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PERTEMUAN pertama

TUGAS 1:

INTRODUCE YOURSELF BY ;

-name, address , your brother and sister, your high school ,

hobbies, and so on.

SOME DEVICES THAT CONTROL

ELECTRIC CURRENTS

When you turn up the volume control of a radio or television set, the sound
becomes louder. Turned in the opposite direction, it is less loud. In a theater, the
lights are dimmed gradually and turned up gradually. Electric currents can be
increased or decreased by means of a simple device called a rheostat.
A simplified working model of a rheostat is shown above. A thin wire is
obtained by untwisting a single strand from a three-foot length of picture wire.
The thin wire is then wound spirally around ruler and taped firmly at both ends.
One end is connected to a piece of bell wire which is in series with two flashlight
cells and a flashlight bulb, as shown.
Sliding the free end of the bell wire along the ruler toward the right causes the
light to become dimmer because it is difficult for a large number of electrons to
travel along such a thin wire. The farther the electrons must travel, the dimmer
the becomes. Such a wire is said to have a high resistance to electricity.
The resistance of an electrical conductor also depends upon the materials of
which it is made. An electric heater or toaster can safely be connected in a house
circuit because its heating elements have a high electrical resistance. If these
heating elements were made of copper wire of the same size and length, more
current would flow through them. They would probably melt unless a fuse blew
out first.
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Inside a fuse there is a metallic strip that melts and breaks the circuit when too
much electricity flows through it. A fuse marked 15A means that it will carry up
to 15 amperes of current. Electric appliances, such as toasters and electric irons,
are marked according to the number of amperes of current they use. By adding
up the amperes, it is easy to tell how many appliances can safely be used in the
same circuit.
Circuit breakers are now frequently used instead of fuses to protect a circuit
against excessive current.
Bend the end of the metal strip upward as shown. Remove the insulation from
the end of the wire at A and wind the wire around the screw. Adjust the wire to
act as a catch, bending it so that it springs back when the metal strip is pulled
down by the electromagnets.
Place a dry cell or flashlight battery and a flashlight lamp in series with the
circuit breaker model, as shown is step 1. The electromagnet does not pull the
strip down because the current through the lamp is not excessive.
Short-circuit the lamp, as shown in step 2, by placing a metal object across the
two bare wires at B. the electromagnet attracts the strip and the wire springs
back, breaking the circuit at C.

GEORGE K. STONE Science in Action

Vocabulary Focus :
Devices : alat
Dimmed : membuat lebih redup
Simplified : sederhana
Bend : membengkokkan
Resistance : perlawanan.
Circuit : aliran arus
Excessive : sangat besar. Pulled down : ditarik kebawah
Flashlight cell : strand : pantai, untai, mengandaskan
Cell : lubang kecil
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Flashlight bulb : bola lampu senter, cahaya bola lampu

Bulb : bola lampu
Flashbulb : cahaya bolah lampu
Untwisting : menguraikan, penguaraian.

TUGAS 2 :

Answer the following questions:

1. How do you lessen the sound?
2. Why does light become dimmer?
3. What is the correlation between a long wire and the light?
4. What will happen if we use wrong electrical conductor?
5. Does man like to use fuses?

PERTEMUAN KE DUA :

1. PRESENT TENSE

Form: The simple form of the verb + -s or –es or –ies for a third person singular
subject, without –s for a plural subject. ‘I’or ‘you’ singular.
The simple present tense expresses general truths, an activity that exist always,
usually, habitually, or repeated activity. It is used for general statements of fact.

TUGAS 3 :
Make these sentences into Question sentence :
1. Scientist explains his theory in the laboratory
2. The mechanics repair the man’s car.
3. The lecturer goes to the campus every day.
4. The students attend a seminar every semester.
5. Rendy and Irwan learn English every week.
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Example :
1. Rany buys a new book every month.
1. Does Rany buy a new book every month?
2. The students play football every Sunday.
2. Do the students play football every Sunday?

2. The PAST TENSE

Form: The past tense forms of verbs such as :

• attend, go, come, arrive -> attended, went, came, arrived, etc.

Usage: The past tense is used to describe one completed action in the past.

The completed action in the past is generally indicated by time markers

Such as : yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 1981, etc.

TUGAS 4:

Change these sentences into Question sentence :

Example : 1. She bought a new dress yesterday.

1. did she buy a new dress yesterday?

1. He got his bag yesterday.

2. She spoke with the manager last week.
3. They went to the campus yesterday.
4. He finished his paper two days ago.
5. The students arrived a workshop in Jakarta last week.
6. The students played football yesterday morning.
7. The mechanic repaired the broken machine yesterday.
9. The workers mixed the concrete.
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PERTEMUAN KE TIGA

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE :

Form : has/ have + past participle of a verb -→ have/has + gone.

Usage : The present perfect tense has two uses:

1. For a completed action at an indefinite time in the past.

The time markers usually used are : just, already, yet, not yet, etc.

2. for an activity or state that has continued for a period of time, from a point in

the past until the present. The past –to-present period is indicated by since

1987, for years, so far, up to now, in all her life, until now, etc.

Example :

1. He has gone to Jakarta since last week.

1. has he gone to Jakarta since last week?

TUGAS 5 :

Change these sentences into Question as the example above:

1. The government has arrived since two hours ago.

2. He has studied English over and over.

3. They have lived in Palu for 5 years.

4. He has finished his homework since last night.

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4. The FUTURE TENSE.

Form: will + verb; be + going to + verb.

The usage : The future tense describes actions, activities, and conditions in the
future. Time markers: in the future, next week , next year, tomorrow.etc.
Example:
1. Randy will buy a new motorcycle tomorrow morning.
1. will Randy buy a new motorcycle tomorrow morning?

TUGAS 6:
Change these sentences into Question sentence :
1. Everyone will foresee changes in relative prices.
2. They will hire a good mechanic tomorrow.
3. Prices will continue to rise at moderate rate.
4. He will borrow some money from the bank.

PERTEMUAN EMPAT :

5. The PRESENT CONTINUES :

Form : be + verb-ing. - go -→ is going, Is writing.

Usage: The present continuous tense explains present time. It is used for actions or
conditions which are happening in the present, and for a period of time which includes
the present. Time markers: now, today, tonight, at this moment.

TUGAS 7:

Change these sentences into Question sentence :

1. The lecturer is explaining the structure of English language.

2. All students are opening an account in a bank.
3. The students are playing football in the yard now.
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PERTEMUAN KE LIMA :

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

There are three types of conditionals sentence:

- Type : 1. Present tense and present Future
Example : If they come on time, I will talk to them.
- Type : 2. Past tense and past future tense
Example : If I had a new motorcycle, I would clean it everyday.
- Type : 3. Past perfect and past future perfect.
Example : If the people had caught the thief, The police would have arrested.

Example :
-1 If I see him, I (give) him a lift.
1. If I see him, I will give him a lift.

TUGAS 8 :
Correct the verb in bracket into the right CONDITIONAL Sentence:

1. I f I find your passport, I ( telephone ) you at once.

2. Someone ( steal ) your car, if you left it unlocked.
3. I f the students had studied hard, they ( pass) from the examination.
4. If you invited me, I ( come ) to your party.
5. If I have enough money, I (buy ) that beautiful bag.
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PERTEMUAN KE ENAM :

COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE

Notice the quantity expressions which are used with the countable noun : employees
and the uncountable noun : ink.

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
a few employees a little ink
many employees much ink
a lot of employees a lot of ink
NOTES :

A few and many are used with the plural forms of countable noun.
A little and much are used with uncountable nouns.
A lot of is used with uncountable nouns and the plural forms of countable nouns.

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT :

1. I want a few employees. I want a little ink.

2. I want a lot of employees I want a lot of ink.

NEGATIVE STATEMENT :

a. I don’t want many employees. I don’t want much ink

b. I don’t want a lot of employees. I don’t want a lot of ink
c. He doesn’t have many books. He doesn’t have much money.
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TUGAS 9 :

Complete the following sentences with much or many

Example : There aren’t ------ large factories in this town
There aren’t many large factories in this town
1. He doesn’t spend ------ time on his English.
2. Does this factory produce ------ different kinds of products?
3. Does he spend ------- money on his clothes?
4. Is there -------- oil in Venezuela?
5. He doesn’t drink --------- milk.
6. Does he have -------- friends in this school?
7. There aren’t --------- mountains in that part of the country.
8. There isn’t -------- milk in this pitcher?
9. He doesn’t make ….. mistakes in spelling.
10. There isn’t ….. snow on the ground.
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PERTEMUAN KE TUJUH :

WE LIVE ON A MAGNET
For nearly a thousand years, magnetic compasses have been used to help ships their

way. Columbus carried one his famous voyage, though he had no idea why the needle

pointed toward the north. Now we know that the compass needle points north because the

earth is a magnet.

Magnetize a nail file by stroking it 50 or more times in the same direction across the

end pole of a magnet. Find the end that attracts the colored, or north-pointing, end of a

compass needle. With this end toward the top, lay the magnetized nail file along the

dotted lines on the map above. If you now set a small compass anywhere on the map, the

needle will line up in approximately the same way that it does on a ship in that actual

location. To steer a straight course in a rough sea, a pilot needs a compass that is not

seriously affected by the movements of the ship. A ship’s compass, somewhat like the

kind that Columbus used, can be made quickly as follows:

Fasten a plastic cap from a small bottle or toothpaste tube to the center of a cup or

bowl. Push a magnetized needle through the cork and press an ordinary pin into the

center, as shown above at A. place the head of the pin in the plastic cap and pour water

into the cup until the cork of the cup.

Today, large ships carry both magnetic compasses and gyrocompasses. A

gyrocompasses is similar to a toy gyroscope, except that the rotating part is kept turning

rapidly by an electric motor. When the axis or such a compass is placed in a north-south
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direction, it remains in this position. It is not affected by magnetic forces or by the

movement of the ship and is thus much more accurate than a magnetic compass. The

ship’s magnetic compass can still be used in case something goes wrong with the

gyrocompass.

GEORGE K. STONE Science in Action.

Vocabulary Focus
Voyage : perjalanan jauh bisa di laut maupun di udara.
Pointed : menuju atau mengarah
Magnetize : mengubah menjadi magnet.
Map : peta
Needle : jarum, mendorong.
Dotted line : menaruh garis titik
End pole : ujung tiang, ujung galah.
Steer a straight : mengemudi lurus
Rough sea : laut yg keras, ombak keras.
Ordinary pin : peniti biasa
Gyrocompass : kompas giro, pedoman gasing.

TUGAS 10 :
Answer the following questions:
1. what is the function of compass according to you?

2. what made Columbus confused?

3. What does a pilot do to get the straight if there is a storm?

4. Which one is better a magnetic compass or gyrocompass?

5. Where does the color tip of magnetized needle direct?

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Krohn Robert. 1971. English Sentence Structure. Michigan. The University of

Michigan Press.

Stone George K. 1964. Science In Action. Prentice-Hall. Inc.

Azar, S.B. 1992. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York. Prentice-
Hall, Inc.