INTRODUCTION TO

MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCOMPUTERS

INTRODUCTION TO
MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCOMPUTERS

1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal

Computers
1.2 General Architecture of a Microcomputer
System
1.3 Evolution of the INTEL Microprocessor
Architecture
1.4 Number Systems

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible
Personal Computers
„ Most important advances in computer technology -
16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors
„ Pioneered by Intel since 1970’s and dominated by
INTEL since 1980’s
™ 4-bit 4004 in 1971
™ 8-bit 8008 in 1972
™ 8-bit 8080 and 8085 in 1974
™ 16-bit 8088 and 8086, brains of famous IBM PC
™ 32-bit 80286 (1982), 80386 (1985), 80486 (1989), Pentium
(1993), Pentium II (1997), Celeron and Pentium III (1999)
and Pentium 4 (2000)
™ 64-bit Itanium (2001)
™ Latest 64-bit Pentium 4 and Xeon (2005)
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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible

Personal Computers
„ The original IBM personal computer
™ August 1981 - IBM announces the PC
™ Intel 8088 CPU, 4.77 MHz
™ IBM PC-DOS (Microsoft MS-DOS)
™ Cassette port, optional internal 5 1/4" single-sided 160K
floppy disk drives (later double-sided 360K)

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible
Personal Computers
„ PCXT personal computer
™ The XT stands for EXtended Technology and was
introduced in early 1983
™ 8088 processor running at the ubiquitous 4.77Mhz
™ 128KB-640KB Memory (Depending on Configuration)
™ 5.25" Floppy Drive (360KB) , 10 or 20MB Hard Disk Drive

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible

Personal Computers
„ PC/AT personal computer
™ 6 or 8 Mhz 80286 microprocessor
™ Open system bus architecture – 16-bit ISA (Industrial
Standard Architecture)
™ 1.2MB 5.25" Floppy, 20 or 30MB HDD

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible
Personal Computers
„ Mainframe computers, minicomputers and
microcomputers
„ File servers and LAN
„ Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Circuit
„ Microprocessing Unit (MPU)

The IBM S390 Servers

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1.2 General Architecture of a

Microcomputer System

Memory Unit

Primary Storage Memory

Secondary
Program Data
Storage
Storage Storage
Memory
Memory Memory

Input Output
CPU
Unit Unit

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1.2 General Architecture of a
Microcomputer System
„ The 8088 and 8086 microprocessor
™8088 – 8-bit external bus, 16-bit internal
architecture
™8086 – 16-bit external bus, 16-bit internal
architecture
„ MPU performs arithmetic operation and
logical decision

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1.2 General Architecture of a

Microcomputer System
„ Input unit
™keyboard, joystick, mouse, scanner
„ Output unit
™CRT display, LCD display, printer
„ Memory unit
™Primary storage memory: ROM, RAM
™Secondary storage memory: floppy-diskette, hard
disk drive, CD-ROM, CD-RW, magnetic tape

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1.3 Evolution of the INTEL
Microprocessor Architecture
„ 1971 Intel introduces its first microprocessor, the
4004, which contained 2250 transistors. The 4004
was designed to process data arranged as 4-bit
words.

SOURCE: Intel’s microprocessor hall of fame

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1.3 Evolution of the INTEL

Microprocessor Architecture
„ Beginning in 1974 a second generation of
microprocessors was introduced. These devices, the
8008, 8080, and 8085, were 8-bit microprocessors.

SOURCE: Intel’s microprocessor hall of fame

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1.3 Evolution of the INTEL
Microprocessor Architecture
„ In 1965 Gordon Moore predicted that the number of
transistors in a microprocessor will double every 18
months and this trend will hold till 1975…

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1.3 Evolution of the INTEL

Microprocessor Architecture
“ The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of
two per year ... Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to
increase. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is
no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years. That means by
1975, the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000. I
believe that such a large circuit can be built on a single wafer. “
Electronics Magazine 19, April 1965

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1.3 Evolution of the INTEL
Microprocessor Architecture
„ Moore’s law is good for the last 26 years!
1971: 4004 2,250 transistors
1972: 8008 2,500 transistors
1974: 8080 5,000 transistors
1978: 8086 29,000 transistors
1982: 80286 120,000 transistors
1985: 80386 275,000 transistors
1989: 80486 DX 1,180,000 transistors
1993: Pentium 3,100,000 transistors
1997: Pentium II 7,500,000 transistors
1999: Pentium III 24,000,000 transistors
2000: Pentium IV 42,000,000 transistors
2006: Pentium D 900 376,000,000 transistors
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1.3 Evolution of the INTEL

Microprocessor Architecture
„ Reprogrammable and embeded microprocessors
™ Embeded control applications
• Event control - e.g. Industrial process control
• Data control – e.g. Hard disk controller interface
™ Microcontroller
™ Microprocessor for a general-purpose microcomputer

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