THE GIN EPIDEMIC

Distillation was common 0) __________ Europe by the Middle Ages, but was fairly
uncommon in England, compared to beer and ale production, because a national monopoly
kept prices very high. In 1689, Parliament banned imports of French wines and spirits and at
the same time cancelled the 1) __________ monopoly. Subsequently, anyone who could pay
the required 2) __________ could set up a distillery business. Not only 3) __________
distillers become producers, but also sellers. The cost of gin fell below the cost of beer and
ale and gin drinking became the favourite alcoholic beverage among the ‘inferior class’.

British statistical abstracts put the annual 4) __________ of gin in England and Wales in
1700 at about 1.23 million gallons. By 1714, consumption was up to almost 2 million
gallons per year. By 1735, it was 6.4 million gallons, and by 1751, 7.05 million gallons. In
terms of population, per capita intake increased by up to 5) __________ from between 1 and
2 pints in 1700 to between 8 and 9 pints, about a gallon per person, in 1751.  Beer drinking
for the same period remained relatively constant at 3 million gallons a year.

George, one of the most influential historians of the early 20th century, blamed the increase
in gin consumption 6) __________ much of the social problems, which also increased
during this period. The most commonly cited support for this argument was that, after the
passage of the Tippling [1]Act of 1751, which George called a ‘7) __________ point in the
social history of London, social 8) __________ declined. The Tippling Act prohibited
distillers from selling gin at 9) __________, and levied severe penalties for non-compliance,
such as imprisonment, whipping and even deportation for repeat offenders. As a result, gin
prices rose, gin drinking steadily declined back to 2 million gallons [the intake of beer,
however, steadily increased to about 4 million gallons a year and social agitation did decline.
However, the social turmoil 10) _________ to and after the Tippling Act was the result of,
and was fuelled and exacerbated by, excessive gin drinking, rather than having been its
cause.

CONSUMPTION     DOMESTIC                HOUSEHOLD            TROUBLE

CONSUMER             DUTIES                       PRIOR                         TURNING

DECISIVE                   EIGHTFOLD               RETAIL                        UNREST

DID                              FOR                              THROUGHOUT        WHOLESALE

  

0 THROUGHOUT    
1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10

BEST AND WORST CITIES FOR COMMUTERS

The perfect commute is easy, inexpensive and reliable.

In cities 0) __________ such factors, like Buffalo, N.Y., Salt Lake City and Milwaukee, the
trip to work is a breeze. But for commuters in Atlanta, Detroit and Miami, the daily grind is
just that, thanks to bad traffic, 1) __________ infrastructure and drivers who resist car pools
and public transportation.

Other 2) __________ that came out on top include Oklahoma City, Okla., Pittsburgh,
Corpus Christi, Texas, and Eugene, Ore. At the bottom: Orlando, Fla., Dallas, Birmingham,
Ala., and Raleigh, N.C.

To find them and others, Forbes.com looked at the 75 largest metro areas in the U.S. and
evaluated them based on traffic 3) __________, travel times and how efficiently commuters
use existing infrastructure, based on data from the Texas Transportation Institute and the
U.S. Census Bureau’s 2006 American Community Survey. The worst commutes were those
that 4) __________ up the most hours and were the least reliable. The best commutes were
in cities with short, 5) __________ treks to the office, where fellow commuters efficiently
use transit options to reduce 6) __________.

Varying population densities and development patterns in the nation’s cities make gauging
efficiency difficult. In Boston, for example, jobs are mostly concentrated in and around the
city center. In Los Angeles, offices are more 7) __________ out. That means Boston’s
commuter rail is better able to put area commuters 8) __________ to their jobs than an
identical train system could do for Los Angeles commuters.

Public transport systems work best when they limit traffic jams by taking cars
9)__________ the road, and thus reducing delays, travel time and increasing the
predictability of a commute. Since carpooling [1]can often accomplish the same feat, we
measured a city’s commuting efficiency by adding the number of people who carpool, those
who take public transport and those who walk to work, and divided the sum by the city’s
total number of 10) __________, based on Census Bureau figures.

Boston scores a 23% by this measure, and Los Angeles checks in at 20%. In San Francisco,
an extremely efficient city, 28% of the commuters take public transit, walk or carpool, while
inefficient Kansas City, Mo., scores 12% by this measure.

 ATE                              COMMUTERS          FARTHER                   SPOTS

BOASTING                CONGESTION          INSUFFICIENT         SPREAD

CANCELLATIONS    DELAYS                       OFF                              UNRELIABLE

CLOSER                      DEPENDABLE           OUT OF                      WASTED

  

0 BOASTING    
1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10

COMPULSORY VACCINATION: DOES IT WORK IN EUROPE?

 ‘As Europe battles measles 1) __________, Italy, Romania, France and Finland are
tightening their vaccination laws. The benefits are questionable. ’
Compulsory vaccination was first introduced in the UK through the 1853 Vaccination Act.
The law required that all children ‘whose health permits’ be vaccinated 2) __________
smallpox, and obliged 3) __________ to certify that vaccination had taken place. Parents
who refused vaccination could be fined £1.

Since then, vaccine mandates [1]have evolved to include a variety of incentives and 4)
__________. In some US states, children cannot access public schools without being
vaccinated; in Australia, compliance with childhood immunisation schedules has been
linked to pre-school admission (‘No jab, no play’) and to family 5) __________ payments
(‘No jab, no pay’).

In most 6) __________ where vaccine mandates are in force, they apply only to childhood
immunisation. However, vaccination is a condition of employment in some institutions –
notably in 7) __________ facilities. This is not a legal mandate per se but is a form of
discrimination accepted in several jurisdictions. In principle, mandates – like vaccines – can
be for people of all ages.

In Europe, the picture is mixed. A 2010 study of 27 EU countries (plus Iceland and Norway)
found that 15 had no 8) __________ vaccines. In the meantime, Italy has added 10 vaccines
to its list of compulsory vaccines; France and Romania are preparing new laws that would
penalise parents of 9) __________ children; and Finland will introduce legislation in March
2018 that requires health and social care providers to ensure staff are immunised against
measles, chicken pox, whooping cough and influenza. The diversity of measures taken
suggests no 10) __________ strategy exists that can be universally applied.

1. a. breakdowns      b. outbreaks            c. outbursts              d. turnouts

2. a. against               b. for                         c. from                       d. to
3. a. consultants       b. physicians           c. physicists              d. specialists
4. a. amends             b. damages               c. penalties               d. retributions
5. a. assistance         b. down                     c. mortgage              d. tax
6. a. examples          b. instances              c. occasions              d. samples
7. a. healthcare        b. medic                    c. welfare                  d. wellness
8. a. mandatory       b. optional                c. unnecessary        d. voluntary
9. a. immune           b. immunized           c. inoculated            d. unvaccinated
10. a. disproved        b. proven                   c. refuted                  d. unverified

NOTRE DAME FIRE: MACRON PLEDGES TO REBUILD DEVASTATED PARIS

CATHEDRAL

A fire that devastated Notre Dame Cathedral in the heart of Paris was brought 0) UNDER
control by fire-fighters in the early hours of Tuesday morning, though officials warned there
were still residual fires to put 1) __________.
Thousands of Parisians watched in horror from 2) __________ police cordons as a ferocious
blaze devastated Notre Dame Cathedral on Monday night, destroying its spire and a large
part of the roof.

An investigation has been opened by the prosecutor’s office, but police said it began
accidentally and may be linked to building work at the cathedral. The 850-year-old gothic
masterpiece had been 3) __________ restoration work.

The French president, Emmanuel Macron, attended the scene and later gave a speech in
which he 4) __________ that the cathedral would be rebuilt, as fire crews said the 5)
__________’s rectangular bell towers and structure of the building had been saved.

Macron said “the worst had been avoided” thanks to hundreds of brave fire-fighters who
battled for hours and who would continue working through the night. One fire-fighter was
severely injured but no other 6) __________ were reported.

“What happened tonight in Paris, in this cathedral, is a terrible event,” the president said,
adding they would 7) __________ funds worldwide and bring the best talents from around
the world to reconstruct the building in its entirety.

“Notre Dame is our history, our literature, part of our psyche, the place of all our great
events, our epidemics, our wars, our liberations, the epicentre of our lives … So I solemnly
say tonight: we will rebuild it together.”

Macron has 8) __________ an international fundraising campaign to get money for the
repairs. French billionaire François-Henri Pinault, the chairman and CEO of international
luxury group Kering, pledged 100 million Euros towards rebuilding Notre Dame.

Laurent Nunez, junior Minister of the Interior said on Tuesday: “Now the fire danger has
been dealt with, there is the issue of the building and whether the structure has resisted the
very serious fire. A meeting of experts and national architects is taking place this morning to
consider whether the building is stable and whether fire-officers can set up inside to continue
their work.”

Franck Riester, the Culture Minister, said the situation was still precarious but he was
hopeful. “We’re optimistic because the two 9) __________ were saved.”

He said it was too early to determine exactly which pieces of priceless art were damaged,
saying the organ had been affected and paintings may have suffered from water damage.

Thousands of Parisians – many weeping and some praying – watched as vast orange flames
10) __________ from the roof for hours, threatening one of the greatest architectural
treasures of the western world. There were gasps on the southern bank of the river Seine as
locals watched fire sweep across the roof, which slowly caved in.

ADVISED       LANDMARK          PLUMMETED       SPIRES

BEHIND                LAUNCHED          RAISE                   UNDER

BELFRIES              MILESTONE         RISE                     UNDERGOING

CASUALTIES         OUT                     SOARED               VOWED

0 UNDER 6
1 7
2 8
3 9
4 10
5  

THE HIDDEN MEANING OF COLOR

The hidden meaning of color can be used as a powerful 0) __________ in art. Once the
simple principles are understood, the artist can use color to 1) __________ the viewer.

In fact, 2) __________ shows that color can play a major role in our overall state of well-
being. The colors we surround ourselves with directly influence the way we feel and relax.

In art and design, color 3) __________ us to create our own individuality. For years, interior
decorators, graphic designers, advertisers and artists have been using color to 4) __________
our environments. Color can be used toevoke a certain mood or to create a message or sharp
response in the viewer.  As artists we learn how to use the positive or negative attributes of
color in our works to subliminally send a message.

The following examples illustrate how people react differently to cool and warm colors…

Cool colors:

 Based on blue undertones and bring to 5) __________ a calming effect.

 These colors range from cold icy blues to warm and nurturing Mediterranean
turquoises.
 Many decorators use these colors in spas, bathrooms and other quiet environments.
 Blues lower heart 6) __________ and reduces appetite.
 Blue represents dependability.
 It is commonly worn in uniforms and business suits.
 Dark blue is generally used by more authoritative figures including police officers
and our Presidents!
 Blue and greens are used in 7) __________ medicines and health care products.
 ‘Greenrooms’ of theaters are so called because their green walls are often used to 8)
__________ the nerves of actors.
 Dark greens do well in offices and studies.
 Greens are commonly used for outdoor products.

Warm colors:

 Based on yellow undertones and tend to 9) __________ emotions ranging from

happiness to violence.
 Red, orange and yellow colors 10) __________ hunger.
 This is why you see restaurants like McDonalds, Wendy’s and Burger King using
these colors in their logos and advertising.
 Safeway, Walgreens and Costco all use red in their logos.
 Red instantly attracts, makes people excited and increases the number of heart beats.
 Just think of Coke and Red Bull!

ADVERTISING          ENHANCE                  RATE                           STEADY

ALLOWS                     LETS                             RESEARCH                 TOOL

CONVEY                     MIND                          RESEARCHERS         TRANSPORT

ENCHANT                  PUBLICISING            RHYTHM                    TRIGGER