COMPLEX

ENGINEERING
PROBLEM
ELECTRICAL POWER
TRANSMISSION 

BATCH 2017
SADIA SHEHZAD EE-17042
MUHAMMAD UMER REHMAN EE-17061
MUHAMMAD DANIYAL KHAN EE-17065
SHAHERYAR DURRANI EE-17079
Table of Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………… 2
Aims and Objectives………………………………………………… 2
Parameters…………………………………………………………… 3
Geometries…………………………………………………………… 13
Summary of Geometries………………………………………..…… 14
Optimization of Transmission Line………………………………… 22
References…………………………………………………………… 24

1
ABSTRACT

Availability of electric power is the most important thing today, It is an essential

part of everyone’s life and it has become a necessity in today’s world. After
electricity is generated, it has to be transmitted to different places. A transmission
line is used for the transmission of electrical power from generating substation to
the various distribution units. It transmits the wave of voltage and current from one
end to another. The transmission line is made up of a conductor having a uniform
cross-section along the line. Air acts as an insulating or dielectric medium between
the conductors. There are different mechanical and electrical parameters which
govern the transmission of electricity. In this report we will discuss the 10 different
geometries that we have analyzed and we will be proposing the optimizations for
one of these geometries for efficient transmission of electricity.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

The complex engineering problem provided the task to analyze transmission line
parameters for 10 practical geometries used by utilities/companies. We will be
focusing on improving the efficiency of electrical power transmission and discuss
methods that are economically feasible and reliable. Our objectives include the
following following:

 Propose practical mechanical design of transmission design for 10 different

geometries
 Optimize any one geometry to propose more efficient design for it
 Run MATLAB code
 Design Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 Economic constraints and availability are kept in mind while optimizing

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PARAMETERS:

We chose a few electrical and some mechanical parameters which will be

discussed in this report with the course of time. All these play a vital role in the
efficiency of power transmission

Conductor Configuration:-
This tells us about the complete details of the conductors that are to be used for
the transmission of electrical power. There are 5 major types of conductors that
are used in transmission lines. These are further divider into several types which
are indicated using code words. The types of conductors are given below:-
1. AAC – All Aluminum Conductor: AAC contains one or more aluminum
alloy strands. AAC is preferred for short spans (usually in urban areas). In
coastal areas, AAC conductors are also effective against corrosion problems
in coastal areas. AAC has the highest conductivity to weight but has a poor
strength to weight ratio.
2. AAAC – All Aliminum Aloy Conductors: AAAC is an alloy conductor that
is made of aluminum, silicon, and magnesium. Its ampacity is equivalent to
AAC and possesses excellent tension characteristics. AAAC provides
excellent resistance against corrosion and is used in coastal areas. AAACs
are becoming more popular than ACSR for the last two decades. They are
stronger, lighter and more conductive than ACSR. However, they are more
expensive than ACSR.
3. AACSR – All Aluminium Alloy Conductors Steel Reinforced: AACSR
is a concentrically stranded conductor composed of one or more layers of
Aluminium -Magnesium -Silicon Alloy wire stranded around a high
strength coated steel core. The core can be of either single wire or stranded
multi wire.
4. ACAR – Aluminium Conductors Alloy Reinforced: ACAR involves a
combination of aluminum strands that are helically wrapped around
aluminum alloy wires. The combination increases the mechanical strength of
conductors.
5. ACSR – Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced; ACSR involves the
aluminium conductor reinforced with steel core. The central steel core is
surrounded by a number of aluminum strands. Steel strands are used for

3
 increasing the strength of conductor. Usually, steel is coated with zinc. At
present ACSR conductors are most popular for longer transmission lines.

The overall weight, diameter, area and construction number alo varies depending
on the voltage of the transmission line. In our research, we have used the ACSR
conductor, with the code word “dog” as it is the most commonly used conductor
and can be used in all geometries we have considered.

Inductance:-
In the medium and long transmission lines inductance (reactance) is more
effective than resistance. The current flow in the transmission line interacts with
the other parameter, i.e the Inductance. We know that when current flow within a
conductor, magnetic flux is set up. With the variation of current in the conductor,
the number of lines of flux also changes, and an emf is induced in it (Faraday’s
Law). This induced emf is represented by the parameter known as inductance.
The flux linking with the conductor consist of two parts, namely, the internal flux
and the external flux. The internal flux is induced due to the current flow in the
conductor. The external flux produced around the conductor is due to its own
current and the current of the other conductors place around it. The total
inductance of the conductor is determined by the calculation of the internal and
external flux.

L=2×10-7ln(Deq/Ds)

Deq = (D12 D23 D31)1/3

Ds = GMR (Geometric Mean Radius)

Capacitance:-
Transmission line conductors constitute a capacitor between them. The conductors
of the transmission line act as a parallel plate of the capacitor and the air is just like
a dielectric medium between them. The capacitance of a line gives rise to the
leading current between the conductors. It depends on the length of the conductor.
The capacitance of the line is proportional to the length of the transmission line.
Their effect is negligible on the performance of short (having a length less than 80

4
km) and low voltage transmission line. In the case of high voltage and long lines, it
is considered as one of the most important parameters.

Cn={2πk/ln(Deq/Dsc)}

k = 8.85×10-12
Deq = (D12 D23 D31)1/3
Dsc = Radius

Corona Loss:-
Corona Discharge is an electrical discharge caused by the ionization of a fluid such
as air surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged. The corona effect will
occur in high voltage systems unless sufficient care is taken to limit the strength of
the surrounding electric field.
Corona discharge can cause an audible hissing or cracking noise as it ionizes the
air around the conductors. This is common in high voltage electric power
transmission lines. When an electric field is established in the air between two
conductors, the free ions and electrons in the air will experience a force. Due to
this effect, the ions and free electrons get accelerated and moved in the opposite
direction. There are a few factors that affect the corona discharge:

Effect of supply voltage: If the supply voltage is high corona loss is higher in the
lines.

The condition of conductor surface: If the conductor is smooth, the electric field
will be more uniform as compared to the rough surface.

Air Density Factor: The corona loss in inversely proportional to air density factor,
i.e., corona loss, increase with the decrease in density of air.

Effect of system voltage: Electric field intensity in the space around the
conductors depends on the potential difference between the conductors. If the
potential difference is high, electric field intensity is also very high, and hence
corona is also high. Corona loss, increase with the increase in the voltage.

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The spacing between conductors: If the distance between two conductors is much
more as compared to the diameter of the conductor than the corona loss occurs in
the conductor.

Pc = {(244/ δ)(f+25)(En-E0)2(√r/√D)10-5}

Pc = Corona power loss

δ = Frequency of supply in Hz
f = Air density factor
En = rms phase voltage (in KV)
E0 = Disruptive critical voltage per phase (in KV)
r = radius of conducors (m)
D = Spacing between conductors (m)

Insulator Type:-
Insulators used for high-voltage power transmission are made from glass, porcelain
or composite polymer materials.There are 5 main types of insulators that are used
in power transmission lines.

1. Pin Type Insulator: As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is secured
to the cross-arm on the pole. There is a groove on the upper end of the
insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor passes through this
groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the same material as the
conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of
electric power at voltages upto 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV,
the pin type insulators become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

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2. Suspension Type Insulator: They consist of a number of porcelain discs
connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is
suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is
secured to the cross arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low
voltage. The number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the
working voltage

3. Strain Insulators: When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or
sharp curve, the line is subjected to greater tension. In order to relieve the
line of excessive tension, strain insulators me used for low voltage lines i.e.<
11 kV. Shackle insulators are used as strain insulators. However, for high
voltage transmission lines, strain insulator consists of an assembly of
suspension insulators. The discs of strain insulators are used in the vertical
plane. When the tension in lines is exceedingly high, as at long river spans,
two or more strings are used in parallel.

4. Shackle Insulators: These are

used for low voltage distribution
lines. Such insulators can be used
either in a horizontal position or in
a vertical position. They can be directly
fixed to the pole with a bolt or to
the cross arm.

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5. Stay Insulators: For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from
ground at a height. The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay
insulator and is usually of porcelain and is so designed that in case of
breakage of the insulator the guy-wire will not fall to the ground.

Type of Tower/Poles:-
The supporting structures for overhead line conductors are various types of
poles and towers called line supports. In general, the line supports should
have high mechanical strength to withstand the weight of conductors and
wind loads, the poles should be light in weight without the loss of
mechanical strength, be cheap in cost and economical to maintain, the poles
should have a long life and there should be easy accessibility of conductors
for maintenance. There are various types of line supports or poles used for
transmission and distribution of electric power. The choice of
supporting structure for a particular case depends upon the line-span, line
voltage, cost and local conditions.

1. Wooden Poles: These are made of seasoned wood (sal or chir) and are
suitable for lines of the moderate X-sectional area and of relatively
shorter spans, say upto 50 metres. Such supports are cheap, easily
available, provide insulating properties and, therefore, are widely used
for distribution purposes in rural areas as an economic proposition. The
wooden poles generally tend to rot below the ground level, causing
foundation failure. In order to prevent this, the portion of the pole below
the ground level is impregnated with preservative compounds like
creosote oil.

2. Steel poles: The steel poles are often used as a substitute for wooden
poles. They possess greater mechanical strength, longer life and permit

8
 longer spans to be used. Such poles are generally used for distribution
purposes in the cities. This type of support needs to be galvanised or
painted in order to prolong its life. The steel poles are of three types (i)
rail poles (ii) tubular poles and (iii) rolled steel joints.

3. RCC poles: The reinforced concrete poles have become very popular as
line supports in recent years. They have greater mechanical strength,
longer life and permit longer spans than steel poles. Moreover, they give
a good outlook, require little maintenance and have good insulating
properties. As you can see in the figure below, the holes in the poles
facilitate the climbing of poles and at the same time reduce the weight of
line supports. The main difficulty with the use of these types of electric
poles is the high cost of transport owing to their heavyweight. Therefore,
such poles are often manufactured at the site in order to avoid the heavy
cost of transportation.

4. Steel towers: For long-distance transmission at higher voltage, steel

towers are invariably employed. Steel towers have greater mechanical
strength, longer life, can withstand most severe climatic conditions and
permit the use of longer spans. The risk of interrupted service due to
broken or punctured insulation is considerably reduced owing to
longer spans. Tower footings are usually grounded by driving rods into
the earth. This minimizes the lightning troubles as each tower acts as a
lightning conductor.

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 Line Span:-
The horizontal distance between two electrical supports is called
the span. This dimension is directly correlated with the number of poles
that will be installed along a corridor. Greater the span length of the
poles, fewer the number of poles.

Sag and Tension:-

Sag in overhead Transmission line conductor refers to the difference in
level between the point of support and the lowest point on the conductor.

As shown in the figure above, a Transmission line is supported at two points A and
B of two different Transmission Towers. It is assumed that points A and B are at
the same level from the ground. Therefore as per our definition of Sag, difference
in level of point A or B and lowest point O represents the Sag.
Sag in Transmission line is very important. While erecting an overhead
Transmission Line, it should be taken care that conductors are under safe tension.
If the conductors are too much stretched between two points of different Towers to
save conductor material, then it may happen so that the tension is conductor
reaches unsafe value which will result conductor to break.
Therefore, in order to have safe tension in the conductor, they are not fully
stretched rather a sufficient dip or Sag is provided. The dip or Sag in Transmission
line is so provided to maintain tension in the conductor within the safe value in
case of variation in tension in the conductor because of seasonal variation.

S = (WL2/8T) T=
(A×30)/100

S = Sag
L = Length/Span
T = Tension
A = Area of conductor
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We have used 30 as the value for our tensile strength and 100 as the safety factor
during calculation for Tension.

Dampers:-
Dampers are used in transmission lines to avoid oscillations in overhead
transmission lines.Due to laminar wind, overhead transmission lines will be
excited to vibrations and oscillations that can lead to damage on the conductor of
the overhead transmission line, single parts or the pole. In order to reduce these
vibrations and oscillations to an uncritical dimension, damping systems are
installed in the overhead transmission lines. There are 2 types of dampers that are
used.

1. Stockbridge damper: Stockbridge damper is a tuned mass damper used to

suppress wind-induced vibrations on slender structures. The dumbbell-
shaped device consists of two masses at the ends of a short length of cable or
flexible rod, which is clamped at its middle to the main cable. The damper is
designed to dissipate the energy of oscillations in the main cable to an
acceptable level.

2. Spacer Dampers: Spacers serve to establish a distance between the partial

conductors of a bundle line in order to prevent the conductors from knocking
together or tilting and thus avoid damage done to conductors. Spacer
dampers will be used if vibrations excited by wind need to be expected.

Height of Tower:-
The transmission tower height is also important factors to consider while
design of transmission lines. There are several factors taken in to
consideration while deciding and creating tower height of electrical power
lines. Following are the factors that are considered:-

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 1. Minimum ground clearance (h 1 ): is showed in accordance with all
technical requirements and specifications. Normally minimum ground
clearance in Electrical power transmission line varies from country to
country depending on the rules and regulations which they practice.

2. Maximum Sag(h 2): This depends on several factors of the conductor.

In most cases, maximum sag of conductor occurs rapidly under the
maximum temperature of conductor and still wind condition.The
maximum sag of electrical power line is also considered in the fixing
the height of the Transmission line support too. In cold countries the
maximum sag can occur at the minimum temperature and ice coated at
power conductor.

3. Vertical space between conductors (h 3 ): Distance between power

conductors also plays a main role in spacing between the cross arms.

4. Gap between ground wire and top conductor (h 4 ): This is the

distance between ground wire and the top most conductor of the tower.

h3 = {0.75(S) 1/2+(KV/2000)}

H = h1+h2+h3+h4

Ground Clearance:-
This is the minimum distance between bottom conductor and ground. As the
Voltage of transmission line increases, the ground clearance will increase as well. It
is usually 5.2 meters for a 33KV line and it is increased in the ratio of 0.3m/33KV.

GC = (5.182+0.305×k) k = {(V-
33)/33}

GC = Ground Clearence
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k = constant
V = Voltage (KV)

GEOMETRIES:-
We have selected 10 geometries on which we have based our research and the
parameters have been chosen accordingly. Our GUI will also give complete
information about the geometries and Parameters after taking suitable inputs from
the user. The 10 selected geometries on the basis of Voltage are:-

11 KV 220 KV
33 KV 345 kV
66 KV 400 KV
110 KV 500 KV
132 KV 765 KV

 Most of the parameters mentioned are according to ANSI standards, if

something was not available according to this then other standards like IEC
were used.
 All the standards were not available so some of them were calculated using
the formulae found from the research

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11 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Dog 6/7, 10.05mm

Configuration (50mm2, 214 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole RCC

6 Insulator Type Pin

7 Span 70

8 Sag 873.8 km

9 Tension 0.15 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 4.97 m

33 KV:-

S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Dog 6/7, 14.15mm

Configuration (100mm2, 394 kg/km)
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 5 Type of Pole RCC

6 Insulator Type Pin

7 Span 55

8 Sag 496.6 km

9 Tension 0.3 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 5.18 m

66 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Tiger 30/7, 16.5mm

Configuration (161.9mm2, 602 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole RCC

6 Insulator Type Suspension

7 Span 250

8 Sag 9683.1 km

9 Tension 0.48 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

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 11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 5.48 m

110 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Tiger 30/7, 16.5mm

Configuration (161.9mm2, 602 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole RCC

6 Insulator Type Suspension

7 Span 250

8 Sag 9683.1 km

9 Tension 0.48 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 5.48 m

132 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

16
 1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Panther 30/7, 21mm

Configuration (261.5mm2, 973 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole Tubular Steel Suspension

6 Insulator Type Strain

7 Span 135

8 Sag 2825.5 km

9 Tension 0.78 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 6.09 m

220 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Bluejay 54/7, 31.97mm

Configuration (567mm2, 1858 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole Self-supporting Lattice

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 6 Insulator Type String

7 Span 305

8 Sag 12701.3 km

9 Tension 1.70 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 8.06 m

345 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Bluejay 54/7, 31.97mm

Configuration (567mm2, 1858 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole Self-supporting Lattice

6 Insulator Type String

7 Span 305

8 Sag 12701.3 km

9 Tension 1.70 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

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 12 Ground Clearance 8.06 m

400 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Moose 54/7, 31.8mm

Configuration (5697mm2, 1997 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole Self-supporting Lattice with
pile foundation
6 Insulator Type Disc

7 Span 400

8 Sag 22300.3 km

9 Tension 1.79 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 8.57 m

500 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

19
 1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Moose 54/7, 31.8mm

Configuration (597mm2, 1858 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole Lattice Steel

6 Insulator Type Suspension

7 Span 450

8 Sag 28223.9 m

9 Tension 1.79 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 9.49 m

765 KV:-
S.NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS

1 Inductance Depends on Input

2 Capacitance Depends on Input

3 Corona Loss Depends on Input

4 Conductor ASCR Cardinal 54/7, 30.42mm

Configuration (547.3mm2, 1833 kg/km)
5 Type of Pole Tubular Steel Suspension

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 6 Insulator Type Suspension

7 Span 430

8 Sag 26506.3 m

9 Tension 1.64 kg

10 Height Depends on Input

11 Damper Stock Bridge

12 Ground Clearance 11.94 m

OPTIMIZATION OF 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINE:-

After extensive literature review, we have selected the 400KV transmission line to
optimize its parameters to help with efficient transfer of electricity.

1. Bundled Conductors: We will be using bundled conductor with 3 strands in

order to improve the efficiency of the tower. We are using ACSR Martin for
optimization. The values for 400KV line when we used bundled ACSR
Moose are as follows:

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 However the value of Inductance decreases to 6.8511×10-7 and the value of
capacitance increases to 1.622×10-11 when we use ACSR Martin conductor.

2. Dampers: For better efficiency, space dampers can be used along with stock
bridge dampers which will cause the conductors to stay apart from each
other, This will improve the efficiency of transfer.

3. Corona loss: By increasing the distance between the conductors, we will

reduce the corona loss. Although this could have been done by increasing the
diameter of the conductor but here we didn’t do that because that would
have caused the other parameters for e.g. sag to increase which is not
desirable. Corona rings will also be used to further decrease the corona
losses. The function of the Corona Ring is to distribute the electric field
gradient and lower its maximum values below the corona threshold and thus
preventing corona discharge. Corona Rings are used on very high voltage
power transmission insulators and switchgear.

4. Sag: By calculation, we can see that there is a very small increase in the sag,
so the cost of the transmission won’t increase much but the efficiency will
improve by a much higher percentage

5. Insulator Type: We will be using post type insulator which will further
improve the transmission. As this is a better insulator to be used in this
regard.

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23
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