HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT ON CONSTRUCTION SITES IN INDIA

MOHAMED NASHEED N1
1
PG STUDENT, SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE,
TAMILNADU
ABSTRACT

The Indian construction industry forms an integral part of the economy and substantial
part of countries development. Construction constitutes 40% to 50% of India’s capital
expenditure on various sectors like highways, roads, railways, irrigation etc and construction
industry is one of the second largest industry in India after agriculture. It accounts around 11% of
India’s GDP. . However, in some countries there is an absence of standard recording and
notifications system for construction accidents while in countries such as India, the systems exist
but their implementation is an issue. Occupational disease and work related accidents are world
wide problems. Statistics and work related accidents are needed for prevention work at the
national level. statistics on construction accidents are either unavailable or highly underreported
and this leads to a situation where due attention to safety is not paid. Health and safety is an
economic as well as humanitarian concern that require proper management control. The safety
measures are needed to be considered from initial stage until the completion of work. Proper
coordination between contractors and workers are needed for safe working condition, which is
very lacking in Indian construction fields. Occupational health and safety (OHS) is an area
concerned with health, safety and prosperity of the people engaged in every occupation
irrespective of sex, religion, region, age etc. The OHS is necessary for welfare of workers as well
as employers. This in turn is beneficial to the country as a whole. Therefore, certain laws,
regulations, and provisions were made by the government of India time to time in order to
promote OHS at work place and safeguard worker's health as well as worker's interest The
number of injuries and fatalities can be reduced by encouraging and reinforcing behavioral
change. Human error is complex topic and is directly linked to the cognitive process and one’s
ability to judge responsibility. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) with its regulations
has had a profound impact on the construction industry. So the objective of this paper is to
investigate the feasibility in knowledge acquisition about construction accidents, health hazards
and related disease, and their prevention. 

Keywords: construction, health, safety, workers

1. INTRODUCTION

Construction is a dominant part of any country’s infrastructure and industrial

development. Construction industry, with its backward and forward linkages with various other
industries like cement, steel bricks etc. catalyses employment generation in the country.
Construction is the second largest economic activity next to agriculture. But there is a darker side
to this explosive growth. For all the big money involved, the sector has barely regard for the
safety of those who work in its lowest rungs. Construction in Indian industry is more labour
intensive by comparing with developed nation in a global perspective. Construction industry is
hazardous industry for both developed and developing countries owing to constructional
accidents, injuries and illness. Researchers have shown that injuries and illness are high when
compared to European countries. One of the reasons why these accidents cause scant alarm - or
measures to ensure greater safety - is because little or no official record exists of the deaths of
workers in construction. Statistics of occupational hazards can be seen in developing countries
but that information is based on the statistics of developed countries. As like other occupation the
workers in construction platform have to face challenges while performing their duties. In
theory, inspectors from the Labour Department are meant to conduct checks to ensure safety
measures are in place, especially if there has been an accident. Lamentably in practice, such
inspections are rare. . The workers from rural side are not experienced, not well aware about the
construction safety and also they are not practiced to forecast the dangers that may happen in the
sites. Every year, hundreds of the men and women workers either fall to their deaths, or are
electrocuted, or are buried under wreckage and many more are grievously injured. The number
of fatalities occurring from construction work in the industry is quite disturbing and fall of
person from height and through openings are the major causes for serious accidents[10]. The
only official data we could find is a Lok Sabha reply on 16 March, 2015, which shows 77 deaths
at construction sites across the country from 2012 to 2015. It observed that as many as 38 fatal
accidents take place every day in the construction sector in the country. Overall, workplace
deaths are twenty times higher in India than UK. “India, with 1.25 billion population, has a
strong workforce of 465 million. However, only 20 percent of them are covered under the
existing health and safety legal framework. In the era of globalization construction is a fast
growing industry and very little research has been done on the occupational health, hazards and
psychosocial problems of the workers especially in Asian countries like India. In this context to
understand the health problems of construction workers and advocate public health policy
measures, this study was conducted.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Globally construction industry is a very threatening industry. The performance of the

industry in occupational health and safety is very poor. The standard of occupational health and
safety is even worse in developing countries. In Indian construction industry OHS has never
been given foremost importance. Even though, in India construction is a booming industry, there
are no proper initiatives undertaken by the government to implement OHS rules and regulations
According to Hale (2009) [8], validity, reliability, sensibility, representativeness, openness to
bias, and cost effectiveness are basis to select good safety performance indicators. Hinze (2013)
[14] also suggests safety regulatory agencies, insurance companies and other companies to
continue using the lagging indicators. However, sometimes, even reputed companies are not
willing to share accident and injury data for their projects. The inconvenient of accident statistics
is a impediment in conducting research on construction safety in India [15].
Jannadi and Bu-Khamsin conducted questionnaire survey with industrial contractors in
the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and formal interviews with the contractors and officials
responsible for construction safety were taken. 72% of the companies participated in this survey
were the general building construction companies [13]. Twenty main factors and eighty-five sub
factors and their level of importance based on the survey results and analysis were identified.
Pheng and Shiua emphasized that integration between quality and safety should be achieved for
better coordination and utilization of resources [4]. In India, the estimated numbers of persons
employed in Construction Industry are 53.45 million for year 2012 (Indian Labour Statistics
2012 and 2013) and there is a shortage of trained man power. Wilson Jr. and Koehn advocated
that safety practices vary with construction sites, as every site has unique safety aspects. Larger
construction projects are better organized whereas small to medium firms do not have an
adequate safety program or person to oversee safety criteria [7]. . India has the world’s highest
accident rate among construction workers, according to a recent study by the International
Labour Organization (ILO) that cited one survey by a local aid group showing that 165 out of
every 1,000 workers are injured on the job. Koehn and Datta through their study concluded that
safety rules and regulations not only overcome issues like poor quality work, unsafe working
conditions, and lack of environmental control but also reduce cost and enhance productivity [5].
Generally the propensity of constructors is to stay away from reporting accidents to the
relevant authorities. Consequently, it becomes difficult to study the trend of accidents and review
the safety performance of the construction sector at state and national level. As a result, it
becomes impediment to compare Indian safety with other developing or developed countries.
However , ILS (2012-2013) consists of the records of fatal and non-fatal accidents of mines,
factories, railways. However, it does not include the estimates of fatal and non-fatal construction
accidents. Therefore, there is a pressing need to estimate the fatal and non-fatal accidents Indian
construction sector.

2. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 Accidents on the construction sites

 Indian regulations act

 Health related disease in construction sites.
 Safety hazards in construction and its remedies.

2.1 ACCIDENTS ON THE CONSTRUCTION SITES

Construction industry is the most hazardous and dangerous occupation. To overcome

these dangerous situations well experienced workers are needed. In India, around 70% of the
workers working in construction sites are from Bengal, Assam etc. Proper safety measures such
as harnesses and guardrails and other alternatives such as securing ladders, use of safety belts
and helmets and inspecting scaffolding can minimize the risk of occupational injuries in the
construction industry.

According to WHO basically there are two types of hazards in workplace :

2.1.1 HEALTH HAZARDS

1. Chemical (asbestos, solvents, chlorine)

 2. Biological (tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis)
3. Physical (noise, heat and cold, radiation, vibration)
4. Ergonomics or Repetitive Strain Injuries (carpal tunnel syndrome, back injuries)
5. Psychological
2.1.2 SAFETY HAZARDS

1. Slips, trips and falls

2. Caught in machineries and trenches
3. Fire and explosions
4. Transportation and vehicle-related accidents.

Majority of the accidents are happening in the construction sites due to:-

1. Collapse of building parts and masses of earth.

2. Falling of objects and pieces of work on workers.

3. Falls of persons from heights, ladders and stairs.

4. Loading, unloading and transportation of loads.

5. Working on machines.

6. Blasting with explosives.

Safety is the prime and basic need of a human being. Every day around 950 people die
and over 720,000 workers get hurt because of occupational accidents in the construction sites.
Annually, over 48,000 workers die because of occupational accidents in India and there are
almost 37 million occupational accidents which causes at least 4 days’ absences from work [1].
In line with this estimate the minimum number of people that would have died annually in Indian
construction sector from 2008 to 2012 was 11,614 [2]. In Indian construction sector the accident
rates are not accurately published and maintained properly, and hence they are not easily
available. However, it is expected that many fatal and non-fatal accidents would be happening in
Indian construction. Whatever data is available our research shows that they are underreported
[15]. And also there is a system implemented for compiling and recording these accident
statistics, but the implementation at every places in country is not done in hundred percentage.
Enforcement of health and safety regulations remains a problem due to lack of adequate
resources available to government institutions responsible for occupational and safety
administration[9]. The Directorate of occupational health and safety services should step up
inspections and penalise those who fail to observe the provisions of the Act [11].

2.1 CAUSES OF DEATHS IN THE CONSTRUCTION SITES IN INDIA FOR YEAR 2011

TOTAL NUMBER
SR. NO. CAUSES OF DEATHS
OF DEATHS

1 Fall from height 10483

2 Fire 1401
3 Electrocutions 8987
4 Fall into Pit/Manhole, etc 2638
5 Suffocations 3209
6 Explosion (Boiler, Gas cylinder, etc) 481
7 Collapse 3284
Vigneshkumar C. (2014). Nature of Fall Accidents in Construction Industry: An Indian Scenario, /JSR
3(11):144-46 [17]

2.2 CAUSES OF DEATHS IN THE CONSTRUCTION SITES IN INDIA FOR YEAR 2012 &
2013

TOTAL NUMBER OF
% TO TOTAL DEATHS
DEATHS
SR. NO. CAUSES OF DEATHS

2012 2013 2012 2013

1 Electrocution 8750 10218 2.2% 2.6%

Falls 12319 12803 3.1% 3.2%

2
Fall from Height 10567 10822 2.7% 2.7%
Fall into Pit/Manhole, etc. 1752 1981 0.4% 0.5%

3 Fire (Short Circuit) 1439 1690 0.4% 0.5%

The National Crime Records Bureau, of the Government of India compute some data on the
accidents reported in India for the construction industry
 Around 16 per cent of the nation's working population depends on construction for its
livelihood. The Indian construction industry employs over 35 million people[16]. Frequency of
different accidents which occurred in construction industry during the year2011 in India is
depicted in table 2.1. The data revealed that maximum accidents occurred in construction
industry due to fall from height which was about one third of the total accidents occurring in this
industry followed by electrocutions. The average yearly rate of accident in construction is way
higher (somewhat 4 to 5 times) then other sector like manufacturing.

The table 2.2 give out that “Falls” accounts for highest causes of deaths in construction
sites i.e. around 12803 deaths in 2013, which is about 3.2% of the total accidental deaths
reported in India for the year 2013. It may also be seen from the above Table that during the year
2013, about 10218 persons died due to electrocution, which had shown an increase of 1468
deaths compared to the year 2012. During the same period about 1690 deaths occurred due to
fire, which had caused due to short-circuits. According to 2012 records, the workers who are 30
– 44 years old are riskier to get accidents both due to their youth behaviors and also their higher
proportions who working in the construction projects[17]. So out of all these mainly accidents
are happening in the construction sites due to fall from the building, these type of accidents are
happening due to the insufficient safety measures.

2.2 INDIAN REGULATIONS ACT:

There are many regulations which gives favorable situation for the construction workers
while performing the work. But most of the organisations are not aware about these regulations
act and worker too. And these Indian regulations act dealing with the working nature of
construction workers. Some of the main regulations act are:

1. Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions

of Services) Act, 1996.
2. Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions
of Services) Central Rules, 1998.
3. Building & Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996.
All these rules came into existence on 19-11-1998. The regulations can be applicable to
all buildings and other construction work relating to any establishment in which appropriate
government is the Central Government.  The act is applicable to all establishments employing 10
or more workers in any building and other construction works. National Building Code of India,
2005 distribute instruction for regulating construction activities for a building; along with many
IS codes of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), such as, SP70-Handbook on Construction Safety
Practices for site engineers, Project Managers, engineers and civil works.. Apart from this there
are some other regulations which are favorable for workers are as follows:-

 The Fatal Accidents Act, 1885,

 The Factories Act, 1948,
  The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923,
 The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948,
 The Central Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970,
 The National Building Code of India, 2005

2.3 HEALTH RELATED DISEASE IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

Occupational disease, similarly to that of occupational accidents is hazardous to the

workers in the construction sites. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around
70 percent of adult men and 60 percent of adult women in the world, an estimated additional 40
million adults enter the global workforce each year.

The occupational health disease in the construction industry can be classified into six
categories:

1. Asbestos-related diseases,
2. Silica-related diseases,
3. Noise-induced hearing loss,
4. Hand-arm vibration syndrome,
5. Musculoskeletal disorders
6. Psychological stress

2.3.1 ASBESTOS

Asbestos-related disease is a dangerous health hazard that may leads to death of workers.
The danger is due to, when asbestos fibers become airborne and remain suspended in the air.
Breathing of these fibers may badly affect the lungs and causes cancer. One of the biggest
problems is that asbestos is difficult to detect. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) should only be used as a last resort, after you have tried
to eliminate or control the hazard. If you use respirators make sure that they are the right for the
job, in good condition and have the right filters in place. In order to get efficiency in the
construction the workers health is prime importance. If the workers are unhealthy it will
adversely affect the finishing of the work.

2.3.2 SILICA
Respiratory crystalline silica (RCS), it is due to, when construction materials containing
silica, such as bricks, concrete, granite or tiles are cut, drilled, crushed. This crystalline silica can
be breathed in and may reach the deep lungs of the workers. This can cause difficulties in
breathing problems for the workers. When the workers are working for long duration it may
adversely affect their lungs and cause respiratory problems. Long term exposure to RCS may
also increase the risk of lung cancer. So while doing the work the workers must aware of all
these problems. So before entering the work the workers must wear some sort of respiratory
protectors. And some of the respiratory protectors are:-
 Disposable respirators
 Reusable respirators
 Powered air respirators
 Supplied air respirators

2.3.3 NOISE

Regular exposure to high noise levels can lead to tinnitus and hearing loss. Its is due to
the sounds of machines, sounds from construction plant etc may badly affects the hearing
problem. But even though it may take many years for the symptoms to become apparent.
Employers have a legal responsibility to protect their workers from excessive noise. The risk
should be assessed and controlled. The noise must controlled up to acceptable level. If not
possible to lower down the workers including supervisors must use hearing protection. The
supervisors who is supervising the site must take the responsibility of the this safety protection
of the workers. Select the ear defenders carefully and make sure they are kept in good condition
for the workers. Supervisors should always ensure that the workers have been properly trained
to use the supplied equipment. If not teach the workers how to use it and it benefits and aware
them about its importance.

2.3.4 HAND ARM VIBRATION

Hand-held power tools are regularly used in construction site. And the vibration of these
tools can cause hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). It is due to the vibration of drilling
machine, vibration due to hammering, vibration due to cutting of materials etc. This type of
vibration may affects fingers, hands and arms and can cause permanent damage over time. The
more a worker is exposed to vibration, the more likely it is that problems will occur. As an
employer, the law states that you need to assess and control any risk from vibration. If possible,
try to select the tools which are exposing low vibration while working.

2.3.5 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDS)

MSDs cause injuries, damage or disorder of the joints or other tissues in the upper or
lower limbs or back. Issues can be caused by regularly lifting, carrying or handling materials like
unloading the cement and sand sacks or carrying the stone in the construction site. When this
work continues for days, it will affect the backbone and muscles of the shoulder of the workers.
And also repetitive work such as plastering or rebar tying can also cause MSDs. To reduce the
risks from manual handling, workers should avoid hazardous manual handling operations as far
possible. The engineers must access the hazardous manual handling operation and try to finish
the work by reducing the risk. In the construction, completing the work by reducing the risk is a
main challenge.
2.3.6 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS

Mental relaxation of workers is predominant for completing the work efficiently. So

workers need leisure time for relaxing and for entertainment purposes. Due to the long duration
continuous work they are mentally tired, so it will affect their work too. In India most of the
workers in civil construction are mainly from northern part of India, those who are working here
are having many problems like family problems, personal issues etc. So in order to relax from all
these things, they need time for distress. But today most of the construction companies are not
aware about their rights, health and safety. The authorities behavior to these workers are vey
ruthless and harsh. Most of them are not getting desirable salary for their job. The authorities are
not ready to encourage them or praise them and nobody is there to hear their problems and
feelings. So all these complications makes them unfit for completing them job.

2.4 SAFETY HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

2.4.1 SLIPS OR FALLS FROM HEIGHT

Slips or falling from height is the major accident happening in the construction site. As
per the statistics of causes of death in the construction site in India for the year 2012 – 2013
around 12803 workers dead due to falls from heights, its around 3.2 %. This hazard is happening
mainly at the time of concreting or shuttering at heights. So the site must clean, tidy and good
house keeping should be practiced. In the case of late time work adequate and good lightning
must be provided. Owing to bad workmanship, that is due to bad positioning of scaffolding,
shuttering may fail, it may cause accidents. While doing the work care must be taken and
adequate inspection must be carried out. Meanwhile while performing the work at height
necessary safety measures need to be taken.

2.4.2 CAUGHT IN MACHINERIES AND TRENCHES

Caught-in and caught-between dangers are one of the major construction site hazards
along with fall, electrical. On average, caught-in and -between accidents account for
approximately 10 percent of construction worker fatalities. It is predominant that everyone who
works at construction sites be aware of these types of risks, and know how to react it.

There are major conditions commonly contribute to caught-in and -between accidents:

1. Machinery with rotating or other moving parts that are unprotected and not properly
powered down at the time of maintenance; this may result in body parts or clothing
getting caught in the machine
 2. Unprotected trenches and excavations resulting in burial or drowning, as well as
underground caves getting caught beneath collapsing scaffolding is a similar hazard in
this category

3. Getting crushed between a wall or the ground and a piece of material or equipment,
shoring and construction materials, large items being stacked, etc.

The clothing or accessories, equipments may caught in the machines.. Ensure that all rotating
and other moving parts on machines and power tools (gears, shafts, belts, pulleys, etc.) are
properly guarded Power down all equipment/turn off vehicles when they’re not in use. Lock
arms, blades, attachments, etc. on heavy machinery when it’s not in use. Try to place the
equipments and materials at a safe distance. Never try to do work in unprotected trenches which
are having deep of 5 feet or more. Provide use of appropriate shoring, sloping, trench shields to
protect against trenches. For going down and coming back in the trenches use ladders, stairs.
Scaffolding should be erected, regularly inspected, and disassembled by a competent, qualified
party. All crew members must be properly trained to recognize and respond to caught-in and
caught-between hazards.

2.4.4 FIRE AND EXPLOSION.

Due to the many inflammable chemicals, pressurized containers and heat-powered tools,
such as soldering irons, construction site fires and explosions are very common and very
dangerous. Each of these injuries due to fire and explosion needs immediate medical attention.
A burn injury is the most common result of a building site explosion or fire. But if a worker was
thrown by an explosion in the building or hit by falling objects, there will be chances of other
health injuries like, broken bones, and vision loss, and some of the major injuries needs surgery.
The most common causes of fatal explosion and fire incidents are welding, electrical sparks,
heavy equipment striking underground pipelines, motor vehicle crashes. In order to aware the
workers for fire and explosion following things must be taken case:-

 Conduct a fire protection program

 Provide easy access to firefighting equipment, and regularly inspect equipments.
 Provide a water supply of sufficient volume, duration, and pressure to operate firefighting
equipment
 On every floor of building there must be at least one fire extinguisher.
 Fire walls and exit stairways shall be given construction priority over other jobs
 Fire alarm systems must be provided.

2.4.5 ACCIDENTS USING VEHICLES

Every year in the construction industry, people are killed or injured as a result of being
struck by moving vehicles. Accidents may occur from the ground work to the finishing work of
structures. Managers, workers, site visitors and the public can all be at risk if construction
vehicle activities are not properly managed and controlled. While performing the work, selection
and maintenance of vehicles needs to be considered. Before starting the vehicle ensure that the
vehicle is in good condition for performing the work. While using large cranes for loading steels
and other construction materials to heights the workers must position the safer place in order to
avoid risks. The driver of vehicle, especially the crane operators, must be skilled person and care
must be taken while loading the heavy weight objects like steel sections, precast sections etc.
The following things must be consider while performing the work:-

 The vehicle must be in perfect condition for lifting, loading, transporting the materials etc
 The drivers of the vehicle must be aware of the accidents and risks.
 Care for safe loading and transportation of materials on vehicles.
 The signal man must be trained to give clear signals.
 The vehicle parts must be oiled or greased before performing the work.

3. EFFORTS PUT IN INDIA

National Safety Council of India is a self-governing body a non profit and nongovernmental
organization  that was established under the Societies Act in Mumbai. On every year on march 4
in India celebrated as National safety Council of India. The national safety day or week is a
movement carried out on an annual basis in order to intercept and minimize risk and dropping of
life of workers during industrial accidents, including financial loss by availing safety, health and
environment related issues. The safety day is being celebrated with great immense interest to
make awareness for the workers about to get down the industrial accidents by conducting
widespread safety awareness programme. During this day or week various activities will be
conducted to the public as per the safety requirement. In the construction industry various big
construction organization are taking modern techniques such as setup safety organization, safety
policy, safety check list etc in order to build up their construction field as accident free
hour(karan singh 2014)

3.1 OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL SAFETY DAY

 National Safety Day is celebrated on national level in order to aware people especially
construction employees about safety and health and environmental issues.
 In order to get participation of public for the major safety roles in different industrial
sectors.
 To foster the employees to get involved various safety health and environmental
activities.
 By this National safety day campaign , the need-based activities, self-observance with
legal necessary and professional SHE activities are encouraged among employers at the
work places.
 The campaign for achieving the goal for developing and strengthening the SHE activities
among people workers to the workplaces.
 To evoke employers, employees and others concerned people of their responsibility in
making their workplace safe from accidents and health related issues.
 Serve the society with preventive culture and scientific state of mind by organizing a
safety approach in the construction site.

4. CONCLUSION

Indian construction industry is one of the biggest and leading industry. But this industry
is most hazardous industry which causes for the life of the workers. Some times the workers
are exposed to risk of workplace accidents and occupational health problems in the
constructions sites. However there are many Indian regulations dealing with the working
conditions of construction workers, but most of the organisation or companies are failed to
practice it effectively. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency
of united States to guarantee safe working condition for the workers. But in the case of India
even though some agencies are available for welfare for the workers but its not effectively
managing. The government should play a more visible role in ensuring a high standards of
safety in the construction industry. Contractors and owners must give utmost importance to
the safety of the workers. The contractors and organization need to give some right to the
workers to express their problems and feelings and they need to take remedial action to
compromise workers problems. If the health of the workers are perfect automatically it will
affect the completion of work. The personal protective equipment is a mandatory one which
must be equipped by all the workers working in the site. The semi-skilled and unskilled
workers, together with women and children; are unaware of the use of personal protective
equipment. The labour unions are often responsible for endangering the life of workers. The
current status of safety in construction exposes the fact that safety has been a non-issue so
far, despite the fact that almost one out of every five workers received injury annually.
Constant review and up gradation of the concerned safety standards, health hazards, training
programs are essential for successful safety and health management. The paper can be
concluded that the major cause for construction accidents is because of injuries and health
related disease.

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