to get high enough to
paint the top of the wall.

-Learning by trail and error

Trial and error is a problem solving method in which
multiple attempts are made to reach a solution. It is a
basic method of learning that essentially all organisms
use to learn new behaviors. Trial and error is trying a
method, observing if it works, and if it doesn't trying a
new method.

Trial and error is trying a method, observing if it works,

and if it doesn't trying a new method. This process is
repeated until success or a solution is reached. For
example imagine moving a large object such as a couch
into your house. You first try to move it in through the
front door and it gets stuck.

-Learning by Conditioning/Classical
Conditioning
Classical Conditioning: a form of learning that involves
the use of a stimulus to generate a specific
response.Classical conditioning can help people adapt to
the environment and can help eliminate troubling fears or
other behaviors.Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov
pioneered research into a form of learning known as
classical conditioning.In classical conditioning, one
stimulus causes a response that is usually caused by
another stimulus.

Pavlov’s Dogs – Famous Experiment.

Pavlov used dogs in his studies of classical conditioning.
He trained the dogs to associate the sound of a bell with
food.
They learned that the sound of the bell meant food was
coming