Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology

Department of Electronics Engineering

Design with Linear Integrated Circuits

(Odd Semester 2020-21)

Experiment No. 2

To Study Triangular Wave Generator

Using OP-AMP

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
10 | P a g e
 Experiment No. 2
1. Aim: To Study Triangular wave generator using OP-AMP.

2. What you will learn by performing this experiment?

 To analyze the triangular wave generator circuit.

 Learn how any shape of wave can be converted into triangular wave.
 How to simulate OP-AMP circuit using PSpice.

3. Apparatus:

Table 1: List of apparatus and components required.

Equipment Details
Sr. No. Equipment Specification Quantity
1. Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, Dual DC 1
2. Cathode Ray Oscillator 30MHz, dual trace CRO 1
Component Details

Sr. No. Component Specification Quantity

1. Operational Amplifier OPAMP IC 741 1
10 kΩ 2
2. Resistors
56kΩ 1
3. Capacitor 0.05µF 1
4. Connecting wire 23mm hook-up wire 1set

5. Bread-Board 1

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
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4. Theory:
A triangular can be simply obtained by integrating a square wave. The frequency of
the square wave and triangular wave is same. All though the amplitude of the square
wave is constant at Vsat the amplitude of the triangular wave will decrease as the
frequency increases. It basically consists of two level comparator followed by an
integrator. The output of the comparator A1 is a square wave of amplitude Vsat and is
applied to negative input terminal of the integrator A2 producing the triangular wave, this
triangular wave is feedback as an input to the comparator A1 through the voltage divider
R2 and R3.
5. Circuit Diagram-

Fig. 1: Triangular wave generator.

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
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 Fig. 2: Output wave forms.

2. Calculation:

R3
Vramp   VSat , where Vramp=output ramp voltage
R2

R2
f  , where f is the frequency of the output signal
4 R3 RC
3. Procedure:
a) Mount the circuit on breadboard as per the circuit diagram.
b) Calculate the theoretical value of Vramp & -Vramp from given formulae.
c) Observe the square waveform & triangular waveform at Vo1 & Vo2
respectively.
d) Measure the time period of the square waveform and triangular waveform..
e) Observe the Vsat & -Vsat of the output square waveform..
f) Observe the Vramp & -Vramp of the output triangular waveform..
g) Compare the theoretical value of +Vramp & -Vramp with practical values.

4. Observation Table:

Output Voltage of Square Wave and Triangular Wave output ( Reading on CRO)

Table 2: Observation table to measure voltage of output waveform.

Wave form No. of VO = (No. of Divisions) ×
Output volt/div
Cycle Divisions (volt/div)

Positive 2.9 5 +Vsat= 14.5 V

Square Wave
Negative 2.6 5 -Vsat=13 V

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
13 | P a g e
 Positive 0.5 5 Vramp =2.5 V
Triangular Wave
Negative 0.8 5 -Vramp= - 4.0V

Time period and frequency of Square Wave and Triangular Wave output (Reading on
CRO)
Table 3: Observation table to measure frequency output waveform.
TO = (No. of Div.)
Output No. of Divisions time/div Freq.=1/TO
×(time/div)

Square 0.1
3.9 div 0.39 ms 2.56 kHz
Wave ms/div

Triangular 0.1
3.9 div 0.39 ms 2.56 kHz
Wave ms/div

Table 4: Observation table to measure voltage and frequency output waveform.

Square Wave output Triangular Wave output
Sr.No. Output wave parameter
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

1 Time period (ms) 0.36ms 0.39 ms 0.36ms 0.39 ms

2 Frequency(kHz) 2.8kHz 2.56 kHz 2.58kHz 2.56 kHz

3 +ve amplitude(V) +Vsat= 13 14.5 Vramp= 2.58 2.5

4 -ve amplitude(V) -Vsat= -13 13 -Vramp= 2.3 4.0

5. Plots / Graphs
Draw the output square waveform and triangular waveform with proper scale on graph
paper. Mark the values of Vramp & -Vramp.

6. Result: (It should be specific)

Mounted the triangular wave generator circuit on bread-board. Observed the output
waveform of comparator circuit and integrator circuit. Compared the output triangular
waveform parameters value with the designed or theoretical value.

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
14 | P a g e
 Fig. 3: Output of triangular wave generator observed on CRO.
7. Conclusion:
The triangular wave generator using operational amplifier (OP-AMP) was studied. The
voltage and frequency of waveform is verified practically.

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
15 | P a g e
 Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
Department of Electronics Engineering

Design with Linear Integrated Circuits

(Odd Semester 2020-21)

Experiment No. 1

To Measure Parameters of

Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP)

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
1|P a ge
 Experiment No. 1
1. Aim: To measure different parameters of operational amplifier (OP-AMP).
 Input offset and bias current,
 Offset voltage,
 Offset voltage adjustment,
 Slew rate,
 Power bandwidth.

2. What you will learn by performing this experiment?

 To learn the different parameters of operational amplifier (OP-AMP).

 To measure the different parameters of operational amplifier (OP-AMP).
 To simulate OP-AMP circuits using PSpice software.

3. Apparatus:
Table 1: List of apparatus and components required.

Equipment Details
Sr. No. Equipment Specification Quantity
1. Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, Dual DC 1
2. Cathode Ray Oscillator 30MHz, dual trace CRO 1
0-2 MHz,0-20V (Sine,
3. Function Generator 1
Triangular, Square wave form )
4. Digital Multimeter 1
5. Desk top Multimeter. 1
Component Details
Sr. No. Component Specification Quantity
1. Operational Amplifier OPAMP IC 741 1
2. Resistors 100Ω ,1kΩ,100 kΩ Each 2
3. Potentiometer 10 kΩ,22mm 1

4. Connecting wire 23mm hook-up wire 1set

5. Bread-Board 1

4. Theory:
The semiconductor device used to perform the mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, differentiation and integration, is called an
operational amplifier (OP-AMP). The OP-AMP is a multi-stage, direct coupled, high
gain negative feedback amplifier consists of differential amplifiers, level translator

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
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 and an output stage. It is available in integrated circuits (IC). In an OP-AMP a
negative feedback is used to get required voltage gain.

i. Input Offset Voltage (VIO)

Small voltage needed to be applied between INV and NI terminals to get zero
output voltage. Ideally it should be 0 V (CM operation). Output Offset Voltage

ii. Input bias current of OPAMP (IB)

Input bias current is defined as average of currents entering the input terminals
of an OP AMP. Typically, these currents are of the order of nano amperes. Let
IB1 and IB2 be the currents entering the input terminals of an OP-AMP the
input bias current is given by

I B1  I B 2 
IB 
2

iii. Inputs offset currents of OPAMP (IIO)

Offset current is defined as difference of bias currents entering the input

terminals of an OP AMP. Typically, these currents are of the order of nano
amperes. Let IB1 and IB2 be the currents entering the input terminals of an OP-
AMP the input bias current is given by

I F  I B1  I B 2 

iv. Output offset voltage of OPAMP

Output offset voltage is defined as OP-AMP output voltage when both the
input terminal voltages of the OP-AMP are grounded. Universal balancing
techniques with potentiometers are often used to balance offset voltages.

v. Slew rate of OPAMP (S.R.)

It is the maximum rate at which output can change in an OP-AMP. It is one of

the major limitations in an OP-AMP. It is expressed in volt/µsecond. The
output gets distorted if the rate at which output changes exceeds slew rate.

dV
S
dt

5. Diagrams for Operational Amplifier:

Following diagrams can be used to understand working of OP-AMP.

i) IC 741 pin diagram (Fig.1),

ii) OP-AMP Symbol (Fig.2),
iii) Basic Block Diagram of OP-AMP (Fig.3),
iv) Functional Block diagram of OP-AMP (Fig.4).

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
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 Fig. 1: Pin Diagram of OP-AMP . Fig. 2: Symbolic Representation of OP-AMP .

Fig. 3: Basic Block Diagram of OP-AMP.

Fig. 4: Functional Block diagram of OP-AMP.

Characteristics of Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP)

Table 2: Characteristics of OP-AMP.
Sr.No. Characteristics of OPAMP Ideal Practical

1 Input resistance (Ri) ∞ (Infinity) 2MΩ

2 Output resistance (RO) 0 75Ω

3 Voltage gain(AV) ∞ 2x105

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
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 4 Unity Gain Bandwidth (B.W.) ∞ 1MHz

5 Common Mode Rejection Ratio(CMRR) ∞ 90 - 120 dB

6 Slew rate (S.R) ∞ 0.5V/μS

7 Input offset voltage (VIO) 0 6mV

8 Output offset voltage (VOS) 0 2 mV

9 Output voltage swing (VP-P) ±VCC ± VSAT

10 Input bias current (IB) 0 500nA

11 Input offset current (IIO) 0 200 nA

12 Frequency range ∞ 0Hz -1MHz

6. Circuit Diagram:

i) Input bias current and input Offset Current of op amp

VCC

100K
A

IB1
741 VO

IB2 B
100K

VEE

Fig. 5: Input bias current and input offset current.

Procedure

 Input bias current

a) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.5.
b) Measure the voltage at point A & point B.
c) Note down readings in observation table.
d) Calculate input current IB1 and IB2.
e) Calculate input bias current and input offset current.

 Output offset voltage:

a) Measure output voltage Vo.
b) Find out input offset voltage from given formula.

Observation Table:

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
5|P a ge
 Table 3: Observation and calculation of input bias and input offset current of OP-AMP.
Voltage Input Bias Input Offset
Voltage at
at point IB1 (nA) IB2 (nA) Current (IB) current (IF)
point B
A (nA) (nA)
(VA) mV (VB) mV (VA) / R1 (VB) / R2 IB=(IB1+IB2) / 2 IB1-IB2

-50 -3.3 500 nA 33 nA 266.5 467

ii) Output offset Voltage

Circuit diagram:

Fig.6: Output offset voltage measurement.

Observation Table

Table 4: Observation and calculation of input offset voltage of op-amp

Resistance Voltage Gain Output Input Offset Voltage

Sr. Voltage
No.
R1 Rf AV =1+( Rf /R1 ) VO (V) VIO = (VO/ AV) in (mV)

1 100Ω 100kΩ 1001 1.13 1.1 mv

iii) Circuit diagram for Offset Null Adjustment.

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
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 100K

VCC

100Ω
A

IB1
741 VO

IB2 B
100Ω

VEE

100K

Fig. 7: Offset null measurement

Procedure:
To Null the offset voltage
a) Connect the circuit on bread-board as shown in Fig.7
b) Connect the potentiometer between pin 1 & 5 of IC 741.
c) Adjust the potentiometer till output voltage (VO) becomes zero.

Observation:
As per the above given procedure potentiometer (12kΩ) is adjusted to get the
output voltage to be 0V.
Resistance between pin no. 1 and 4 is 3.16 kΩ and pin 4 and 5 is 9.2kΩ
iv) Circuit Diagram for Slew rate and Power Bandwidth

Fig. 8: Slew rate and power bandwidth measurement.

Procedure:
a) Connect the circuit on bread-board as shown in Fig.8.
b) Apply the square wave input of frequency 10 kHz and peak-to-peak amplitude
(Vp-p ) of 10 V to inverting terminal of IC 741.
c) Observe the input and output waveform.
d) Measure change in output voltage (V) & change in time (T) for output
waveform.
e) Note down readings in observation table.
f) Calculate slew rate using given formula.
g) Plot input and output waveforms on graph paper with proper scale.

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
7|P a ge
 Power bandwidth:
a) Apply the square wave input of 10V peak-to-peak amplitude (Vp-p) to
inverting terminal of IC 741.
b) Observe the output waveform which is square wave.
c) Increase input frequency until the square output becomes triangular &
amplitude starts decreasing.
d) Note down the frequency at which the amplitude of output voltage starts
decreasing is higher cut off frequency (fH)
e) For IC 741, lower cut off frequency (fL) =0 .
f) Calculate power bandwidth = fH - fL = fH

Calculation:
For Slew rate
Output Voltage: Reading from CRO for change in Output Voltage
Table 5: Calculation for slew rate.
Sr.No. No. of Divisions volt/div VO = (No. of Divisions) X (volt/div)

1 2 5V/div 10V

Time period and frequency: Reading from CRO for change in time and power
bandwidth,
Table 6: Calculation for power bandwidth.

Sr.No. No.of Divisions time/div TO = (No.of Divisions) X (time/div)

1 0.9 20 S TO = 0.9X 20S = 0.556 S

Slew rate

Change in output voltage: (V) in (V) =10 V

Change in time (T) in ( S) = 18s

V 10V
S.R. = V/s = =0.556 V/s
T 18s

Power Bandwidth
fH= Input frequency at which square output becomes triangular & amplitude starts
decreasing = 23.56 kHz (reading from function Generator or CRO)
fL= Lower cut off frequency = 0 Hz for IC 741
B.W. = (fH- fL) = fH- 0 = fH =23.56 kHz ((reading from function Generator or CRO)

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
8|P a ge
 Observation Table:
Table 7: Practical values for different parameters of OP-AMP.
Input Applied is frequency of 10kHz and amplitude of 10V P-P
Sr. No. Change in output Change in
Slew rate Power Bandwidth
voltage time

(V) in (V) (T) in ( S) S.R.in V/S B.W. = (fH- fL) kHz

1 10V 18S 0.556 V/S 23.56Hz

7. Plots / Graphs:
Draw the graph for Slew rate, i.e. Change in output voltage vs. change in time.

8. Result and Discussion: (It should be specific)

9.
Table 8: Comparative results.
Sr.No. Characteristics of OP-AMP Ideal IC 741 Practical

1 Input bias current (IB) 0 200nA 266.5

2 Input offset current (IIS) 0 500 nA 467

3 Input offset voltage (VIO) 0 6mV 1.1mV

0.556
4 Slew rate (S.R.) ∞ 0.5V/μS
V/μS

5 Power bandwidth ∞ 23.56 Hz

10. Conclusion:
The different parameters of operational amplifier (OP-AMP) were studied. There
practical values were calculated and verified with the ideal values.

Name: Shubham Yelekar Roll No:15EE1075

Class: TE Division: C Batch: C4
9|P a ge