Load & Stress Analysis

Chapter 3

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 Equilibrium
• Static Equilibrium

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 Shear Force and Bending Moment
• If the beam is cut at some section:
– An internal shear force V
– A bending moment M

• Shear forces and bending moments are

related dM
V
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 Sign Convention

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 Distributed Load
• Sometimes, the bending is caused by a distributed load q(x).

dV d 2 M
 2
q
dx dx
• Change in shear force from A to B is equal is equal to the
area of the loading diagram between xA and xB.
VB xB

 dV   q dx  VB  VA
VA xA

• Change in moment from A to B is equal is equal to the area

of the shear force diagram between xA and xB.
VB xB

 dM   V dx  M B  M A
VA xA
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 Example 3-3

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 Singularity (Macaulay) Functions

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 EXAMPLE

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 Example 3-3

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 Stress

F

A

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 Cartesian stress components
• The stress state can be projected in Cartesian
coordinates.

• Normal stresses: 

• Tangential stresses: t

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 Cartesian stress components
• In the case of plane stress, the stresses on
one surface are zero

 z  t zx  t zy  0
t yx  t xy
t yz  t zy  t xz  t zx  0

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 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
• For Equilibrium of the section
the summation of forces
applied to it is zero, which
yields:

• The plane-stress transformation equations

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 Principal Stresses

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 Maximum Shear stresses

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 Principal Stresses

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 Principal Stresses

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 Mohr’s Circle
• This convention is followed in drawing Mohr’s
circle:

– Shear stresses tending to rotate the element

clockwise (cw) are plotted above the  axis.

– Tensile normal stresses are plotted to the right of

the origin O.

– Compressive normal stresses are plotted to the

right of the origin O.
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 Mohr’s Circle

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 Example 3-4

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 Example 4-4

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 3-D Stress

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 Elastic Strain

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 Elastic Stress-strain Relations

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 Normal stresses for beams in bending

The points on the Neutral plane xz

Have ZERO STRAIN.

The Neutral Axis x passes through the centroid of the cross-sectional area.

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 Normal stresses for beams in bending

The stress is given by:

Where I is the second moment of area about the z axis

The maximum stress occurs at y=c

Section Modulus

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 Beams with asymmetrical sections

Same Relation holds for any cross-sectional area

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Shear stresses for beams in bending

VQ
t
Ib
Q: First moment of the area
about the neutral axis
c
Q  y dA  y.A
y1
b: width of the section at y1
I: Second moment of the area
about the neutral axis
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 Shear stresses in beams

Compression

Tension

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 Shear stresses in standard section
beams

3V
t max 
2A
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 Shear stresses in standard
section beams

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 Torsion

Tl
Angle of Twist:  
GJ
T: Torque
l : Length
G: Modulus of rigidity
J: Polar second moment of area
T
Solid Round Bar: t 
J
d4
J : Circular section
32
Tr
t max  J

(do4  di4 ) : Hollow round section
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 Torsion in rectangular cross
section
The maximum shear stress in a rectangular b x c
cross section bar occurs in the middle of the
longest side b and is equal to:

The angle of twist is equal to:

Α and β are geometrical parameters from table:

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 Torsion of Shafts due to power
FV Tn H= power, hp
H  T= torque, lb.in
33000 63000 n= shaft speed, rev/min
F= force, lb
V= velocity, ft/min

SI Units

H  T
H= power, W
T= torque, N.m
w= angular velocity, rad/sec

H
T  9.55
n

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 Example 3-8
F = 300 lbf

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 Example 3-8
• Find the maximum bending
and torsional stresses
in BC.

• Bending moment is max at B, for rectangular

section:

• Torsional stress is max at the middle of the 1.25 in

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 Example 3-8
• Find all stresses on the
top surface at A.

• Tensile bending stress

• Torsional stress

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 Example 3-8
• Find the maximum normal
and shear stresses at A.

• The maximum normal stress is

• Maximum shear stress is

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 Stress Concentration

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 Stress Concentration
Stress concentration
factors:

See Appendix for a variety of geometries Kt=3: circular

Table A15 and A16
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 Stress Concentration
• For steady loading:

– Use Kt for brittle material.

– Do not use stress concentration factors for

ductile material.

• Theoretical stress concentration factors are

calculated experimentally and can be found in
Table A-15.

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Stresses in pressurized cylinders
Tangential and radial stresses:

If P0 is equal to zero

The Maximum Stresses occur at

r = ri

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 Closed Thin-Walled Tubes
r
If  20  Thin-walled tubes
t

Tangential stress = Hoop stress

p ( di  t )
 t,max 
2t

Longitudinal stress exists because of the

pressure upon the ends of the vessel
pdi
l 
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 Press and shrink fits
• When 2 cylindrical parts are assembled, a contact
pressure is created between the 2 parts.

Radial stress:  r   p
R 2  ri2
Tangential stress (inner member):  it (at R)   p
R 2  ri2
ro2  R2
Tangential stress (outer member):  ot (at R)  p
ro2  R 2

What is p?

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 Press and shrink fits
Radial interference:   o  i

If  is given:

E  (ro2  R 2 )( R 2  ri2 ) 
p  
 2 R (ro  ri ) 
R 2 2 2

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 Temperature effects
 x   y   z   (T )

If a plate is restrained at the edges and subject to

uniform temperature rise

 (T ) E

1 

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 Curved beams in bending

e : distance from centroidal axis to neutral axis

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 Curved beams
The location of
neutral axis

A
rn 
dA
r
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 Curved beams in bending
• The stress distribution is given by:
My

Ae  rn  y 

• The critical stresses occur at inner and outer

surfaces:
Mci
y  ci , i 
Aeri
Mco
y  co , o  
Aero
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 Curved beams in bending

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 Contact stresses
• When 2 bodies having curved surfaces are pressed
together, point or line contact changes to area
contact, and the stresses developed in the 2 bodies
are 3-dimensional.

• 2 cases:
– Spherical Contact
– Cylindrical contact

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