Operating Instruction

Manual of

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
APPARATUS

PRODUCT

EIE INSTRUMENTS PVT. LTD.

( MFR. OF HIGH CLASS LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS )

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Note : Please Read the Instructions before Operation
Aim of the Experiment:

To study pressure and pressure measurement devices.

Introduction and Theory

Fluid pressure can be defined as the measure of force per-unit-area exerted by

a fluid, acting perpendicularly to any surface it contacts The standard SI unit
for pressure measurement is the Pascal (Pa) which is equivalent to one Newton
2
per square meter (N/m ) or the KiloPascal (kPa) where 1 kPa = 1000 Pa.

Pressure can be expressed in many different units including in terms of a

height of a column of liquid. The Table below lists commonly used units of
pressure measurement and the conversion between the units.

Pressure measurements can be divided into three different categories:

absolute pressure, gage pressure and differential pressure.

Absolute pressure refers to the absolute value of the force per-unit-area

exerted on a surface by a fluid. Therefore the absolute pressure is the difference
between the pressure at a given point in a fluid and the absolute zero of
pressure or a perfect vacuum.

Gage pressure is the measurement of the difference between the

absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Local atmospheric
pressure can vary depending on ambient temperature, altitude and local weather
conditions. A gage pressure by convention is always positive. A negative’ gage
pressure is defined as vacuum. Vacuum is the measurement of the amount by
which the local atmospheric pressure exceeds the absolute pressure. A perfect
vacuum is zero absolute pressure. Figure below shows the relationship
between absolute, gage pressure and vacuum.
 Fig: Relationship between various pressure measurement devices

Differential pressure is simply the measurement of one unknown pressure

with reference to another unknown pressure. The pressure measured is the
difference between the two unknown pressures. This type of pressure
measurement is commonly used to measure the pressure drop in a fluid
system. Since a differential pressure is a measure of one pressure referenced to
another, it is not necessary to specify a pressure reference. For the English
system of units this could simply be psi and for the SI system it could be kPa.

In addition to the three types of pressure measurement, there are different

types of fluid systems and fluid pressures. There are two types of fluid
systems; static systems and dynamic systems. As the names imply, a static
system is one in which the fluid is at rest and a dynamic system is on in which
the fluid is moving.

Pressure Measurement Devices:

Manometer

A Manometer is a device to measure pressures. A common simple

manometer consists of a U shaped tube of glass filled with some liquid.
Typically the liquid is mercury because of its high density.
In the figure to the right we show such a U shaped tube filled with a liquid.
Note that both ends of the tube are open to the atmosphere. Thus both points A
and B are at atmospheric pressure. The two points also have the same vertical
height

Now the top of the tube on the left has been closed. We imagine that there is
a sample of gas in the closed end of the tube. The right side of the tube
remains open to the atmosphere. The point A, then, is at atmospheric pressure.

The point C is at the pressure of the gas in the closed end of the tube. The
point B has a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure due to the weight
of the column of liquid of height h. The point C is at the same height as B, so it
has the same pressure as B. And this is equal to the pressure of the gas in the
closed end of the tube. Thus, in this case the pressure of the gas that is
trapped in the closed end of the tube is greater than atmospheric pressure
by the amount of pressure exerted by the column of liquid of height h.
Some "rules" to remember about U-tube manometry
 * Manometer height difference does not depend on tube diameter.

* Manometer height difference does not depend on tube length.

P
* Manometer height difference does not depend on tube shape.

Shape of a container does not matter in hydrostatics. This implies that a U-tube
manometer does not have to be in a perfect U shape. There is a way to take
advantage of this, namely one can construct an inclined manometer, as shown
here. Although the column height difference between the two sides does not
change, an inclined manometer has better resolution than does a standard
vertical manometer because of the inclined right side. Specifically, for a given
ruler resolution, one "tick" mark on the ruler corresponds to a finer gradation of
pressure for the inclined case.

Burdon Pressure Gauge

A Bourdon gauge uses a coiled tube, which, as it expands due to

pressure increase causes a rotation of an arm connected to the tube. In 1849
the Bourdon tube pressure gauge was patented in France by Eugene Bourdon.
 Fig: Parts of Burdon Tube

The pressure sensing element is a closed coiled tube connected to the chamber
or pipe in which pressure is to be sensed. As the gauge pressure increases the
tube will tend to uncoil, while a reduced gauge pressure will cause the tube
to coil more tightly. This motion is transferred through a linkage to a gear train
connected to an pointer. The pointer is presented in front of a card face
is inscribed with the pressure indications associated with particular pointer
deflections.

Apparatus Description

The manometers and gauges unit is a framed structure with a backboard,

holding a:

• Vertical U-tube manometer

• U-tube manometer with an inclined limb
• Bourdon gauge for measuring vacuums
• Bourdon gauge for measuring positive pressure, and
• Syringe assembly for pressurizing and reducing pressure in the
measurement devices.

Each gauge and manometer has a delivery point to connect to the syringe
using plastic tubing (included). All connections are push-fit, and T-pieces are
provided to enable two instruments to be connected to one point.

Experimental Procedure

1) Using the syring connects its plastic tubing to Pressure gauge. Push
the syring arm to generate pressure. Observe the deflection on the gauge

(Page
5)
 2) Now connect the syring tubing to vacuum gauge. Release the arm of
syring to generate vacuum and observe the change in deflection.
3) U tube Manometer can be connected to any of the flow meter
devices. Switch the pump and observe the change in mercury levels in
the manometer. Calculate the pressure difference.
4) Similarly connect the Inclined U tube manometer to any of the flow
meter and calculate pressure difference

Observations:

1) Density of liquid flowing in pipe =

2) Density of liquid flowing in pipe =

Sr. No. Type of Manometric Reading Pressure/Pressure

Manometer h1 h2 Difference
U tube
1
Manometer
Inclined Tube
2
Manometer
3 Pressure Gauge -- --
4 Vacuum Gauge -- --

Calculations:

In the above figure, since the pressure at the height of the lower surface of
the manometer fluid is the same in both arms of the manometer, we can
write the following equation:

P1 + ρ1gd1 = P2 + ρ2gd2 +

ρfgh Here, ρ1 = ρ2 = ρw = Density of water;

P1 - P2 = ρwgd2 + ρfgh – ρwgd1

Also d1- d2
=h P1 - P2 = (ρf - ρw) gh

Here ρf = Density of Mercury; Substituting Standard Values

3 2
P1-P2 = (13580 – 1000 kg/m ) . (g m/s ) .
(h/1000 m)
2
= 12.58 g h (in N/m )

2
where g =9.81 m/s ; h = in mm

Inclined tube manometer:-

This manometer is more sensitive. Due to inclination the

distance moved
by the heavy liquid in the right limb will be more.
From equation, pressure
Also d1- d2 =h
P1 - P2 = (ρf - ρw) gh
Here ρf = Density of Mercury; Substituting Standard Values
P1-P2 = (13580 – 1000 kg/m3) . (g m/s2) . (h/1000 m)
= 12.58 g h (in N/m2)
where g =9.81 m/s2; h =h sinΘ in mm
angle=45°
P1-P2 =
12.58 g h
sin45° (in
N/m2)

Conclusion

Thu
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ood
the
wor
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prin
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and
calc
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obta
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follo
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-

1) U tube
Manomete
r
2) Incilned U
tube
Manomete
r