Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
09/2017
Machine tool performance from the point of
view of compliance to tolerances, surface
definition, etc., is determined essentially by
the accuracy of machine movement.
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Contents
Introduction
Areas of application 4
Configuration 5
Measurement procedure
3
Introduction
Areas of application
The acceptance testing and inspection of Dynamic measurements—particularly at Machine tool builders use the results of
machine tools essentially includes the high traverse speeds—provide information machine measurements to develop design
static verification of the geometrical on contouring behavior from which measures for improving accuracy. Such
machine structure in the unloaded state conclusions can be drawn about both the measurements also help them to optimize
and—for NC-controlled machines—on the condition of the machine tool as well as the the commissioning parameters of the
verification of positioning accuracy. The parameter settings of the control loop control loop wherever they influence the
final results of machining are increasingly consisting of the CNC control, drives, and accuracy of a CNC machine.
influenced by dynamic deviations from the position feedback systems. This information
nominal contour and by high acceleration (e.g., kv factor, reversing spikes) can be Machine-tool users can use the measuring
rates in the machine tool. Test workpieces used to optimize the machine's behavior. devices for acceptance testing and regular
are therefore produced and inspected for accuracy inspection of their machine.
dimensional accuracy in order to draw Static measurements, such as the
conclusions about the dynamic behavior measurement of position error in linear and
of the machine. rotary axes using a comparator system,
permit conclusions about the geometric
HEIDENHAIN offers measuring devices accuracy and thermal behavior of the
for direct capture of dynamic and static machine.
deviations. The advantage of this direct
inspection method over inspecting only
the results of the machining lies in its
separation of technological influences from
machine influences, and in its capability
of distinguishing individual factors of
influence.
Circular interpolation tests with very small radii Position accuracy and repeatability, as well as The position accuracy and repeatability of rotary
and free-form tests provide information on guideway errors of linear machine axes, are axes, rotary tables and tilting tables can also be
the dynamic behavior of the control, and circular determined with a comparator system. determined. A very precise angle encoder
interpolation tests with large radii provide serves as comparator system.
information on the machine geometry.
4
Configuration
A typical setup for inspecting a machine Since the inspection setup operates ACCOM automatically detects the beginning
tool consists of the following components: completely independently, no communi- of the inspection procedure—for example
• Measuring device for the inspection of cation is necessary between the PC and when a certain distance or angle has been
axis movements (KGM, VM or angle the CNC. Machines with any type of moved from the starting position.
encoder) control can be inspected. The ACCOM
• EIB 74x External Interface Box evaluation software simply needs to be Measuring points are also recorded
• PC with ACCOM evaluation software used to program the same traverse automatically whenever predefined
motions on the CNC and on the PC. conditions have been fulfilled (position
The measuring devices for inspection of window, speed window).
linear axes—KGM 181, KGM 182, KGM 281 ACCOM offers the possibilities of importing
or KGM 282 grid encoder and the VM 182 NC programs as well as exporting the test The measured data is processed by
comparator system—measure the actual NC programs created with ACCOM. This ACCOM, and then displayed in a clearly
path of traverse without contact and highly reduces programming efforts, since, for understandable manner. The data can also
dynamically. Both measuring devices permit example, freeform contours can simply and be loaded by other programs (e.g. Matlab,
highly accurate, real 2-D measurement. quickly be loaded from existing NC programs. Origin, Excel, etc.), since they are saved
HEIDENHAIN plain-language programs can in ASCII format.
Angle encoders are used to measure easily be exchanged directly between a
rotary axes. They are attached to the rotary TNC control from HEIDENHAIN and the PC.
table or tilting axis, and are connected DIN/ISO programs in simplified G-code
to the stationary machine element via a format can also be imported by ACCOM.
measuring bridge.
CNC
NC program
Test program
PC
ACCOM
Test program
5
Measurement procedure
ACCOM evaluation software
The measurement methods for inspection according to the DIN ISO 230-2, ISO 230-3,
and acceptance testing of machine tools DIN ISO 230-4 and ISO 10791-6 (K2 and
are governed by national and international K3) standards, as well as the VDI/DGQ
standards and directives. The ACCOM directive 3441. The ACCOM evaluation
evaluation software for PCs from HEIDEN- software runs on all PCs with Windows
HAIN is an easy-to-use program for Vista (32-bit), 7, 8 and 10 (32/64-bit).
measured value acquisition and evaluation
Dynamic measurements
Circular interpolation test
In the circular interpolation test, the CNC
control performs a circular interpolation in
the working plane.
The line graph shows a magnified view of the reversal peaks at 90°
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Free-form test
In the free-form test, the CNC moves the
machine axes in a plane on any programmed
path. The KGM is used to measure the
path actually traversed. ACCOM displays
the errors in various views. The dynamic
behavior of the machine can be evaluated
at corners and transitions in the contour.
Free-form paths as per ISO 10791—K2
feed rates and K3 interpolation of two
axes—can be inspected.
7
Measurement procedure
Static measurements
Small traverse paths up to 230 mm can be Measurement of the static positioning accuracy as per DIN ISO 230-2 and
measured with KGM 181, KGM 182, the guideway error in transverse direction with the VM 182
KGM 281 or KGM 282 grid encoders, larger
traverse paths up to 1520 mm can be
measured with the VM 182 comparator
system.
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Measuring devices for inspection of linear axes
KGM 181, KGM 182, KGM 281, KGM 282 – grid encoders
The KGM grid encoders consist of a grid KGM 181 KGM 182 KGM 281 KGM 282
plate with a waffle-type graduation, which
is embedded in a mounting base, and a Measuring standard Two-coordinate TITANID phase grating
scanning head. During measurement, the Coefficient of linear expansion –6 –1
therm 8 x 10 K
scanning head moves over the grid plate
without making mechanical contact. The Accuracy grade ±2 µm ±1 µm
KGM encoders capture any motions in a
plane and separately transmit the values Measuring range 140 mm 230 mm 140 mm 230 mm
measured for the two axes.
Incremental signals 1 VPP
Area of application
The KGM encoders dynamically test the Signal period 4 µm in measuring directions I and II
contouring accuracy of controlled machine
tools. For example, they make circular Measuring step 0.001 µm (with EIB 74x)
interpolation tests possible with radii
ranging from 115 mm down to 0.1 mm at Voltage supply 5 V ±0.25 V/< 100 mA (per axis)
feed rates up to 80 m/min. Especially at
very small radii, the errors resulting from Mount for scanning head 20h7
the machine’s geometry no longer have an
influence on the measurement results. Traversing speed 80 m/min 72 m/min
The contact-free scanning also permits Mass Grid plate 4.0 kg 3.1 kg 2.3 kg 4.9 kg
free-form tests over any contours in two Scanning head 0.6 kg 0.6 kg 0.6 kg 0.6 kg
axes.
Measuring setup
For setup, the mounting base is fixed onto
the workpiece-holding element (such as
the machining table) and aligned to the
axes. The scanning head is mounted on the
tool-holding element (for example, the
spindle of a machining center) so that it
cannot rotate and is also approximately
aligned to the axes.
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KGM 181 KGM 182 KGM 281 KGM 282
L 204 304 204 304
B 180 280 180 280
D1 228 328 228 328
D2 160 260 160 262
I, II = Directions of measurement
F = Machine guideway
* = Max. change during operation
1 = Hose connection nipple for vacuum connection (for fastening on plane surfaces/stone plates)
2 = Adjusted during mounting
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Measuring devices for inspection of linear axes
VM 182 – comparator system
Items supplied:
• VM 182 Linear scale Scanning head Grid
with auxiliary
Accessories: carriage
• Bracket for attaching the scanning head
to the machine spindle
• EIB 74x External Interface Box
• ACCOM evaluation software
• Two adapter cables between VM and
EIB 74x
Reference mark
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F = Machine guideway
R = Reference mark position
S = Beginning of measuring length (ML)
13
Measurement of rotary axes
General information
Areas of application
14
Angle encoders for the measurement of rotary axes
Due to their accuracy and mechanical RON 886 and RPN 886 encoders have an
versions, the angle encoders listed here integrated stator coupling. The shaft to be
are especially suited for the measurement measured is directly connected with the
of rotary axes. They have integral bearings, hollow through shaft.
but are coupled to the shaft differently:
The RON 905 also has an integrated stator
The shaft of the ROD 880 is connected via coupling. The shaft to be measured is
a separate shaft coupling to the shaft to be directly connected with the blind hollow
measured. Suitable shaft couplings, such shaft.
as a K01 diaphragm coupling or K16 and K17
flat couplings are described in the Angle
Encoders with Integral Bearing brochure.
15
Accessories
EIB series – External Interface Box
Remark:
The features can be enhanced by updating the firmware.
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Adapter cable
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Application examples
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2-D measurement with KGM 181 in the XZ plane
DR. JOHANNES HEIDENHAIN GmbH
Dr.-Johannes-Heidenhain-Straße 5
83301 Traunreut, Germany
{ +49 8669 31-0
| +49 8669 32-5061
E-mail: info@heidenhain.de
Vollständige und weitere Adressen siehe www.heidenhain.de
www.heidenhain.de For complete and further addresses see www.heidenhain.de
208871-29 · 5 · 05/2018 · H · Printed in Germany