1-From Barcelona 2008 PDF:

What is LTE?

A plan first conceived in 2004

Standardization based on clearly defined

performance targets

Standardization based on clearly defined

economic targets

Standardization based on improved use of the

radio spectrum

Standardization based on simplified system

design
LTE: 3G or 4G?
LTE specifications have already been
submitted to the ITU

�They are already incorporated in the draft

update of the IMT 2000 family (to be approved
by ITU later in 2008)

�They will formally become part of the 3G

family (though some might say LTE is really
3,9G)

The ITU will soon start the IMT Advanced

process

�An ITU Circular Letter is expected to be

received soon inviting proposals for inclusion
within the IMT Advanced (aka 4G) family

�A submission based on LTE is highly likely to

be made (for example “LTE advanced”)

But who cares?

�Users have no interest in whether they have a

2G, 3G or 4G device

�They only care about what the device can do,

and how much it will cost (not necessarily in
that order!)
2-important session PDF:

Motivation for LTE

• Need for higher data rates and
greater spectral efficiency
– Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA
– and/or new air interface defined by
3GPP LTE
• Need for Packet Switched
optimized system
– Evolve UMTS towards packet only
system
• Need for high quality of services
– Use of licensed frequencies to
guarantee quality of services
– Always‐on experience (reduce control
plane latency significantly)
– Reduce round trip delay(TIME FOR
SIGNAL TO BE SENT +ACK)
• Need for cheaper infrastructure
Simplified architecture to reduce number
of network elements
3-lte spectrum analysis white
paper PDF:

Abstract
LTE promises to deliver an unrivalled user
experience with ultra fast broadband, very low
latency, services while also delivering a very
compelling business proposition for operators with
flexible spectrum bandwidth, smooth migration
and the ability to deliver low cost per bit voice and
data services. With LTE’s ability to interconnect
with other access technologies, operators will be
able to converge their LTE and fixed line
broadband networks giving them the ability to
provide subscribers with a seamless experience.

. that provides for a downlink speed of up to 150 megabits

per second (Mbps) and an uplink speed of up to 50
Mbps.
LTE is a way
for cellular communications to operate at that high data
rate.

The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) represents a major

advance in cellular technology. LTE is designed to meet
carrier needs for high-speed data and media transport as
well as high-capacity voice support
• LTE will enable much higher speeds to be achieved
along with lower packet latency( a growing
requirement for many services these days).

Unrivalled=non- preceded (‫)غي مسبوق‬

‫ل نظي له‬

Encompasses
‫ييط‬

Caveats

‫التحذير‬

Backhaul (telecommunications)
In a hierarchical telecommunications network the backhaul portion of the network
comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone, of the
network and the small subnetworks at the "edge" of the entire hierarchical network.
For example, while cell phones communicating with a single cell tower constitute a
local subnetwork, the connection between the cell tower and the rest of the world
begins with a backhaul link to the core of the telephone company's network (via a
point of presence).

Visualizing the entire hierarchical network as a human skeleton, the core network
would be the spine, the backhaul links would be the limbs, the edge networks would
be the hands and feet, and the individual links within those edge networks would be
the fingers and toes.
Other examples include:

• Connecting wireless base stations to the corresponding base station

controllers.
• Connecting DSLAMs to the nearest ATM or Ethernet aggregation node.
• Connecting a large company's site to a metro Ethernet network.
• Connecting a submarine communications cable system landing point (which is
usually in a remote location) with the main terrestrial telecommunications
network of the country that the cable serves.

The choice of backhaul technology must take account of such parameters as capacity,
cost, reach, and the need for such resources as frequency spectrum, optical fiber,
wiring, or rights of way. Backhaul technologies include:

• FSO Free space optics

• Point-to-point microwave radio relay transmission (terrestrial or, in some
cases, by satellite)
• Point-to-multipoint microwave access technologies, such as LMDS, Wi-Fi,
WiMAX, etc., can also be used for backhauling purposes
• DSL variants, such as ADSL and SHDSL
• PDH and SDH/SONET interfaces, such as (fractional) E1/T1, E3, T3, STM-
1/OC-3, etc.
• Ethernet

Backhaul capacity can also be leased from another network operator, in which case
the choice of technology is generally made by this other network operator.

Operator via O&M (operation and maintenance

center )
 HSCSD

GPR EDG
GSM UMTS
S E

Evolution path in Egypt.

other evolution paths.

Abbreviations: