HDL-TM-75-28 AD-Ao.

ECHNICAL
LIBRARY
5 0712 01009929 8

Laser Terminal Homing Engagement Simulator

(Eye Safe)

December 1975

*
AIUiui-b

U.S. Army Materiel Command

HARRY DIAMOND LABORATORIES
Adelphi, Maryland 20783

|DTIC QUALITY INSPECTED 8

APPROVED FOR PUBIC RELEASE. DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

 The findings in this report are not
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of the Army position unless so designated
by other authorized documents.
Citation of manufacturers' or trade
names does not constitute an official in-
dorsement or approval of the use thereof.
Destroy this report when it is no
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 UNCLASSIFIED
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HDL-TM-75-28
4. TITLE (mnd Stibtlttm) S. TYPE OF REPORT 4 PERIOD COVERED

Laser Terminal Homing Engagement

Simulator (Eye Safe) Technical Memorandum
4. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHORfa.) 4. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERO)

Thomas J. Gleason
Melvin E. Sword
*. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK
AREA 4 WORK UNIT NUMBERS
Harry Diamond Laboratories
2800 Powder Mill Road
Adelphi, MD 20783
II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Commander, USAOTEA December 1975
5600 Columbia Pike IS. NUMBER OF PAGES
Falls Church, VA 22041 30
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Unclassified
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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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t». SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

HDL Project No.: 329532

AMCMS Code: 697000.22.11370
Operation and Maintenance, Army, funds.
1*. KEY WORDS (Continue on rarara* mid* II nacaaaary mnd Idmntltr by block number)

Laser Instrumentation
Terminal Homing Simulator
Training Device
20. ABSTRACT (Conttnv on rmrmrmm aid* II nmcmmmmry mnd Idmntltr by block numbmr)
The Laser Terminal Homing Engagement Simulator (LATHES) (Eye
Safe) was developed by the Harry Diamond Laboratories for the US
Army Operational Test and Evaluation Agency. It allows realistic
field exercises for tests or training relative to laser terminal
homing systems to be conducted without the use of non-eye-safe
lasers. The LATHES consists of a designator simulator, target
simulator, and seeker simulator allowing simulation of the tacti-
|cal engagement at realistic ranges. The designator and target
FORM
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 UNCLASSIFIED
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simulators are eye safe, and the target simulator is compatible

with tactical laser receivers. The LATHES provides a means of
testing tactical concepts or training troops in the operational
use of laser guided weapons or laser designation and target
hand-off procedures without requiring the extensive range safety
provisions that are necessary when real target designators are
used.

UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEfHTien Data Entered)
 CONTENTS

Page
5
1. INTRODUCTION
6
2. THE LATHES SUBSYSTEMS

2.1 Designator Simulator

2.2 Target Pallet
2.3 Receiver 8

3. THE LATHES OPERATIONAL CONCEPT 10

4. EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL LATHES USAGE 10

4.1 Cannon Launched Guided Projectile Engagement 10

4.2 Close Air Support (All Services) 10

5. DESIGNATOR SIMULATOR DESIGN 10

6. TARGET PALLET DESIGN 13

7. RECEIVER DESIGN 14

8. PERFORMANCE OF THE LATHES IN THE FIELD 19

9. MODIFICATIONS TO THE LATHES 19

9.1 Increased Target Output Energy 19

9.2 Additional Signal Outputs from Receiver 21

10. FUTURE LATHES CONFIGURATIONS 22

11. SUMMARY 23

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 23

APPENDIX A.—EYE-SAFETY CRITERIA FOR DIFFUSE SOURCES 25

DISTRIBUTION 29
 FIGURES

Page

1 LATHES components 6
2 Designator simulator 7
3 Target pallet on 1/4-ton truck 8
4 LATHES receiver 9
5 Designator simulator cutaway view 11
6 Schematic diagram of LATHES designator simulator 12
7 Target pallet design 13
8 Interconnection diagram of receiver system 15
9 Block diagram of receiver 16
10 Receiver analog channel schematic diagram 17
11 Decoder schematic diagram 18
12 MPT laser and diffuser 20
13 Diffuser for MPT laser 21
14 Receiver opened to show internal parts 22
1. INTRODUCTION

The Laser Terminal Homing Engagement Simulator (LATHES) was

developed for the US Army Operational Test and Evaluation Agency by the
Harry Diamond Laboratories (US Army Materiel Command) for use in test
and training exercises involving laser terminal homing systems.1 The
most important feature of the LATHES is that it makes it possible to
conduct a realistic field simulation of a tactical laser terminal homing
engagement without using any components that pose a hazard to the eyes
of user or bystander personnel. All LATHES components are eye safe at
zero range.

The basic concept of the LATHES system is to provide eye-safe equip-

ment capable of realistically simulating the tactical characteristics of
a laser terminal homing engagement. As such, the LATHES system allows
test or training of tactical proficiency (command and control, tactical
fire control, selection and utilization of tactical position, etc.) as
opposed to technical proficiency (operator tracking capability, opera-
tion of the Ground Laser Locator/Designator (GLLD) controls for ranging,
etc.). (Integration of both tactical and technical training on one
system is feasible if desired.) The elements of the engagement that are
simulated with the LATHES are target acquisition and identification,
selection of target to be engaged, call for fire or close air support,
coordination of laser code, initiation of designation, acquisition of
coded target by the laser tracker or weapon seeker, and termination of
designation.

The LATHES hardware is designed to allow simulation of the elements

of the engagement that involve active interactions between the
designator, target, and seeker (from initiation of designation to the
end of the engagement). The LATHES designator simulator provides a
visible light beam to cue the target when designation is initiated and
to confirm the existence of a clear optical line of sight from the
designator to the target. The LATHES target simulator, turned on upon
the cue provided by the designator simulator, generates a coded laser
target signature fully compatible with tactical seekers and search-track
systems. The LATHES receiver provides a low-cost simulation of a seeker
or search-track system with full Department of Defense (DOD) standard
decoding capability.

1
In the US Army these systems include Cannon Launched Guided
Projectile, HELLFIRE Missile System, Light Weight Laser Designator,
Ground Laser Locator Designator, Airborne Target Acquisition and Fire
Control System, and Airborne Laser Tracker.
2. THE LATHES SUBSYSTEMS

The LATHES system consists of three major subsystems (fig. 1).

RECEIVER
DESIGNATOR SIMULATOR
SIMULATOR

TARGET
SIMULATOR

Figure 1. LATHES components.

2.1 Designator Simulator

The designator simulator (fig. 2) takes the place of a ground

laser designator in the tactical engagement. It is primarily intended
to simulate a precision designator such as the GLLD. The designator
simulator consists of a color-coded, narrow-beam, visible light source
provided with a tracking sight, telemetry interface, instrumentation
camera mount, and battery power pack. The designator simulator mounts
on a TOW (antitank guided missle system) traversing unit to provide full
viscous damped manual target tracking. It is compatible with TOW
tracking optics, including the TOW night sight.
 **.

Figure 2. Designator simulator.

2.2 Target Pallet

The target pallet (fig. 3) is designed for mounting on a

1/4-ton truck or armored personnel carrier (APC). It provides physical
protection and shock mounting for a laser target simulator
(International Laser Systems NC-10) that is capable of producing a valid
laser-designated-target signature. The laser target simulator is a
pulsed laser whose output is spread through somewhat more than a hemi-
sphere. It is eye safe at zero range. The target simulator operates on
vehicle power. In addition, a remote control unit is provided that
allows a controller to set codes on the laser target simulator and to
turn it on and off. A telemetry interface is provided, and a spare,
manually operated, telemetry input is available on the remote control
console.

Figure 3. Target pallet on 1/4-ton truck.

2.3 Receiver

The LATHES receiver (fig. 4) performs the target acquisition

functions of a laser terminal homing seeker. It is configured as a "box
camera" with a simple viewfinder and may be used hand held, on a tripod,
or mounted on a vehicle. The receiver detects the
laser-designated-target signature from the laser target simulator or a
real designated target. It has a decoder compatible with all standard
DOD laser designators. When a properly coded target is present within
the receiver field of view (FOV), visual and audible acquisition alarms
are activated. The target acquisition criteria and "missing-pulse"
logic capabilities of the receiver are identical to typical laser-guided
weapons seekers. The receiver has two simultaneous FOV's, a wide FOV of
15 deg and a narrow FOV of 2 deg centered in the wide FOV. A distinct
narrow FOV acquisition indication permits the operator to determine when
he has centered the receiver on the target being "designated." The
receiver has no automatic direction finding or tracking capability. A
remote acquisition indicator can be located at the observer position
when the receiver is vehicle or aircraft mounted.

Figure 4. LATHES receiver.

3. THE LATHES OPERATIONAL CONCEPT

In operation, the designator simulator is used to cue the observer

on the target vehicle when to turn on the target simulator and also to
confirm the existence of designator-to-target line of sight. Color
coding of the designator simulator can be used to indicate which code to
set into the target simulator. The receiver can be operated either at a
ground position (perhaps a hilltop to simulate a helicopter just
breaking mask) or on an aircraft. If the proper code has been set into
the receiver and the target is in its FOV with unobstructed line of
sight, the receiver signals acquisition of the target. All elements of
the system are usable at ranges of at least 2 km and will significantly
exceed this range under most conditions.

4. EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL LATHES USAGE

4.1 Cannon Launched Guided Projectile Engagement

The forward observer (FO) team equipped with the LATHES

designator simulator occupies a tactical observation point (OP) and
performs its assigned role in target acquisition and fire control. Upon
command from the fire direction center (FDC), the designator operator
initiates designation using the color code indicated by the code
coordination procedure in use. A controller on the target vehicle, cued
by the timing and color of the designator beam, sets the target's code
and turns it on. He continuously monitors designator-to-target inter-
visibility by watching for obscuration of the designator beam. A
controller on an overwatching position sets the LATHES receiver to the
code specified by the firing unit and reports acquisition of a properly
coded target, thus confirming that the code coordination between the FO
and firing unit has been successfully accomplished.

4.2 Close Air Support (All Services)

The ground unit occupies a tactical position and performs its

target acquisition function. Close air support is requested, and target
and code information are processed through the command and control
system. Upon command, the designator operator initiates designation and
the target is turned on (coded). If all functions have been success-
fully performed, the tactical laser acquisition devices of the aircraft
acquire a properly coded target within their search pattern, and weapons
release is simulated.

5. DESIGNATOR SIMULATOR DESIGN

The designator simulator, shown in a cutaway view in figure 5, is

designed to project a bright visible light beam for several kilometers.
It utilizes a 24-V aircraft landing lamp with a 5-in. diam sealed-beam

10
reflector. The landing lamp output is baffled to about 2-deg total beam
spread by being passed through 10 in. of aluminum honeycomb.
Interchangeable plastic color filters provide red, green, amber, and
white beams.

The lamp is turned on and off by a push-button trigger in a pistol

grip handle that attaches to the right-hand elevating knob of the TOW
traversing unit. A switch-closure telemetry output from the designator
simulator indicates when the lamp is turned on and off.

A mounting platform is provided for an instrumentation camera.

Camera on-off control is provided by a relay in the designator simulator
that switches the camera power on and off. Normally, the camera is
switched on when the lamp is turned on. However, a camera override
switch located on the pistol grip allows independent operation of the
camera.

A flasher circuit in the designator simulator can be activated to

cause the lamp to blink with a period of 2 s. This optional mode of
operation can be used either to expand the code set provided by the
color filters or to increase the subjective visibility of the light
beam.

DESIGNATOR SIMULATOR
TELESCOPIC SIGHT -CAMERA PLATFORM

dN"^
COLOR FILTER

ELECTRONICS 24 V LAMP

Figure 5. Designator simulator cutaway view.

11
 The designator simulator is powered by two 12-V motorcycle batteries
(fig. 6) that are packaged in a separate aluminum battery case. They
provide about 1 hr of "on" time between recharging. A battery charging
console capable of charging up to five battery packs simultaneously is
part of the LATHES support equipment.

TELEMETRY
2-I2V MOTORCYCLE BATTERIES BNC

CAMERA OVERRIDE
6A-0PST

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of LATHES designator simulator.

12
6. TARGET PALLET DESIGN

The LATHES target pallet provides a mount for the target simulator
laser on a 1/4-ton truck or APC. It provides shock mounting and enough
physical protection for the laser to allow off-road movement with
reasonable care. The target simulator laser, an ILS NC-10 provided by
the Precision Laser Designator Product Office of the US Army Missile
Command, has at its output a diffuser that spreads the laser pulse
energy out into approximately a hemisphere. The resultant diffused out-
put is eye safe at zero range (app A). The laser is powered directly
from 28-Vdc vehicle power and controlled remotely by the LATHES remote
control console.

Figure 7 shows the target pallet design, while figure 3 shows the
target pallet installed on a 1/4-ton truck. The wooden platform, when
installed on the truck, raises the laser output diffuser above the
driver's head.. For APC installation, the wooden platform is omitted and

TARGET SIMULATOR

FOAM PADDING

TARGET SIMULATOR LASER LASER OUTPUT DIFFUSER

SUPPORTING FRAME

METAL BASEPLATE

WOODEN PLATFORM

Figure 7. Target pallet design.

the metal base-plate is mounted directly on the top surface of the crew
compartment hatch of the APC. In this configuration, the diffuser
height is designed to be just above the head of a crew member exposed
from the thorax up out of the driver's or vehicle commander's hatch.

The remote control console is mounted on a clipboard to facilitate

use by a data recorder or test controller. It provides remote on-off
and code setting for the NC-10 by use of an extender cable harness. The
remote control module is visible in the passenger seat of the 1/4-ton
truck in figure 3.

The target pallet is lashed to the vehicle with nylon tie-down

straps. In the field, the pallet is left on the vehicle during over-
night breaks in the test, while the laser, in its cylindrical housing,
is removed and placed in covered storage. Removing or replacing the
laser takes less than 5 min and is performed by the vehicle crew.

7. RECEIVER DESIGN

The LATHES receiver consists of two component parts, the power

supply and the receiver, joined by an interconnecting cable (fig 4).

The power supply contains two PRC 77 field radio batteries wired in
series and center tapped to provide ±14 Vdc, a +45-Vdc battery to
provide bias voltage for the photodiodes, and a switch and meter for
checking all of the batteries. An interconnection wiring diagram is
shown in figure 8.

The receiver has two analog channels, one for the wide-FOV detector
and the other for the narrow-FOV detector, a decoder, and aural and
visual acquisition indicators. A block diagram of the receiver is shown
in figure 9.

A schematic diagram of an analog channel is shown in figure 10. The

detector used in both analog channels is a Schottky barrier silicon PIN
photodiode with anoactive area of 1.0 cm2 and an average responsivity of
0.3 mA/mW at 8500 A. Light energy entering the receiver passes through
an optical filter with a spectral bandwidth of 250 A centered at 1.07 pm
before striking the photodiode. The photodiodes are reverse biased at
45 Vdc which produces an average junction capacitance of 45 pF. Each
photodiode is followed by an analog channel having a voltage gain of
58 dB and bandwidth of 35 MHz. The first stage of the analog channel is
a transimpedance amplifier to convert the low-level output current of
the photodiode to a manageable voltage level. The gain of this stage is
34 dB. The following two stages provide the bandpass characteristics of
the channel and an additional voltage gain of 24 dB. The three stages
combine to provide a signal-to-noise ratio of 8 at the input to the
SN52106 comparator under worst-case conditions (with the receiver
looking directly into the sun and the minimum calculated signal being
received).
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 ANALOG
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(WIDE FIELD SIGNAL
DETECTOR OF VIEW) LIGHT

ANALOG
^O s} DECODER

SIGNAL
TONE
CHANNEL
(NARROW FIELD
OF VIEW)
DETECTOR

Figure 9. Block diagram of receiver.

The SN52106 has two threshold settings, which are switch selectable.
One threshold setting, designated as "normal," is for use when the
receiver is being operated in a normal bright background environment.
The other threshold, designated as "solar blind," is for use when the
receiver is being operated with the sun directly in the FOV.

Voltage regulation and proper operating voltages for the analog

channel are provided by two appropriately wired uA723 regulators.

The outputs from the analog channels are fed to the decoder, which
is shown schematically in figure 11, where they pass through a NAND gate
and set a 20-ms one-shot. The pulse repetition frequency (PRF) code
that the decoder is to accept is entered by setting a count-down circuit
driven by the 10.250-MHz clock, and it produces output pulses that are
properly spaced in time for the code selected. The output pulses from
the count-down circuit shift the two shift registers providing the
inputs to the SN74H52, which is composed of four AND gates and an OR
gate. When three pulses in a row with the proper interpulse spacings
have been received, the SN74H52 produces an output pulse, which, at the
end of another interpulse interval, produces a signal to drive the
acquisition light and the Sonalert aural signal and provides a telemetry
output signal. After acquisition of a properly coded signal, the
decoder continues to produce an output signal as long as no more than
three successive properly spaced received pulses are missing. This
feature constitutes the so called "missing pulse" logic of the decoder.
If the received signals are arriving in the wide FOV analog channel
only, the acquisition light is on continuously and the Sonalert produces
a solid sound. If the received signals are in both the wide FOV and the
narrow FOV or from the narrow FOV only, the acquisition light operates
in a blinking mode and the Sonalert produces a beeping sound. Pro-
visions are incorporated in the receiver to switch the Sonalert off if
desired. However, to preclude the possibility of the receiver detecting
a properly coded signal but producing no indication of its presence, the
acquisition light cannot be disabled.

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 The decoder requires -14 Vdc, which it receives directly from the
-14-Vdc supply, and +5 Vdc, which it receives through a regulator from
the +14-Vdc supply.

8. PERFORMANCE OF THE LATHES IN THE FIELD

The LATHES system was delivered to Fort Hood, TX, on 2 March 1975
for use in the Joint Service Test of Laser Guided Weapons in Close Air
Support. The system met all specifications, with a demonstrated
receiver acquisition range of 2 km when the target simulator was used on
the LATHES target pallet and up to 4 km when real targets were
designated. As a side benefit, the LATHES receiver proved extremely
valuable as a test and diagnostic tool for checking the performance of
the many laser designators being used in the test. No maintenance
problems were encountered with the LATHES hardware during a total of
about 5 wk in the field, and routine preventive maintenance was suf-
ficient to insure a nearly 100-percent availability record for the laser
target simulators.2 Six designator simulators, four target pallets, and
four receivers (plus one spare) were deployed.

9. MODIFICATIONS TO THE LATHES

9.1 Increased Target Output Energy

From experience gained during the initial phases of the Joint

Service Test at Fort Hood, it was decided to modify the LATHES target
pallet to provide increased output energy and thus increased detection
range. This was accomplished by replacing the NC-10 target simulator
lasers with "MPT" model laser designators, provided by the Precision
Laser Designator Product Office.

The MPT designator is larger than the NC-10, has a

100- to 120-mJ output pulse (compared with 6 to 10 mJ for the NC-10),
and has a highly collimated output beam about 10 cm in diam. The size
and output beam characteristics of the MPT laser required changes in the
mounting arrangements on the pallet and in the diffuser. The MPT laser
with its diffuser is shown in figure 12.

With the exception of one unit that was inoperative and awaiting
repair parts during the first 3 wk in the field.

L9
 •

Figure 12. MPT laser and diffuser.

Figure 13 shows the main features of the MPT diffuser. The

plane mirror changes the beam direction 90 deg and is adjustable to per-
mit alignment of the beam uniformly over the inside of the diffuser.
The effective diffuser area is 265 cm2 (see app A for eye-safety
analysis). With this target, the LATHES receiver has demonstrated
target acquisition at 7.0 km.

20
 DIFFUSING CYLINDER

LASER BEAM

Figure 13. Diffuser for MPT laser.

9.2 Additional Signal Outputs from Receiver

The fringe-benefit usefulness of the LATHES receiver for test

and monitoring of laser designator performance at the Joint Service Test
was sufficient to create a demand for additional receivers to be used in
this role. As a first step in this direction, a LATHES receiver has
been prepared with additional signal output suited to laser monitoring.
The amplified video signal at the output of the MC-1550 amplifier
(fig. 10) and the synthetic video at the output of the SN52106 com-
parator (through a one-shot buffer) are available at coaxial connectors
on the modified receiver. The amplified video can be used to monitor
pulse amplitude. The synthetic video can be used to trigger timers to
monitor the pulse-to-pulse timing of the laser being tested. The
modified receiver has been delivered to the Precision Laser Designator
Product Office for use in development tests. Figure 14 is a photograph
of the modified receiver, opened up to show the internal arrangement.

21
 475-75
Figure 14. Receiver opened to show internal parts,

10. FUTURE LATHES CONFIGURATIONS

The LATHES system has demonstrated its ability to simulate the

operational aspects of a laser terminal homing engagement from the
standpoint of troop procedures and command and control. Future use of
the system may include troop training, as well as further operational
tests. The existing system was built in a very short time to support a
specific test. There are several areas in which major improvements
might be made.

The visible beam from the designator simulator can be made narrower
by the use of an imaging optical system, probably utilizing inexpensive
Fresnel lenses. This system would increase the selectivity of the
designator in specifying a target, particularly at long range.

22
 A more significant improvement would be to replace the visible
designator simulator beam with a coded infrared beam, at eye-safe
levels, that could be detected at the target and automatically turn on
the laser on the target pallet. Elimination of the manual link in the
system, represented by the observer/operator at the target, should
increase the realism of the simulation. This upgrading is feasible with
a galium-arsenide injection laser, appropriate optics at the designator
simulator, and simple detectors at the target.3

The LATHES receiver might, in the future, be equipped with a

four-quadrant detector system to more nearly simulate operational
receivers. In a future training system, the LATHES receiver might be
replaced by operational search/track sets.

The physical packaging of the LATHES designator simulator was

dictated by the availability of TOW traversing units and the non-
availability of GLLD traversing units. Once the GLLD enters the inven-
tory, the LATHES designator simulator should be repackaged to match its
form and use its traversing unit.

11. SUMMARY

The LATHES system allows field simulation of a tactical laser

terminal homing engagement without introducing any eye-safety hazards.
It allows test or training of tactical proficiency without the extensive
range safety requirements associated with the use of laser designators.
The LATHES has demonstrated its potential as a training system that is
associated with the generation of laser terminal homing systems now
under development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T. F. Geiger, C. Boykin, R. N. Curnutt, D. L. Chambers, D. G. Green,

0. Edwards, and N. Disario all made important contributions to the
design and fabrication of the LATHES hardware described in this report.
Their ingenuity in use of available components and diligence in
completing fabrication of the hardware were critical in completing the
LATHES system on schedule and in its successful performance in the
field.

3
A limited range demonstration of a GaAs system was conducted at NWC,
China Lake, CA, using the LATHES and a GaAs transmitter and receiver
from the Advanced Development Program for Multiple Integrated Laser
Engagement Simulator.

23
 APPENDIX A.—EYE-SAFETY CRITERIA FOR DIFFUSE SOURCES

In this appendix, each Protection Standard (PS) is taken from

Department of the Army TB MED 279 (18 September 1974) and referenced
with a paragraph, table, or figure number.

The PS for a given optical exposure is the maximum exposure that

will not create a hazard to unwarned, unprotected personnel. For a
diffuse reflection of a Q-switched laser with pulse duration of 20 ns,
wavelength of 1.06 urn, and pulse rate of 20/s,

PS = PS(700-1400 nm)•(CA)•(Cp),

where PS(700-1400 nm) is taken from figure B-2 using an exposure

duration of 20 x 10"9 s, C from figure B-4 at 1060 nm, and C from
figure B-5 at 20 Hz. These values are

PS(700-1400 nm) = 0.027 J«cm~2-sr_1

Cp = 0.2.

This gives a value of

(cA)'<Cp) = 1

or

PS = 0.027 J'cm"2-sr-1.

To convert to J-cm-2 at the diffusing surface, one can multiply

by TT, assuming the worst case (from a safety standpoint) of 100-percent
(diffuse) reflectivity (example 9, p 49). This is strictly true only
for a flat surface, but gives conservative (low PS) results for a convex
surface. This yields a value

PS = 85 x 10"3 J«cm~2

incident energy per pulse on the diffusing surface.

A second PS must be calculated, based on an integrated exposure to

the pulse train (para B-5, -6 and example 4, p 48). Following this
procedure, the single-pulse PS is

25
APPENDIX A

PS' = (10 s)«PS (cw, 10 s)/(number of pulses per second) (10 s)

PS' = (10 s)-(15 J«s_1.cnr2»sr_1)/(20) (10)

PS' = 0.75 J'CirT^sr-1

or

PS' = 2.4 J»cm~2 ,

where PS (cw, 10 s) is taken from figure B-2.

Clearly, the single-pulse PS of 85 x 10~3 J»cm~2per pulse is

controlling. The minimum permissible area of the diffuser over which
the beam must be spread is given by

A(min) = E(pulse)/PS

which gives

E(pulse, NC-10) - 0.01 J

then

A(min, NC-10) =0.12 cm2

which gives

E(pulse, MPT) = 0.100 J

then

A(min, MPT) = 1.20 cm2,

In both cases, these minimum areas were exceeded by at least a factor of

10.

26
 APPENDIX A
While the calculations above are an excellent guide to the design of
a LATHES system free from eye hazard, it is necessary to confirm the
design by actual measurements on final hardware. These measurements
were performed by the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Edgewood
Arsenal, MD. Their findings are reported in Radiation Protection
Special Study Number 42-161-75 and Radiation Protection Special Study
Number 42-143-75. In both cases, the LATHES target simulator with its
diffuser in place was determined to present no ocular hazard to the
unaided eye.

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 DISTRIBUTION

DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER COMMANDER

CAMERON STATION, BUILDING 5 US ARMY MISSILE COMMAND
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 REDSTONE ARSENAL, AL 35809
ATTN DDC-TCA (12 COPIES) ATTN AMCPM-LDE, MR. STARKEY (2 COPIES)
ATTN AMCPM-HFE
OFC, CHIEF OF RESEARCH S DEVELOPMENT ATTN AMSMI-REO, WIDENHOFER/EMMONS
USA RSCH & DEV GROUP (EUROPE) ATTN AMCPM-CAWS-FO
BOX 15
FPR NEW YORK 09510 COMMANDER
ATTN LTC EDWARD E. CHICK OFFICE OF MISSILE ELECTRONIC WARFARE
CHIEF, MATERIALS BRANCH WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE, NM 88002
ATTN AMSEL-WLM-ST
COMMANDER
US ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND COMMANDER
5001 EISENHOWER AVENUE NAVAL AIR SXSTEMS COMMAND
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22333 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
ATTN AMCRD, RES, DEV, S ENGR WASHINGTON, DC 20361
DIRECTORATE ATTN AIR-03P23, DR. HABAYEB (2 COPIES)
ATTN AIR-53352B, MR. KLEIN
COMMANDER
USA ARMAMENT COMMAND COMMANDER
ROCK ISLAND, IL 61201 AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND
ATTN AMSAR-ASF, FUZE DIV WASHINGTON, DC 20334
ATTN AMSAR-RDF, SYS DEV DIV - FUZES ATTN AFSC/XRLW, LTC SEUFERT (2 COPIES)
ATTN AMCPM-CAWS, BARRETT
COMMANDER
COMMANDER US ARMY AVSCOM
USA MISSILE & MUNITIONS CENTER PO BOX 209
& SCHOOL ST. LOUIS, MO 63166
REDSTONE ARSENAL, AL 35809 ATTN AMSAV-EVW, MR. COLEMAN
ATTN ATSK-CTD-F
DIRECTOR
COMMANDER OFFICE OF THE TEST DIRECTOR, LGWCCM
US ARMY COMBAT DEVELOPMENTS WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE, NM 88002
EXPERIMENTATION COMMAND ATTN AMSEL-WL-TD, (4 COPIES)
FORT ORD, CA 93941
ATTN DCSI, ENGINEERING DIV (10 COPIES) COMMANDER
ATTN DCSI-ED, MR. CHURCH US ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND
ATTN DCSI-ED, CPT SWARZ FT. MONMOUTH, NJ 09703
ATTN DCSI-ED, CPT RICE (4 COPIES) ATTN AMSEL-CT-L, MR. MIRARCHI
ATTN AMSEL-CT-L, DR. BUSER
HEADQUARTERS
US ARMY MASSTER COMMANDER
FORT HOOD, TX 76544 USATDA
ATTN AMC FIELD SUPPORT ACTIVITY ORLANDO, FL 32813
ATTN MAJ T. BROWN (2 COPIES) ATTN AMCPM-TND-2A, DR. RASHIS

HEADQUARTERS COMMANDER
US ARMY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND AMCPM-TND
FORT MONROE, VA 23351 PO BOX 2147
ATTN DEPUTY FOR TRAINING FT. BENNING, GA 31905
ATTN MAJ SCHMIDT (3 COPIES)
COMMANDER
US ARMY OPERATIONAL TEST AND COMMANDER
EVALUATION COMMAND TRADOC-TRADOR
FALLS CHURCH, VA 22041 FT. BENNING, GA 31905
ATTN DACS-TEZ-A ATTN ATTNG-TD-R, CPT BELL (2 COPIES)
ATTN DACS-TES-I, MR. MICHELSEN
(10 COPIES) COMMANDER
ATTN DACS-TEM-LG, COL WILLIAMS MARINE CORPS DEVELOPMENT CENTER
(2 COPIES) MCB QUANTICO, VA 22134
ATTN AIR OPS DIV MC, MAJ EDWARDS (2 COPIES)

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 DISTRIBUTION (CONT'D)

COMMANDER ATTN CHIEF, LAB 100

AFTEC/JT ATTN CHIEF, LAB 200
KIRTLAND AFB, NM 87115 ATTN CHIEF, LAB 300
ATTN COL DENT ATTN CHIEF, LAB 400
ATTN CHIEF, LAB 500
COMMANDER ATTN CHIEF, LAB 600
TAC ATTN CHIEF, DIV 700
LANGLEY AFB, VA 23665 ATTN CHIEF, DIV 800
ATTN DRAV, CPT CRUMPLER ATTN CHIEF, LAB 900
ATTN CHIEF, LAB 1000
COMMANDER ATTN RECORD COPY, BR 041
ARMAMENT DEVELOPMENT & TEST CENTER ATTN HDL LIBRARY (3 COPIES)
EGLIN AFB, FL 32542 ATTN CHAIRMAN, EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
ATTN SD9, MR. TODD (4 COPIES)
ATTN CHIEF, 047
COMMANDER ATTN TECH REPORTS, 013
AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS DIV, AFSC ATTN PATENT LAW BRANCH, 071
WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OH 45433 ATTN MCLAUGHLIN, P.W., 741
ATTN ASD/SD65M, CPT CLARK ATTN CURNUTT, R. M., 540
ATTN GIBSON, H F., 540
HARRY DIAMOND LABORATORIES ATTN MORRISON, C. A., 320
ATTN MCGREGOR, THOMAS, COL, COMMANDING ATTN NEMARICH, J., 320
OFFICER/FLYER, I.N./LANDIS, P.E./ ATTN SCALES, J. ., 540
SOMMER, H./CONRAD, E.E. ATTN SHREVE, J. ., 540
ATTN CARTER, W.W., DR., ACTING TECHNICAL ATTN GEIGER, T. ., 540
DIRECTOR/MARCUS, S.M. ATTN HUMPHREY, R. , 930
ATTN KIMMEL, S., PIO ATTN EDWARDS, O., 430
ATTN CHIEF, 0021 ATTN CHAMBERS, D. L.i 540 (2 COPIES)
ATTN CHIEF, 0022 ATTN DISARIO, N., 540
ATTN BOYKIN, C.i 540
ATTN GREEN, D. G., 540
ATTN GLEASON, T. J., 540, (40 COPIES)
ATTN SWORD, M. E., 540, (5 COPIES)

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