OCHO YAOKECBEH HO OHCIOy_IQDBSHUA Alonyweno Munncreperaom auicwero » cpearero cneynansnoro o6pazos: yue6nnix sanenen 26 W3AAHHE, NEPEPABOTAHHOE AONOMHEHHOE Kues TOROBHOE H3AATENBCTBO W3MATEMGCKOFO OSBEAWHEHH sBOLLLA LIKONA® 1968BBK 30.1828723 B67 YAK 7:621(075.3) Peyensenr sacnymentnik aenrens nexyccra YCCP, AoueHT Kaeapel KoMNoMuKH H, A. CropomenKe (Knescnni rocygapcraennnit xyaomectBeHHnii MHCTHTYT) Penaxuna nureparypsi no MauMocrponrenbHomy KOMNNEKCY Penaxtop E. B. Anexcemuyx Bonkorpy6 M. T. B67 Ochosu xyAomectsennoro KoHcrpynposanna: Yue6unk ana xy- om, yue6. sapenenni.— 2-e naa., nepepas. 4 gon.— K. : Bea wi. Tonostoe 139-80, 1988.— 191 c., 104 nn.— Bu6nnorp.: 43 Haas. ISBN 5—11—000296—7. Aaru caenenns 0 22pomaenun m paasntan xyAOmectBeHHoro KoNeTPyMpoBaHys, 06 sBomiounn opm NPOMBILINEHHBIX HIACNHA, OCHOBHBIX CPeACTBAX KOMNOSHUMA, Ka- TeropHnk KOMNOSMUMM 8 NPHPORE H TexHHKe. [pHBeAeHBI: NPMHUNNI MOAENHPOBAAR, matepwanbl # HHCTPYMEHTHI, NPHMEHREMBIE 8 NPOUECCE MOAENAPOBAHHS, HCNONIOBa- we aera @ TeXHHUeCKOM TROPYECTE, METOAWKA HIYNEHMR KAPAKTEPHCTHKH Bera HA APMPOAHHIX aHanorax, EHOHHKA H ee aHaweHMe B XYAOMECTBEHHOM KOHCTPYAPOBAHKK, MMeTOAMKA Pa6OTH! HAA XYAOKECTBEHHO-KONCTPYKTOPCKHM NPOEKTOM, Bropoe WaAanne AONONHeHO HOBbIMM TKCTOBLIMM H KAMOCTPAUMONNBIMH mare pranamn, Ocsew\exsi BonPOCeI PrOHOMHKH, MeTOAHKA PaGOTe! HAA AWTOMHKIM NPO~ 2KTOM, OcHOBHHIe GOpMb! AHIAHHA, CNEUMDHKA AHIAMEPCKOTO MAILINEHHR. Ann ywaunxca cpeaunx cneynansubix yuebuuix sasenennh. Kunra moner Grit noneana cryAeHTam xYAOMECTREHHLIX H TEXHAYECKHX BY308, NPenoAaBaTenaM WKOR, TexHuKymos, BY200, HHMeHEpam H apxHTeKTOpaM, 2190000000095 ye 3434988 BBK 30.1822723 M241(04)—88 © Manarensenoe o6veqnnenne «Bruja wKonan, 1982 © Manarenncnoe o6veannenne ISBN 5—11—000296—7 «Buia wKonam, 1988, ¢ HaMeHeHHAMHOrnaspnenne Mpeancnosne i 13. 1.5. 24 2.2, 23. 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MosbiieHHe ee Kavectsa — Hagexneii nyte Gonee non- Horo yAosneTBopeHua noTpebHocTeH CTpaHbl B HeOBxOAMMBIX HaAeNHAX H pactyulero Cnpo- ca Hacenenua Ha pasHoo6paanbie ToRapu. Huakoe kaectao, 6pak — 270 pactpara mare- Pwanbieix pecypcos m Tpyaa Hapoaa. MaptHa 6ynet axtusHo noARepynsats Gopeby 3a MecTe cosercKoli mapnn. Kauecrao MpoAyKiyHn AomKno 6biTe nPegmetom npocecchoHanbHoit W narpHornueckon ropacctH» '. CnocoBcTso- " Marepwans XVII cheana _KommynncraecKos napran Conercnore Cowaa.— M. : Monmruanar, 1986.— c, 142—143, BaTb PasBHTHIO HOBO TexHHKH, CoBepleH- cTBOBaTe Opransaynio NPOHaBOACTEa H Tpy- fa, paseuBare couMannctHueckyio KyneTypY MOryT MMI NOnHTexHHYeCKH OBpazonaHHbie mopH, CGnagaioulne BEICoKOH OBu\er H NPOHS- BOACTBeHHOM KyneTypok. Dynaament 3ToK o6ujeH, TPyAOBOH H TexHHUECKOH KyNBTYPEI AOMKEH saKnagbiBaTeca, NPexAe BCerO, BCNe- umanbHeix yue6HeIx aasenennax. «llepcnex- TBI COUMANLHO-SKOHOMMUECKOFO, Hay4HO- TexHuecKoro H AyXOBHOTO Nporpecca 80 MHOFOM BaKNAABIBAIOTCA CHCTEMO! H KaHeCT- 80m o6pazosannsy ',—nogvepKusaeca 8 * Marepnanci KNICC, 2728 sweeps 1987. C. 57. Tinenyma Lenrpansnoro Komurera 1987 r—M.: Tonarnanar, Marepnanax snsapcKoro Mnenyma LIK KIC. B uenrpe sunmanns s npoyecce noprorosKn MOMOABIX CNe4MANHCTOR AOMKHB! HAXOAMTECA Bonpoce! ychneHHA npakTHYecKon HanpaBneH- HOCTH y4e6si, TBOpYecKoro HayYeHHA H BHEA- PeHHa nepeqosoro onsiTa 2KoHOMMH H Bepen- ausoctu. Ha coBpemeHHom sTane paseHTHa DKOHOMHKH HaWweH CTpaHbl BaxHelWeH sana- Nei spnaeTca HeEOBXOQHMOCTe >pextHaHoro, MchOMes0BaHHA NPHPOAHBIX, MaTepHaNbHbIX M4 TpyAosbix pecypcos. B canaw ¢ 3THm pactet W noTpe6HocTs B M3- AaHun yue6HoR nMTeparyper B npeanaraemom yue6HnKe Ha ocHoBe MAPKCMCTCKO-NEHHHCKOH acTeTHKH B AocTyn- Hol opme HanOMeHbI OCHOBEI HCTOPHH pas- BHTHR XYAOMECTBeHHOO KOHCTpyHpoBAHHs, B YacTHOCTH >BOMOUKH NnpOMbILINEHHOH opmel. PaccmarpuBaiorcs ocHosHble cpeA- €TBa KOMNOSMUMH, HX PONE B KOHCTPyMpOBAHHH POMBILINEHHEIX HaRenKi H MeTOAB OBNaRe- Hus STHMM CpeacTBamn. PackpbiTel nPHHKMNE! 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Boob- lye, HCXOAA H3 NOMOKEHKS O TOM, HO MaluMHa BNAETCA HEKHM APXHTEKTYPHbIM YeNbIM, Peno tpe6onan ACHOCTH H YeTKOCTH B COOTHO- UleHWH OTAeNBHBIX uacTel, NpHNEM Noguep- KuBan PYHKUMOHaNbHOe 3HaNeHHE KAKO feranu. OW npeanonaran, sro 8 6yayuwem OBs3aTeNbHO NORBHTCA YHeHHE O MalUMHHOH opme, KoTopoe NossonnT 8 KaMAOM OTAEM- HOM cayae HaXOAMTs ONTHMANBHBIE PEIEHHS. Peno cmorpen Ha TexHuKy npexge Bcero c TOUKH 3peHHA MiOKeHEPA, HO HHKEHEpa LIMpO- koro mpotbuns, rny6oxo Hayynauiero ace 06- fact MauiMHOCTpOeHKA, HHKeHEpa, OG nanaB. wero BonbuHmh CnoCcOBHOCTAMH H CKNOHHOrO K c606weHHaM, Bonbuioce sHhmaHwe yaenan oH pHTMy 4 AponopunovansHocth, KoTopsle, no ero y6e- >KAeHHIO, 3anorKeHbI a NPHpoAe H YenoBeYe- col HaType H MPHcyiyH BCeM YenoBeYeCKHM TeopeHuam — or npowssemeHHA ncKyccraa AO MaUIHH. PuTMHuHaA H NponopyMoHAaNbHaR opma He moxer 6siTs HeYenecoobpasHon, a cneponatenbio, He MOKeT NPOTHBOPesHTS APHHUKNAM GyHKYROHANHOrO opmoobpa- aoaaHns. Ecan 8 TpaicnoptHom MaluMKocrpoeHHK >knexrHKa aasana o ce6e 3HaTb, ec ona ewe npouperana s Maccoabix HaAenHaX HapOAHOrO notpeGnenns, To 8 O6 mem maLuKHOCTPOeHKK MB OcoBeHHOCTH CraHKOCTpoeHHM K CaMomy konuy XIX 4 Havany XX sexa npossnnact Apyraa KpaiHocts. Tpaanynn KyctapHoro PemecnenHoro npoussoacrsa npu HaroTosne- HM maLUMH Ha4HCTO 3a6biBaloTca. Mauna Ha- UMHaeT BbINyCKATECR 8 TOM BHAC, KAKOH OHA abiuina 43 pyk H206perarens, KOHCTPyKTopa. Bonpocti ee sHeuHero Buaa, acTeTHuecKor ApmBneKatensHoctn gaxKe Ke 2aTparHaaioTcA. Kanurannctuyeckni cnoco6 npoxasoactaaBRE AEHHE 2knexrnKa — caewenne cranes. Yupawenna s snae mmerannnuecnnx y3opos HOCHAK OcpopMnTenbeKnh, npaunagwor xepaxtep (Ola) oSBE ACHE " cnommauniica 8 XIX sexe, nuuian Tpya pabo- Mero panocth, yHHuToaKaN TBOPYECKHe, KYAO- 2keCTBeHHDIe HepTbI, IpHCyLAMe Py4HOMy Pe- MecmeHHOMy Tpyay. 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Ukona coverana yHkunn yue6Horo 2aBeaeHHA H npoHsB0R- cTBEHHBIX MacTepCKHX. Aestensiocts «Bayxaysa» 6eina cocpeno- ToweHa Ha paspaGoTke YenecooBpasHeix 4 KPacnabix opm, npolecce! HsroTosneHHA KoTOpbix cTporo yassbipankct C TexHonornelt nuayctpHanbHoro npowssogcraa, c HoBelw- MMi KOHCTPYKUKSMH H MaTepHanamn. Kak pe- aymbrar 3Toh paBors! BOaHHK cTHnb «Bayxay3>. Ana npomeuunentuix o6pasyos paannuneix Apeameros 8 3TOM cTHne xapakTepHi SMH, YanedeHHe KOHCTPYKYeH Kak TaKOBO maccnBHocte. Vnaycrpnannaayna 4 crpontenscroo co- Unannama B Hale CTpane Co3qasanh 8 3TOT NepHon npegnoceinkn ana sHeAPeHHs TPyAa XyAOMHHKA B COBETCKyIO NPOMBILINeHHOCTS. Ewe 8 1920 r. cornaco noctahosnenmio Co- sera Hapogusix Komuccapos 3a nognnceio B. V1. Jlenuna 8 Mockse 6binh oprannsosans! Buicume rocyqapcraenHbie xyAo>KecTBeHHO- Texunueckne mactepckne (BXYTEMAC) — cneynansHoe y¥e6Hoe saseaenne Ana nopro- TORKH XYAOMHHKOB-MacTepos NpHKnazHoro hckyccTBa ANA NPOMbIUINEHHOCTH. Ha nepauix nopax crpemnenne BonnotHTe B NpombilineHHEIx HIAeNHAX HOBLIe 2cTeTHHEC- Ke Y@HHOCTH HOCHNO XapaKTep YHCTO POMaH= THHeCKOH MeUTbI ONPEKPACHbIx, COBEPLIEHHHEIX Texnnuecknx dopmax, 6sino AaneKo oT geh- cTBHTeNHOrO NOHAMAHHS NYTeH, KOTOPEIe Pe- sontouns OTKPbina Ans pasBHTHsa NpOMbILINEH- HocTh HckyccTBa. XapaKrepHbima o6pasyamh XYAOMECTBGHHO-TexHHNeCKOK MeUTEI GbInK npoexrs! B. E. Tarnuna. B 1919 r. on noctponn Mopenk namatHnKa IIl MnTepHaynonany — Gauinn, cocronsue 43 crankHon Ganounoh KOHCTPYKUH ¢ PACNONOKeHHbIMH BHYTPH ee cyxocte,BBEAEHME 16 NOMEWIEHHAMH PasnHYHOH reomeTpHYecKOH Popms!, KoTOpbIe RONMHE! Bbinn spaujareca BOKPyr BEPTHKaNbHOH OCH C¢ PaanHuHbiMn cKopoctamn. Yepes HecKonbKo eT On Ke sbicTynin c MaKerom «JleTatnnHan — cpanta- cThYeckoro neTaiouyero Kopabns, He NOXOKe- Fo Ha camonersi Tex ner. Tlognmnieié nepenom 8 apxnrextype Hame- tunca 8 KoHYe 20-x — Hauane 30-x rogos. Ha- Manoc wnpoKoe NPHBNedeHHe apxHTeKTOpoS W xyYAOMHNKOR ANA PaGoTE! 8 NPOMbILINEH- nocth. B 30-e roasi Ginn oprannaosane pasnuu- Hale xyQormectaeHHo-npoeKxTHposounsie Giopo, a Ha HeKOTOpEIX KPynHEIX NpeaNpHE- TWAX COPMHPOBAHEI XyAOMECTBEHHBIE OT- Aenwi. Taxnm o6paa0m, now snusHnem o6wect- BeHHEIX M 2KOHOMMUECKMX ChaKTOPOB, HOBBIX xyAomecTaeHHbix BOaspeHHiK H Mporpecca huAyeTpHanbHoro MponssoAcTea cknaAbisa- Tce HOBbIE OTHOWEHKA MEKAY HCKYCCTBOM 1 RPOMBILINEHHOCTHIO. B ctpanax kanurana 2TH oTHOUeHHs opm Posannce oA onpepensiouinm snaHHeM rpe6osanni pexnamel H KOHKYpeHTHOA Gopt 6b. B Cosetckom Colo3e oH oco3HaBannch kak o6ujectaenHan HeoBxoAHMocTe, Kak oBujenaponnoe weno, HeoTwemneman YacTs KyAbTYPHOK Pesoniounn m OpyAne BocrMTaHHA coBeTCKhX mogen. Oanaxo pa6ora 8 npombiuineHHocth — ara Honan OGnacTk AeRTeNBHOCTH XYAOMHAKA — He cpazy npuobpena s Hawel cTpaHe cHcre- marnuecknit xapakrep. B nepsie rogel nocne OKOHYaHHA rPAkAaHCKOK BOHHBI NepeA rocy- AapcrBom croann apyrne, 6onee HeotnomHbie 3amaun ckopemwero BOspO%*KAeHHA NPOMbILI- neHHoro NoTeHuMana CTpaHbl, BOCCTAHOBNeHHA Paapywentiix cba6pnk n sasono8. Hanpaxex- bli ptm nepebix naTaneToK, a 2arem Bennkaa OreuectseHHas BokHa TaKxKe He CnocobcTBO- Bann WHPoKOMY H CHCTeMaTHHeCKOMY NpH- BneueHiio XYAOMHAKA Ha NPOMIBOACTBO. Mo6eaa cosercxoro Hapoma 8 BennKo OreuectBeHHor BOKHe ana HoBbIA cTHmyn nonckam 8 o6nacth MOHYMeHTaNbHOFO CTHna. Tlepaie nocnesoeHHele roabi MOxKHO CuHTaTE. Hayanom opraHnazosaHHoro aH3aiina. Mossns- forces oprannaaynH, seayuine paGors! no XYAODKECTREHHOMY —MPOeKTHpOBAHHIO NpO- MbIUNeHHBIX HaReNKi Ha CHOBE HcnONbIOBa- Hua HanGonee YeHHBIX gocTHKeHHH 20-x rogos. Onpegensiowyio pons 8 copmxposannn wpelHo-scTeTHHeCKHX NPHHUHNOS xyAoKeCT- BeHHoro KOHCTpyHposaHus 8 CCCP ceirpann pewenna naprun w npasnrenscrea 1955—1957 ronos © nepectpokke npoektuposanna 1 crponrenscrea, Gops6e ¢ Hannulectsamn 8 apxnrextype H oGopynosannn o6ujecTBeHHEIX aAatnit, 06 opraHH3ayHH maccosoro BbinycKa MeG6eNbHEIX H APYTHX H3RENKH Ha BbICOKOMH- AYCTpHanbHoM ocHoBe. Ha ocose onbita paborsi xyaoxectBeHHo- koneTpykTopcKHx oprannaayni 8 1946—196t rofax Guinn HameueHb! OnTHMankHbIe CPopmb! RanbHetwero passHTHA xygorKecTBeHHOrO. KOHcTpymposanns 8 Crpane. Toctanosnennem Cosera Munncrpos CCCP of 28 anpena 1962. «OB ynyuweHnn KayectBa APOAYKUMH MALIHHOCTPOEHHS H TOBAPOR KYL TypHo-6uiTosoro HasHaveHHA nyrem sHeApe- HW# MeTOROB XYAOMECTBEHHOFO KOHCTPYKpO- BaHisn, yuaCTHe XY BOMHMKA B COBAaHKH HaRe- MH NPOMBILINEHHOCTH MPHaHAeTCA He TONBKO skenatenbHbim, HOW OBsaaTenbHbim. Mocra- HoBneHne KopeHHbim o6paaom MeTOAMKY NPOEKTHPOBAHHA HOBEIX NPOMBILI- ReHHEIX naAENKA, NOAYEPKHYNO BEKHYIO pone XYAOMHMKa-KOHCTPYKTOPA Ha NPoMaBOACTBC. Tlepeg sceii cosercKoi npombiluneHHoctEio ¢ Hosoi cHnok 6bina nocrasnena sanaua o6ec- Reunts pesKoe NosbiweHne KayecTea NPOAYK- UAH APH NOMOWYH WHPOKOFO HEMOMbIOBAHHS meTonos xyMOmeCTBeHHOrO KOHCTpyHposa- Hwa, mosBonsioWWHX co3AaTh yAobHBIe 6 akcnayataunn, Henoporne mM KpachBBIe H3Re- nna, B 1962 r. Guin coanan BcecoiosHbii Hay4- Ho-HCCHeAOBATENBCKHit HHCTHTYT TEXHHYECKOK actetnin (BHAMT3) & Mockse H ero unnan 8 Jlennurpage, Knese, Ténnucn, Baky, Epesa- nameHnnoEAEHME He, Hosocn6npeKe, Xapsxose, Pre, Caepa- noBce H APYFHx ropopax. Benen 3a 2TH He- koropble sbicume xyAOmecTaeHHBIe yHeGHEIE sasegenna coaaann Katbeapsl npomoluineH- Horo HcKyccTBa H OTKPBINK qbaKyMbTeTBI X¥AO- 2KeCTBeHHOTO KOHCTpyMposanns. Bro 6bin Baxi war a pewennH npobmembt Ka~pos. B Hactoaujee Bpems nogrotosKy cneyna- JIMCTOB AM3aKHA BEAYT AeBATH BbICWIHX y4eE- Hex 2aseReHHH, NATE cpeAHHx, KPOMe Toro, 8 Copoka Bbicwnx TexHMueciHX YHEOMBIX 2aBe- ReHHRX OTKPBITH! KAPEAPHI OCHOB NPOMbIL- neHHol acrerHKn. B 1957 F, Guin cosnan MexkayHapoansii co- BeT oprahn3auHi WHAYCTPHManbHOrO An3zaiHa (UKCHQ). B ero 3aqa4y Bxoaut cogencrane PassHTHIo xyAOKecTBeHHOrO KOHCTpynposa- tna Bo acem mupe, BuipaGorKa cornacosaH- Horo NOHMMaHKA CouMaNbHEIX YeneH H 3aqaN Ausaiina, NoBbILIeHHe ypoBHa npodeccuoHa- TbMOK NORFOTORKH. xy AOMKHNKOB-KOHETPYKTO- pos. C1965 r, wneHom >To} OprannaaunM 8 nM ue BHMMTS crana Hawa crpana. Ha Teepansnoh accam6nee MKCHQa, cocrossuierica 8 Slonqone 8 1969 r., onpene- neva opmynuposKa Au3aiHa. CornacHo et AvaaiH — 270 Teopyeckan AesTensHocTs, Yenbio KoTOpoH saBnaeTca copmuposanne TaPMOHHUHOH NPeAMETHOR cpenL!, HaKGonee nono yAosnetsopsiowjed marepnanvibie W AyxoBHbie norpe6HocTH enoBeKa. Cneayer oTMeTHTb, 4TO npoHHKHoBeHHe Auaaiina B Hay KMIHb He OrpaHnunBaercs Paspa6orKor TonbKo MawnH, BbIToBLIX H3qe- nuit, npHBopos. Mpoxoansuni 3—4 anpens 1987 ropa 8 Mockse Yupeantensisit coesa ausainepos CCCP cangerenscrayer 0 603- Poculem aBroputere, MPHaHaHHH sacnyr HM BaxcHocTH 3afa4, CTOmUIMX NepeA OTeHECTBEH- HbIM XYAOKECTBEHHLIM KOHCTPyHpoBaHnem cebepoi npoeKTHO-xyAOxKeCTBeHHOM AesTe- AbHOCTH B Yenom. OpraHn3ayns Coio3a an- salinepoa CCCP 8 Gnwmaliwee spems npune- cet caon nnoabi. Cosnanne Coisa ansarine- pos CCCP cosnano ¢ >ranHuim nepHonom neTopHn Haulero rocynapcraa, nepHonom "7 YeKopenna H nepectporikn, KorAa HabICKHBa- forca HoBbIe NoAXOABI K PeweHHIo cTOSLAHX Nepea 2KOHOMMKOH H NPOMbILINEHHOCTBIO npobnem H ackpsisaiorca HeMcnonbsoBaHHbIe Panee pesepes! pasentns, Monumanne ucTo- PHueckoro MOMeHTA CTABMT Ha BbICOKMA YPO- BeHb AuaaiinepcKoe ofpaszosanne, Tem 6onee, STO AOMKHOCTR _xyAOMHHKA-KOHCTPYKTOPA (anaaiinepa) 4 ace ee nponssoaHuie (Beay- Uy, FAABHEIi) BKMONeHE! 8 OGujecoIosHer knaccncpurarop npo@eccnii pabounx 4 OK HocteH pykonoanrenel, cneunanncros 4 cay- 2KaLYHX, KOTOPHIM YTBepHAEH 27 asrycTa 1986 rona Toccraxgaptom CCCP no cornacosakHio < Tockomrpyaom CCCP, Tocnnanom CCCP w UCY CCCP. 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HyMHO 3HaTs 2aKOHO- MePHOCTH, COrNaCHO KOTOPHIM CTPOHTCA KOM- NosKunA moGoro HaRenHs. Ana onpepenetina paannuneix sxqos Kom- NOSHUMOHHOFO CTPOA M PasMHUHbix aaaHCH MocTed nombaylorca TakHMA KaTeropHaMH, 3HaKOMbIMH NO HaBMOReHKIO 3a sBTeHHAMK Tpmponsi, Kak pHTM, PasHosecHe, CHMMETPHS, aCHMMeTpHS, AMHAMHKA, CTaTHKa, MaCWuTa® 1 macuTa6Hoct®, Nponopuns, KOHTPACT, HIOAHC * Ap. aanTe- 2. Kaxne pasnwuaior snasi KoMnosKuw? HasoBHTe Hx OCHOBHEIE NPHIHEKH. oO 3. Kparko oxapaxrepuayiire ocHoshsie KaTeropHn KOMnOsHuMH.Parm — ockosa Komnoshymonnu nocrpoeHnit a 4.2. Patm — ocHopa KOMNOSMUMOHHbIX NocTpoeHH Oanum va saxneiumx cpeacrs npnsegenus MHOrOOGpasHbIx 9NeMeHTOB OPM! K EAHH- ctay, YNOpaAOveHHA Hx PacnonomeHns ABA eTCa PHT, KOTOPHIi MPHCYLA PASNHUHbIM 88- HeHKSm 4 cOPMaM NPHPOALI, TPYAOBLIM NPO- ueccam 4 T. A. @ Put — >to pasHomepnoe epe- Aosanne pasmepHbix 3nemenros, ROPAACK CONETAHHS NHHHH, OB ne- ‘MOB, MNOCKOCTeH. Putm geicteyet Ha Haw 4yBcTBa. MbI BOC- APHHKMaeM ero He TOABKO 3PHTEMBHO, HOM Ha cayx. Ckauyusaa noulaae PHTMHYHO OT6HBAeT takt. PuTmHuHB! CTyK KONeC NapoBo3a, My3bIKa Tanya. Yem purmnunee cruxoreopenne, Tem nerve OHO uHTaeTCA WH 3aNOMHHaeTCA. McTou- HK 3ByKa BOCMPHHHMAETCA KAK PHTMMUHEIA NoTOMy, 4TO BLIAEPKAH CAMHAKOBLIA HHTEp- ban MedKaY aByKamH, yAapamn. Oanako pur cBosicTBeHeH He TonbKO ABH- DKEHMIO, HOH CTaTHUHOMy Npegmety. Hanpu- MMeP, 8 APXMTEKTYPHBIX COOPYHEHHAX, PHT- muunoe pacnpegeneline OKOH No BepTHKanH H TopHszontann. Putm MomKHO HaGmomaTe 1B AnockocTHom HacbpakeHHH: OpHameHT Ha 0608x, Ha KoBpax, Ha TKaHsx. OcoBeHHo spKoe APOABReNHe PuTMA Mul MOxEM HaBMOAaTe 8 KHBOTHOM H. pacTHTeNbHOM Mupe. 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Purm monet Brith ChOKOHHBIM H BecnoKol- Hum, morkeT Obit HaNPaBNeHHEIM 8 OAHY CTO- pony (opHamentansHaa Kalima) Hnk CKOAS- Umea K UeHTPy (y20P 8 YeHTpPe NogHoca, ckarepTH, wkatynky, poseTka menHan now mocrpoii), HanpaaneHnbim Kak NO ropH3oHTa- mH, Tak 4 NO BEPTHKANH. YacTEle HNeHeHHA B TOpHaovTansHom HanpaBnennn, KaK MB BEPTH- kanbHom, MOryT CoagaBaTh BnevaTneHHe 6ec- noKoicrsa. Ynenenns no ropHaoHTann 6yayr apHrent. HO CHWOaTb BbICOTY BELL, a BEPTHKANbHEI nac6opor, Renaiot ee sue. MKenaemoe anevarnenwe oT npeamera MomHO CO3AaTe NPARKAbHbIM HCNONLIOBAHH- em BCeX BOSMOMHOCTEH PHTMa, B HACTHOCTH, POAYMAHHbIM M NPOUYBCTBORAHHBIM YepeAo- anementos, obvemos, ypeTosbix aren W Kaknx-nH60 Aetanel, Kak 6b1 Nanpas- AMOWWMX BEWKEHHE raza B CooTReTCTBHH © BbIBpannbim puTMom. Kak cpeactao Komnosnunn putm ucnonb- BYETCA B XYAOMECTBEHHOM KONCTPyMpoBaHHH 8 Tex cny4asx, Korga On OBveKTHBHO npego- Apemenen KOHCTpyKTHBHOR ocHoBOH. Mpose- TeHKa PHTMa B TeXHMKe BecbMa PasHoo6pas- Hbl. OH MOET HrpaTh akTHBHYIO opraHHayio- llylo Pon 8 KOMNOSMUMH, CTaHOBSCh HHOrma ee rnasiuim crepanem. LUMpoKo nenonbay- eTea UseTOBOH puTM, B HacTHOCTH Ha NpoH3- Boactse: useT NomeweHni, oGopyposanns, pa6ounx mec, cneuonemabl, KOMMyHHKauHi. Lseronok purm coagaer croeobpaannil yse- Tosok KnMmar. B KOMNOSHUMH OAKHaKOBbIX KONOHH aHTHUHBIX annemAKOHOMEPHOCTH M4 CPE: KomnosHutan TPAKTHYECKOE SAMAHME No 1 Buinonenne puTMMdeckHx KOMNOSMUNi © Marepwanni « nHcTpyMeHtsI: kapaHaawh Teepgocteio «T» 4 «M» orevectsenHoro npoHsson- crea («H» 4 «B> wmnoptHeie); TYUlb WepHas; nnHetiKa; TPeyronk- HuK; neKano; UUPKyAe H pelicipe: Aep nnvediHbii, nDAMeHsioMHiics Ana NpoBeAeHHA TyUBIO NPRMbIX W ROMaHBIX MAHA PasHor TonuyH- Hol a npenenax 1... 1,5 mm; 6yma- ra opmara 12; moxer 6eiTe npH- meen panngorpap. Boasmem nncr 6ymarn, nposegem pamoury Ha PaccTosHnn AO AByX CaHTHMeTpOB OT KPaR 1 pasrpacum ero NPAMbIM NHHHSMH NO BEP- Tuan 4 TopHzoHTan Yepes onpegeneHHuii hHTepsan TaK, YTOBbI AKHKK He BBIXOAHNH 3a npegensi pamku, Mony4urcs wneHeHne PUTMi- Yeckoe, Ho HenHTepecHoe, NPHMUTHBHOE. 3a- Tem Mposegem He NO OAHOH AHHHK, ano TPA BMecte Ha paccrosHuy apyr oT apyra 2... 3 Mm, a Mexay Nepsbimn 1 NocneAyIOWAMH TpeMA muHMaMH chenaem paccrosHne tu1,5 cm. Nossurca ywe Gone uHTepechbili parm. A ec mn 8 Tex MeCTaX, Fae BEPTHKANH M FOpHa0HTa- JH Nepecenaiorcs, 3aKpachTs obpasyiowneca keaaparnkn TOHOM, PHTm CraHer eule Cone suipaanrensieim. PuTM MOOKHO CTPOMTh He TORBKO HANPAMBIX, HOH NOMAHBIX, BONHHCTEIX MHHHSX, Ha CaMBIX cnomneix nepeceveHnax. Beneg 3a nunelt Haz08em Toy, Koropan Kak Hapyurenne npowssoact pane? 6. Kaxne s06pasnrensit meTPHdecknx nocTpoeHni? Komnosnynoumuie Rocrpoenna parma ApH nomouyn Tou, nMMH Wx ConeraHM mano WTO aHaunT Cama no ce6e, Ho NpH noBTO- Penwn ager mexoparnsnnit acbcbexr. OsHaKOMMBLIHCe C AMHETHEIM H TOHEUHBIM MOcTPOeHHeEM PHTMa, MOKHO nepelith K 6o- Mee CHOKHBIM ero BAAaM, CONeTAA AHHKIO ¢ TOKO, 3a OcHOBY MOMKHO B3ATb NPHpOAHDIA aHa- nor — KaKoe-nvBo HecnorHoe pacreHne, Ha- APAMEP, WBETOK, NNOA, AKCTOK MAK HaceKo- moe. Ux HYMHO 2apHCoRaTe ¢ HaTypEI Co BceMM NoApobHocTAMK, a NOTOM ynPOCTHTk pHcy- HoK, Tak, 4TO6s! OcTanace KOHTYpHaR cKema 3apHcoBkn, TO eCTe TpaHcopmupoBarb NpH- PoAHyto opmy Ao TexHHNecKo#, Coxpanns ee ectectaeHHbii putm. Morom 43 aTHx anemeH- Tos COCTaBHTs PHTMHYECKHA psa, PHTMMHe- cnyto cerky. Pa6oran Han 2TH aanaHHem, HyMHO CTpe- MATHER K 2aKOHYEHHOR PHTMAYECKOH KOMNO- SMyMH, 4TO6bI HE BOSHHKNO BneYaTneHHe cAy- NaiiHoro o6psipa. Alonyctam, 4To 3a ocHosy opHamentanHoro PuTma Bb! a3anh NPHpoa- Holt aHanor — 6a6ouKy. Monosuna 6abouKn Monagaer 8 pamky sawero ns06paKenns, a BTopas He Nomeuaerca. 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Tipu pi6ope matepuance 4 HHCTpymeHTOB Ans peinonHeHna paborb! HEO6XOAHMO yHTbBI- Bate HexoTopsie Hx ocoBeHHOCTH. Tak, ryalue 8 OTAMUKe OT akBapeNbHbIX KPACOK, NOmUTER Ha Gymary 6onee rycrsim ANOTHRIM cnoeM. Tyauisio momno pa6orars Ha 6ymare, KapTo- He, Repene, crekne, TkaHax. 370 OAKH 43 OC- HoaHBIX maTepHanos 8 pa6ote xyAODKHHKa- Kouctpyktopa. HyxHoe KonH4ecTBO Kpackn Geperca nonatouKo#, nepenocurcs e cneun- anbnyto nocyay, rae passoautcs Ao onpene- TeHHOH KOHCHCTeHYMH. Kuctn HyxHo HMeTS Kpyrnbie 4 nnockHe NO PopMe H MsTKHE HN KeCTKHE NO KauecTay. Y xopowiek markoi KHCTH OKOHYaHHA BOnocA Aonmib! Geir ecrectBeHHuimH, a He nogpe 3aHHbiMn. KucTe C NOAPesaHHbIM BONOCOM ANA paGorsi He roqurcs. pn aeiGope Marko Kpy- Fnok KuCTH Hago O6patHth BHHMAHHE Ha TO, 470641 KoHEU ee He pasasanaanca H RonoC Buin co6pan KomnaktHo. Kayectso KucTH onpege- TReTCA TAK: HAAO CMATS AAYMA Manbyamn ee BONOCAHYIO HacTh — ech oHa NPHMeT BeEpo- o6pasnyio Popmy, TO KMCTe roAMTcA ANA pa- Got. Kavectao KuctH MonHO TaknKe NpoBe- PHTb, CMOUHB €@ BOAOK H 3aTeM eCTpaxHys. Y xopowesi Kucth nocne nerkoro scTpaxnBa- fina oBpaayerca ocrpeii KoHeU. Tlnockwe kKHcTH HMelor opmy monaTouKH. Onn Grisator mecTKMe (M3 CAHHOH HH KOH- ckKOH WeTHHE!) H MarkHe (BenHubH KONOHKO- sbie). B saBnchmoctn or xapaktepa paborsi, BuAa KPacoK abiGUpaeTcA Ta HAH HHAA KUCTE.3AKCHOMEPHOCTH H CPE/ICTBA KOMNOSHLAMHL Anacrasnocrs, yenoctnocts, kpacora ypera 4 @opmet auipamaer cocrommme ypaswosewennocrxBunamsanocte 4 crarmunocts opmet 33 Axsapenbio pa6oraiot TonbKO Markoh KH ctoio, Yro6b1 OcmbicAKTs H NpoUyECTBOBAT, TO Takoe pasHoBecve, KeNaTeNbHO ebiNonHTe HECKONGKO BAPHAHTOR YCHOBHBIX H KOHKpET- HbIx KOMNOSHUKH M3 FeEOMETPHYECKHX DArYp. Boabmem TpH-veTbipe reomeTpHuecKHe cpH- FYpbl NPoHaBONbHEIK pasmepos, K NPHMepy 88 npaMoyronbHNka, Kpyr, TpeyronbHnK (momo H apyrne uryps!) x nonpobyem pas MMECTHTS HK Ha ANCTe ByMarM Tak, HTOBbI 3pH- TembHO BOCAPHHAMANOCh KOMNOIMUMOHHOE pasHosecne. Pasmeulath ¢burypsi KenaTeNbHO komnaKtHo. Bnonckax pewienns sT0h aaga4n MOmHO HA- TH rpadnueck4m Man aNMAMKaTHBHEIM MyTAMH, Tpw rpauueckom KomnoaHUHOHHOm NOHCKE Ha 6ymare MarKHM KapaHAaliom mbI 6ce BPe- ma cpaskusaem, or6xpaem 4 coBepuleHcT- Byem KomnosHUnto. Annnnkathenbiit cnoco6 sakmovaerca 8 cneayioujem: ycraHoans no ceoemy ycmoTpe- Hiio pasmepsi KaKAOK reoMeTPHYECKOH cu- 1, Hasosute pactenus paanosecne dopmur 4 npombiunennbie nanenns, FYpbl OTAEMBHO, BLINePYNBAEM HX Ha KAPTOHE him Ha MMOTHOK 6ymare, Bbipesaem HOKHH- uamn HA ckanbnenem, a noTom Ha 6enom nncte 6ymarn, nepeasnran (burypbic mecTa Ha MMeCTO, KOMMOHYA HX TO Tak, TO 2TaK, MUKeM BapHaHTe! KOMNOSHUMOKHOTO pasHosecua (urypsi momo HakNagbieaTe Ayr Ha Apyra). Te HaxoAKu npK noucKe, KOTOPLIE NOKAKYTCA YAaNHbIMK, 3PHTENBHO BOCNPHHHMAeMbIMN, O6s0AKm KapaHAauiom, WTO! MOMHO 6riNo NoTOm cpasHuTs 4 OTOGpare nyMUIMii, Tenept o6patamcs k aHanuay pasHosecua 8 Apmpone m TexHuke. 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Kontpact Kourpact — 210 peako asipaxen- Haa_npornaononomHocre: Anni Mei — KOporKH, —ToncTeiaé — TOHKHi, KpYNHbIt — menknit B xyAorkectaeHHOm KOHCTpyHpoBaHHM KOH- tpact cocrasnaet OQHO 43 OCHOBHEIX cpegcTE KOMnosHuMH, FlyTem KOHTpacTa MOXKHO yCH- JMTb abipaaHTenbHocTe HagenKA, STO ROCTH- raeTca nyTem NPAMEHEHHS pasHelx maTepHa- nos (Manpumep, 8 Teneanz0ope — 2KpaH 13 crekna, Kopo6Ka 43 Aepesa, pykn perynsaro- P08 H pewleTKH 43 MnacTmaccel, OKaHTOBKA — metannuueckan), 4 3a cuet o6pa6orkH no- BepxHocTh MaTepHana — nonuposaHHas no- BepxHocts meranna un rpy6oulepoxonaTan (baxrypa, aepeso nonuporanHoe WAH NpocTo noxpeiroe naKom. TIpH ymenom HcnonbsoBa- HHH KOHTpact MOxeT CbIFpaTe peUlaioLlyio ponb B KOMNOSHuMH, NMog4HHeHHsIi HHTepe- Cam KOMNOSMMH, OH AKTHBHIKPYeT Copmy. Npu orcyrcraun KonTpacta chopma oKaabisaer- CA manoabipaanTenbHol H cKy4HOH. Kontpactasie conocrasnenus cnoco6cray- for o6ocrpennio socnpuatna yenoro. 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C BbipasuTenbHocTblo B KOMNO3HKHH TeECHO: ceagaha rapMoHHUHOCTe, OcHOSHOM sana4eH KOTOpOR sBseTcA cosmaHHe snevarneHHs YPaBHOBeWeHHOCTH, HaALHOCTH 4 TOUHOCTH o6pasa hopmei 4 xygomectBeHHoH cornaco- BaHHOCTH KOMEHHATOPHBIX 2neMeHTOR Ucnonbaonaie KoHTpacra 8 TexHuKe can3a- Ho euje H ¢ HEOBxOAMMOCTHIO CoaRaHKA OnTH- manbHeix yenos ana paGouero. Koxrpact AOMMeH BbITs YMepeHHbIM, NOCKONEKY Ypes- MePHO peakne KOHTpactbl 6ygyT cnocobcTBO- BaTb NPexXAeBpPeMeHHOMY YTOMNEHHIO, aNON- Hoe oTcyrcrane KOHTpacta — coaganars MO- HoTOHHOcTs, O6ycnopnusate nputynnene BHumanua paGovero, LseTosok KoHrpacr spnenne, Pesko supaxennas Apormsononomnocts, yennnaaer > Paanwune cbopmutSAKOHOMEPHOCTH H CPEACTBA KOMNOSKUWHHioane (natHo, ox) secema WHpoKo pacnpoctpaHeH 8 KOMNOSHUHH NPOMbILUNEHHEIX HaBeNHi. KOH- TpactHble UseTOBbIe OTHOWEHKA No3soNsIOT sbIAeMHTs HaHGonee OTBeTCTBeHHBIE 3OHbI cTaHka, nynbta ynpasnenus, cocpeaorounTe BHAMaHMe paGouero Ha BaKHeHUHX cHCTeMaX ynpasnenus. 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Cocrasnts ycnosHyto KOMNOSHUMIO H3 re ometpnuecknx uryp Ha coveranne Gonbusnx M Manbix O6BEMOB, UBETORBIX MMH TOHOBLIX potmsonononnbix xapakrepucTak (Genoe — weproe, Kpachoe — xentoe, menToe — 3€- nenoe). Teomerpuueckne ¢xrypei moryt 6biTe of- HotanHoro nnana: nM6o OAHK TpeyronsHnKH, 60 OAHH KPYTH HN NPRMOYTONBHHKH 4 T. Ao, nnBo cmeulaHHoro nana. OHM moryT GbiTe BBEREHI B KOMNOSHUOHHOE PeWeHHe ANA sbiaenenna KoHTpacta. TexHnka sbinonHeHHs mooker 6biTh pasnan: depHobenan Hnn a UseTe, TouKaMM HAH WTpHxAMM. 1. Kekumn npwemamk 1 CPeACTEaMH MOMKHO AOCTHYR KOHTpACTa opel? 2. Baumer nk KOMTPact, Kak XyAODKECTAeHHOS CPEACTRO HA IMOUNOHAMEHYIO BLIPAsHTENbHOCTE APombIuineHHOrO HIAeAKs! caywaax? |. Moor mH KOHTpACT HrpaTh OTPHYATENbHYIO POM B POMBILINEHHOM HaAeAMM HB KAKHX 4, Yem onpepenserca crenene KoKTpacTa Np NPOeKTHPOBAHKH NpOMbIUINeHHOrO HaAeNHA? 1.9. Hroanc B usere, wHTOHAUHax, PeuH, B MyabiKaNbHbIX Nponssepennax KOHTPACT NOANEpKHAaeT ABHO BbIPAKEHHYIO NPOTHBONONOAHOCTS, a HOHE Hecer # ce6e equa aamerHbIt nepexoa, oTTe- HoK. Tem He MeHee KOHTPacT M HOAHC HMeIOT O6ulyIo Yenb —NOAYEPKHYTe, BbIAeNKTE oT- RenbHbIe AeTaNK KOHCTPYKUMK C YeNbIo HHAM- suayannaaunn Hanenns, ny4Wer opraHnsayHn Popmul, 80 HI6exKAHHe MOHOTOHHOCTH HT. n. Vicnonb3osanwe 4 npHmeHeHHe Hx BOMKHO 6siTe npoaymanHuim mM onpasgantbim. Kon- Tpactsl 4 HioaHcbl gocTHrarorca cbopmoit 4 yseTom. Hioanc, kak 4 KoHTpact,— cnoco6 npossne- Hua sbipasTenbHocTH a xyAoDKECTBEHHOM Koncrpynposanun. On npegctasnaet coboH kak 6bi rpagaynh oTHOWeHHK oAHOpoAHe kavects npegmeta: pasmepos, nponopuni, sera, caktypei HT. a. © Hioane — 210 orowenne opm, HesHaunTenbHo, 8 oTAHYHe OF konTpacta, pasnHuarouynxcs cao- hmu caolicraamn. Hioatc crnaKn- BaeT MOHOTOHHOCT H KECTKOCTE opmbl B nocTpOeHHK KOMNOSH- Unn nonennit. B texHnke HioaHc — >To pasHoobpashan Famma BapHaHToR 8 TOHNAKWHX OTHOWEHHAXS3AKOHOMEPHOCTH M CPEACTBA KOMNO3MUMH 48 Pasnwunbix marepHanos, cakrypsi, ysera. Oco6oe sHavenne Hioaic npHoBperaer a npo- exrnpoparnn nanennit SbiTOBoro HasHaNeHna, Boabmem pyunbie uacel. CkonbKo pasnHuHbix Mapoxk Hx BbinycKaercs! B OCHOBHOM Bce OHH kpyrnbie nH60 npsmoyronsHoh copmel. Ha Nepebit sarnay ace OHH OAMHaKoBLI, KoneGa- Hus B pasMepe, MaTepnane H UseTe He3HauH- Tenuibl. Ho 3TO TombKO Ha nepabit earnaa. Mpucmorpurece K Hum —Bce OHH pazHbie. VW sta pastnya npossnaerca a ToHuamiuHx Hioancax. Mn BoabMeM OCBeTHTENBHYIO aDMa- Typy, OcoBeHHO nnacboul K namnam. OcHowa Popmpt nocrosHHas, HesaBHcHMo OT MaTepH- ana — unnanap, Ky6, yceueHHbil KoHyc, MB TO KE BPEMA CKONLKO 3eCb BaPHALHi HIOSH- cos. To Ke camoe MOMHO HABMOAATE HB OTHO- WeHHH ynOros, XONOAMNEHKKOB M MHOMeCTBa APYHx HaAeNKA KynbTYPHO-BbITOBOrO HaaHa- Nena — ace 210 sewn, screrHuecKoe cosep- WeHCT8O KOTOpbIx 3aBHCHT OT HiOaHCHOH NPO- pa6orkn Hx dopmsi. HioaHcuposka copmb! tpebyet camo abt cOKOH KBaNHhuKayKH NPoeKTHPOBLYHKA, TOH- Koro uyths, K He npHGeraior OBbIUHO Ha 3a- Bepwaroujes craquh KOHCTpyMposanna, Koraa OcHoBa thopmel cnomMAace, MMEHHO HiOaHCH- poska, WAKhoska, PopMb! # KOHEYHOM cueTe aanepwaer geno. Hioancnposka — 210 rnas: Hoe, uTo AenaeT seul» Bonee cosepwieHHo’, aneranTHon. TIPAKTHECKOE SAMAHKE No 6 Oprauwaauns nnockoctn € MOMOUbIO HOaHCHEIX OTHOWeHHK © Marepwansi » MHcTpyMeHTEl: 6ymara (popmar 11); Kapanaaw; ryalue; KHCTH aksapenbHbie; no- PonoHosbit TaMnon. Slyuwe acero Ana ToHOBOM HicaHCHOM oT- MMbIBKM HCMOMbIORATE ryalu» — HenpospauHbie kpoiouywe Kpackn. YepHie Kpackn ynorpeb- AMOT Kak OcHoBY. 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Mel octaHoBHmca Ha AByX BHAaX KOMBH- HaTOpHeIx ynpaKHeHHi: BeKOpaTHBHO-KOMBH- HaTopHoro anemenTa Ana ocbopmnenna mutepsepa « sKctepeepa 4 o6vemHo-npo- cTpancTBeHHOro MoAYAbHoro THnOaneMeHTa C MpMMeHeHHem B apxHTeKType HW ANaaiHe. 1. Yro raxoe moayne? Tae ero ncropnueckne KopHn? 2. B dem npenmyusectao KoMBuHaTopHoro merona? 3, Onpegennre pons KoMBnHaTOpHKH 8 XYROKECTSEHHOM KOHCTPYMPOBAHHH. 4, Kakne suas! KoMEnnaTopneix ynpannenni 1 anaere? © Mp noncke KomBuHatopHoro neMeHTa ROMKHE! PewaTeCs ABE OchosHsle sanauH: HenoBTopH- ‘MocTe pasHooBpaaHx KomnoaH- UMOHHEIX NPHeEMOB Hero feKO- PatwsHaa H 9scTeTHYeCKas UeH- vocn Kom6nnatopneit geKoparnanni anement HYKHO peuiate TAK, YTOBEI OH Mor, NO BO3- MOMHOCTH, BHHCEIBATECA B MIOByIO apxHTeK- TYPHY!O cpeay, Brite coctasHoK HacTeIO MH Teprepa unw >xctepsepa. [pn Hamenennn paamepa, macuia6a on He ONMeH TepaTe cB0eH BeKOpaTHBHOM LEHHOCTH, IMOWHOHANE- Horo soaneiicrans, O6pastoctn, sbiauieaemblx 0co60H HenoBTOPHMOCTEIO KOMNOSHUMOHHBIX noctpoenuii. TnasHas 3agaua, KoTOpas AonKHa PewaTEcA Mpm paspaborke KomBunaTopHoro snemeH- Ta— 270, Bo-nepsbix, veTKoe onpenenenne enh npoeKTHpoBaHHs, 4 8O-BTOPEIK, Opranh- weckaa CBA3b ¢ apxHTeKTypHOK cpeAon. Mo- STOMY YHM>HUMPOBAHHBIe AeKOpaTHBHBIe 2ne- MeHTb! AONKHE! BbITh PayHoHANbHb! B TeXHH-Noncx aekopatnaore KomEHHaropHoro anemenTa 37 NecKom oTHOWeHHK, TexHONOrHuH m cnocoBcTaosat AOCTHKeHMO KOH acTeTHuecKoH KynbTYpbI B OpraHnsayHH npoctpancra: Nponymannocts, TouHbii pacuer, oT6 pact BAUM H3NMWKH, HeNOsBONAIOWWKA OCna- GuTe KomnoaMuMo, CoRepuleHcTao HcnonHe- Has, HoBaTopcto, GeckoHeunoe pasHoo6pa- he ycnoBnii, 8 KOTOPLIX Moker GbITL NPHMe- HeH yHnepcansHe KOMBMHATOpHMI 2ne- MeHT,— Bor o6uyMe NpeANOCbINKH NonyYeHHs MCTHHHO npeKpachbix AeKopaTHBHLIX peUle- Hii B uHTepsepe # 2xcTepeepe, Bce 270 Tpe- Gyer Teopueckoro NpuMeHeHHA Toro orpom- Horo apcenana NpHeMoB M CpeACTe, KOTOPLIM BOOPYKEHD! CeFOAHA xyAOMHMKH-KOHCTPYK- Tops 4 apxuTexrops Mpuctynas x nonexy, HyKHO npexpe acero xopowo o6aymare nak BonnoWeHHs sambic- fa ® matepnanbHyio copmy. Ana sToro Heob- xoAMMe! rny¥BoKoe OcosHaHne OBuyecTReHHOH notpe6Hocth AaHHoro npoeKTa, KPHTHYECKHiI aHanw3 npeanaraembx pewenni 4 >KcnepH- eHTankHas npoRepKa saqymanHoro, cnoco6- crayiouyne nonomuTenbHomy pesynbraty. Nlonck gekopatnsHoro Kom6HHaTOpHoro: anementas o6veme — 970 no cyujecTBy, NPO- Aommenne To xe paborel, KoTopas Geina nponenana a rpauxe. Ha ee ocHoBse MOmKHO abinonHaTe monens, Nocne toro KaK oro6pan ontHmansHbit Ba PhaHT 8 rpaHKe, ncnpasnaior KOHTYpEI H YTOUHMOT PasMepEI BCEX CTOPOH, 2aTeM PH- cyHOK ysennunBaioT Ao HeoBxoAHMorO paz- mepa nu60 nponopunoHansHuim UKpKyNEM, AGO C NOMOLILO CeTKH, MHBO C NOMOUILIO o6uIuHOrO YMpKyNA K AMHeTHOrO Mac- wraé: Npexge vem nepesitn x abinonHeHnic Kom- GunaropHoro snementa B OBweMme, ICKH3 8 Ka PaAawe HyKHO npoReprTh Ha waGnonax. Ana store no yctaHosneHHomy pasmepy PucyHka Heo6xOAMMO BbIpesaTs 43 NHOTHOH Gymarn nk KapTOHA HECKONEKO KOHTYPHEIX we6novos. Mepensuran nx Ha nnockoc™H, HY KHO NOMCKATS BAPMAHTEL KOMNOSHUMOHHEIX nui Pewennit, 310 noasonser BbIsCHHTe BOIMON- HOCTH ¢ TOMKM apeHHs ero MHOrOBApHAHTHOC- TH aarlonHeHHa nnocKocTa onpeaeneHHok opmut (npamoyronbHok, KaaapaTHok, Kpyr- nok, TpeyronbHoli mT. n.), a TawKe BHeCTH cootsercrayioume nonpaskn. Takok noaxoa Aaer Gonee KavectaeHHbit peaynbrar. Mocne ykaaaHHoH nposepKm 4 coorsercrByIoWHx KoppektHa MOMHO NepexoAHTs K BbiNonHe- mo 8 Marepnane (nnactunuHe, rune, Renonnacte 4 1. A.)- Wcnonenne Komnoanunn e o6neme Tpe- 6yer Gonswesi sarpate! spemenn, Wem B rpa- une. Beinonnnts mopenb no saAaHHol Teme Ges weprexa AononsHo TpyAHo. HykeH 4ep- Tex ¢ HaHeceHHLIMK paamepamn. Beinonvenne mofenn tpeByer rounoctH Pactera m akkyparHoctn. Pacter AommeH 6eiTh Takum, MTOBbI KAKAAA CropoHa KOMEMHATOP- Horo snemeHTa npH CoeAMHeHHH CoorsercTBo- Bana moaynsHomy peweHnio. Toraa 6yaer no- Ay4aTeCA NETKAR, KOHCTPYKTHBHAR HM 3aKOHYEH- Has opma KomnosHuKH, NorHYecKH O60CHO- BaHHas 8 AeKOPATHBHO-PHTMHYECKOM H >CTe- THYeCKOM OTHOWEHHH. Henpemeninimn KoMnoHeHTamn ResTenb- HOCTH XYAOMHHK-KOHCTPyKTOpa sBASIOTCA HasbiKn 4 ymeHHs. Pabora 6yger sbinonHeHa KeanncpHunpoBaHHo, ecnh cneynanncT oBna- Reet BbICOKAM KCNONHHTeNBCKHM macTepcT- Bom, KOTOpoe NPHXOAHT Kak cneacTBHe OCo2- HaHHbIx aeticten, Aocthraetca 8 peaynbrare MHoroneTHHX ynpamHeHKi, camoo6paaor Hua. Cnomiuim ocHomannem momHo yraepyenare, NTO KoMOHHaTOpHKa He TomKO AaeT Ana Muiunenna GoraTeawnli marepuan, Ho M cno- coBcrayeT paseHTHIo AMaNeKTHYECKHX Has KOB MbICAHTeNHOrO Mpouecca. C NOMOLILIO KOMGMHATOPHEIX YNPAKHEHMH HANHHAIOUHK XYAOMHMK-KOHCTPYKTOP npuysaerca MccHe- ovate sNeHKs NPHpoALI H NPOUECCE! TEXHK- Kw BX pasBHThn. EcTecTReHHo, HMeIOTCR B BHAY B NepByio OMepeAL 2NeEMeHTH MbICAH- TensHok KyNbTypLI, HaBbiKH YMCTBEHHOTO tpyaa.KOMBHHATOPHKA 8 XYAOMECTBEHHOM KOHCTPYHPOBAHKH Kom6unaropuxa npeacrasnaer co6oH co- Bepwenni o6pasey NornueckH TOO: HM 6e- 3YNPeYHOM MbICNH, NOTOMY HTO OHA NoCTpO- ena Ha marematnuecKom pacuere, Bocnate- Baer ona npasHnbHoe h ceoeobpasHoe no crH- mo moiunenne, Pons 1 sHaveHHe KOMEHHaTO- PHKH 8 CopmHpOBaHHH AN3aMHEPCKOM mBICNH Bennka. Osnagenne ee meTogamn gaet 6onp- WOK NosHaBaTenbHb! w BocnHTaTenbHbIn 2¢pePext np HayHeHHH xyAOmeCTBEHHOTO KOH- cTpynposanns, B yye6ueix yensx nye cero npHMeHaTE nerko o6pabarbipaembie M AOCTYNHBIe mare- Phanbi: nnactunu, neHonnact, rnc, 6ymary. Uro Kacaetca BhinonHeHna KOmBKHaTOPHO- ro AeKopatHsHoro snemenra HenocpeqctaeH- Ho ana o6sekta, To matepwan nop6upaerca 8 2BHCHMOCTH OT ero HaaHaNeHna, MeCTaNPH- MeHEHNS H TOK Ponk, KOTOPy0 OH AOMMEH BbI- nonnste. Ecnk on 6yQeT NPAmeHeH BpemeHHo kak AeKopatHaHoe NaTHO npH OOpMneHHH SHTPHH MarasHHOB, BeYepoB OTABIXA, Ha Bpe- se MeHHbIX abicTaBKax HapoAHore Teopyecrea, TO MOKHO BbINOAHHTE ero H3 Bymarn. Ecnn Ke on AOMMeH BbiTe BNHCaH OCHORATENBHO B MH Tepbep Hin 2Kcreprep, To HyKeH MeKopaTHe- Ho BbIroAHBIK H NPOUHBIA maTepHan. Dkcrepsep rpe6yer Gonee npounsix 4 6o- nee ycroiwunenix marepnanos, Tak Kak OHM by- AYT NOAREPKEHEI aTMOCHEPHLIM BAKAHHAM, a HHTepeep — Gonee nerknx n meHee Ropo- rix (rnc, naactmacca, nenonnacr, KapToH, 6ymara npn coorsercreyiower o6paborKe). B npouecce pabors! Haq npoeKTom peas 4a4HO BaKHO BOCNHTaTe B cebe cnocoBHOCTH K camooyeHKe. OueHounoe wericTane HeO6xo- Ammo nPoBOAMTe He ToNeKO No sasepUeHHIO paBorsi, a HaynHas co cBopa HHpopmaunn, Ap ackHanpoRanin, MaroTORNeHKH NPOMERY- TOUHBIX MoAeNeH HT. 1. BnpoTHBHOM cnyuae: BOCMpHHHMAeMas MHOpMauHA HE npespa- W2eTCR 8 SHAHHS, HE CTAHOBHTCR HACTHIO HH Tennexta. STO TOKE ecTe CAHA Ha CTOpOH TBOPWECKHX HCKAHKA, TEOpYecKoro NPoYecca. 1. Sho6an nh reomerpuyeckan dpurypa MomeT Crate OCHOBOH ANA NoMcKa KOMBHHATOPHOrS feKoparneHoro anementa? 2. Hymato nw yuntbipare Marepnan mph paspaGorKe KomBHaropHoro AeKopaTHsHoro: a SReMeHTa H BAKHET MH On Ha ero DCTeTHECKME M AEKOPATHBHWIE KAYECTBA? 3. Kanne ochosHule tpeGopania anementy? 2.3. Nonck Kom6mHaTopHoro AekopatneHoro snementa Ha ocHose npHpogHoro akanora B npupone ectpesaiorcs cambte pasoobpas- Hobie reometpHueckne copmb!: TpeyronbHbIe, Kpyrnbie, osanbubie 4 apyrne. Ovens Yacro Npupona cama yHupuuupyer reomerpnuec- ke KOHCTPYKUHH, CTPOMT OHA Hx, KK MpaBH- JO, 43 OAHO! H TOR Ke Copmel. Mprmepom TakHXx KOHCTPYKUMH Chy>KaT NenecTKM UBeTOR, AMCTRA Aepesbes, CeMeHa 3naKoB, sroAbI Ma JHB, EXeBHKH, YeWyA poi, ame, WHUeK, NaHyMpH oKMBOTHEIX. Taka® nNoBTOpsemocTe OAHOTHNHEIK 3neMeHTOB 8 NPKPOAe — sane- He 3aKoHOMepHoe. Apeawasnsiorcs K AeKopaTHBHomy KOMBnHaTOpHOMy B nprpone yunukayna npusoant K cosep- weHcTay GPopMbi M HAeT B OCHOBHOM no onpe- AGNeHHbIM BHAAM HHBOTHOTO H PacTHTENbHO- ro mapa, Dopma yHHUNPoBAHHOro snemeH- ya cosgaer onpenenenium o6paa 4 xapaKrep Toro Maw nHoro OBveKra. Borarerusnm HCTOM- HuKOM ANA NOHCKA KOMBHHATOPHOrO AeKOpa- THBHOrO 2neMeHTA CHYMAT KHBAA NPHPOAA, Tp cocrasnenn ackn3a aekopatHBHoro: komBnHaTOpHoro snemeHTa MCnoMb3yIOT NpH- PoaHue qopme: (nucTes, User! H Ap.), npeobpaacevinas Hx (crunnays) 8 KOMNOaH- unax. B npouecce cTHnH3aynH BaKEH MOMEHT XYAOKECTAeHHOCTH, YMeHHA BACT» Kpa- cuBce H HCnONbaoRaTS & CROeH KOMNOSHUHH. Crnnnaayna goctnraetes o606ueHKeM, Yen59 Mone Aekoparuanore KemEunaropHore anementa MWo6aa npmpoanas popma — aro ocwosa ans noKewa Aexoparuanoro KomBnaropHoro anenentaBuinonnenne KOMBuNaTOPHEIX >RementOR 6 KoToporo cAenaTe MOTHB NOHATHEIM ANA 3PM Tena, a Tae o6nerunts ero sbinonHeHHe xyAOnHnKOM. B mio6om cnyyae cTHnHzayHa BacTaanseT XYAOMKHMKA-KOHCTPYKTOpA YUHTEI- Bate 2aKoHb!, No KOTOPLIM Ha6upaeTcR ma- Tepwan, a TaKme ocoGeHHOCTH MecTa, OTBe- AeHHoro ana aeKopa. Tho6aa npupognas opma Mower cAyDKHTe OcHOBOM ANs NoMcKa AeKOpaTHBHOrO KOMEH- HaropHoro snementa. Ho nyuwe acero cocpe- AoTOuNT CBOE BHHMAHHE Ha TeX COPMax, KO- Topwie NoAAaIOTCA FeOMeTPHIAUAH H HMeIOT SPKO BLIPAKEHHYIO KOHCTPYKTHEHYIO OCHORY. Maywan saxoHomepHoctH npupoati, weno- BeK MbITaeTCA NPHMEHHTS HX B CBOE NoBceA- HeBHOH KHaHH. B caoem TaopyecTae xyAO>%K- MMKKOHCTPYKTOP BOCNPHHHMaeT HE ace H3 Toro, uo Bpocunock emy @ rnaza, a svi6upaet HanBonee samnoe, HyMHOe HM xapakTepHoe, Bapucoskh npupoaHoro avanora ace pasHo 6yaytT conepmate uenbii pag HecyuyecTBeH- Hbix NOAPOGHOCTes, HECMOTpA Ha CTPeEMneHHe K o6o6uennio ® NpoKecce paborsi. TaKor pu- CYHOK NogBepraioT AaneHeHWwe TpaHcop- Maun, Sakmouaouelica B nnacTHuecKom 1. Uro TaKoe craansauna opm 2: Q AeKopatnsnoro snementa? 4, Kaan Kayects npeobparceannn copmsi, 8 Gonee aktusHom or6paceisanun HeKoTopeix geraneH. fIna XYAODKHMKA-KOHCTPYKTOPA BOKHAB TAKOM CAY- wae yenoctHocTs Bocnpustas, Bo Bpems 32- PHCOBOK NPHpOAHEIX aHanoros XYAOKHMK HE TonbKo HaBnioAaer npeAMeT, HO HM NosHaet ero, He TonbKO cTpemuTcA ckonHpoRaTe ero BHEUIMIOI OPMY, HOH NOHATS BHYTPEHMIOIO CTpYKTYPY, KOTOpasH onpemenser aTY opmy. Tpnctynas x pas6opy npupoanore axanora, HeoBxoanmo yOequrecs, “To ocHoBa ero cooT- sercTayer noctasneHHod sagaue no KOHCTpyK- THaHBIM XapakTepHcTHKam. OGszaTeneH Tue TenpHsit pas6op npxpoaroro axanora, Npx ssiGope npxpoanoro ananora sHuma- TenbHo way4aior xapakrepHele AeTann, mecTa creika, yanosbie yronueHnn. PHconats npHpo- Avble aHanorH HauMHaIoT ¢ rabapHTHEIX KPa BLIX KOHTYPOB, NPHMEHSEMbIX 3a OCHORY KOMNOSMKMOHHOM 2aasaKn. KoHTYpHbIH pHcy- HOK MPMpoAHoro aHanora— ocHoRa nonCKA. Mocne toro, kak opma npupogHoro aHanora npopa6orana TOHOM H BBINCHEH pHcyHOK pe- Pa, BLINONHAOT MOAYNEHEIN KOMBHHATOP- Hult snement @ marepnane (2 o6eme). W ans wero ona genaercs? Hiro Takoe ynduauns? B KaroX MPHPOAKEIX POPMAX Mbl MOKEM HABMOAAT yHd>HKALO? TW06OK nh npHpOAHsIK aHanor MOMer CAYMHTe ANA paspaborKn KOMBKHaTOPHOrO ya AONKEH OBNaAaTe NPHPOAKKIA aHanor, uTOBbI NocAYKHTe OCHOROR Ana paspaGorKn KOMGmMaropHoro AeKopatnsHOFO snemeHta? 2.4. Bunonuenne KOMGHHaTOpHBX sneMeHToR ma GyMarn, nnactunMua H runca © Anssvinonhenna komEnnatopHo- TO AeKOpaTMBHoro snemeHTa 43 6ymark Tpe6yiorca 6ymara puco- sanbHas, Knel pesnHoanili 4 MBA, HOMHMUbI, HOM-PesaK ¢ OAHOCTO- POHHeH saTOUKOH, meTannnuec- kaa nnHediKa, YroMbHHKH, UMPKYne. To npeasapurensio pacuepueHHbim nH- Hwam Ha Bymare Renaior Hanpesb! HOKOM-pe- 3aKOM Ha NONOBHHY TORUAKHE, YTO6EI nony- YuTe ToUNDIA Nepenom Ha HarHBe. PassepTKH nA BeinonHeHHa KOMGHHaTOpHoro anemeHTa wa 6ymarn gone! 6oirs cHa6KeHe! KnanaHa mM Ansa cKnensaaHns. Ha cteikax (ocobeHHO. NowcKoBEIX K NepHoBbIx makeTos) nyuwe BCe- FO CKMeMBaTb PeSHHOBLIM KneeM, NO TOH NpH- WnHe, 4To BO apems paGoTbI OH HE NaNKaeT Gymary. Ecnw knew nonagaet Ha HexKenatenb- Hoe MecTo, TO On nerKo cHHmaercs. HeKaNect- BeHHy!o ckneliKy nerKo HenpasHTs. Kneem TBA, npegsapurensHo passegenHuim Boaoi,MOMBHHATOPUKA 8 XY AOMECTBEHHOM KOHCTPYHPOBAHHK Ronwaytorcs, Wro6si cknenTe Mogenb ocHo- Barenbho H Hagonro. Vsrorosnenne makera wa 6ymarn He Tpe- Gyer cneyransHoro oBopygosaHna x cnoxHEIX naseikos paborsl. Maker Ha Bymarn B UENOM C TPyAOM noagaerca AopaborKe, nosromy 06- HapykeHHbIe OWKEKH 4 NpocHeTbI ycrpaHaloT ToMbKO W3rOTORNEHHEM HORbIX anemeHToR: Yawe scero 6ymaxkHbii MakeT HCNOnb3ytoT B kavectae pabouero. 310 caazano ¢ rpyANocTa- Mau warorosnenna BymaxHOro maKera C XOpO- UMMA REMOHCTPAUMOHHLIMN KAHECTBAMM, eFO HemonroneunocTeto, HeyRo6crsom B TPaH- cnopraposke # xpaHeHnn, Mogens m3 nnactannia Kax peaynerar a NONHeHHS KpaTKOBPeMeHHOrO 3anaHHA HOCHT yue6uuii xapakrep. Mocne Toro Kak pucyHoK Haliaen 4 nposepeH Ha KApTOHHBIX BBIpeaKax, Ay4we acero nporepnTe mogens Kombnna- Topnoro snemenra Ha nnactHnnHe. MMeHHO 8 nnactunnne orpaBariaior ray6uHy H xapaK- Tep penseda nagenns, purmuuecknii noBTop, nposepsior urpy caeroreHn m Apyrne HioaH- cb. Mlocne TuaTenbHom npopaborkn mogenn ha nnactanuna npH HagoBHoCTH ee MomHO Ne- pesectn s Bonee npounbii marepuan — rnc. Tlepea Tem Kak cHsiTh cpopmy ¢ naactHaK- HOBO Monenn, ee KnagyT Ha Xopowo nporep- Toe oF nbinu crekno. Ha paccroaun AByx caH- THmMeTpoR OF MogeNK NO NepuMerpy AeNatoT orpaay 43 nnactannHa Ha Aba CaHTHMerpa BbI- we camow Mogenn, Passogat runc w 3annBaror AM MORENb Ha BBICOTY NNACTHAHHOROR Orpan- ku. Mocne toro Kak runc cxpatuncsa, creKom YAansior nnacTAnHHosyio MOReNe 42 rHNCo- BO hopmsi Tak, 4TO6LI He NOBpEAHTE ee ca- 62 my. Dopmy saunujaior 4 BbICyWMBaIOT, CMAgBI- Bator CNeWMaNbHOw Cma3KOH Hn BaseENKHHOM xv aanupaior B Hee unc. Dra copma HaabiBaer- ca wepHosol. 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