INSTRUTION MANUAL

HB019 ORIFICE AND JET FLOW

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED

508 SOI 22/1 SOMDET PHRACHAO TAKSIN RD.
BUKKALO THONBURI BANGKOK 10600, THAILAND
TEL. +66 (0) 24760034 FAX +66 (0) 24761500
E-mail: essom@essom.com
www.essom.com

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 CONTENTS
Page
Receipt of goods A
1. General description 1-1
2. Theory 2-1
3. Test procedures 3-1
4. Typical data 4-1
5. Sample calculations 5-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying
or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission from ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED.

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 RECEIPT OF GOODS

1. On Receipt of Goods
a) On receipt of the goods at the consignee’s premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected for any damages
or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping documents. Any damage should be
reported immediately to the insurance agent.
b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or missing items
should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.
c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss of
parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms and
Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.
d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any
correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed photographs for
evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.
e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by the insurance company that the claim has
been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are damaged or missing while under custody’s
for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is therefore vital.
2. Manufacturers Liability
a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would like to
alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with regard to the
liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment causing
harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of failure or
damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the
instruction manual published by the manufacturers or suppliers.
c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in the
instruction manual are observed.

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 INSTRUCTION MANUAL
HB019 ORIFICE AND JET FLOW

Scale

Y0- reference

Acrylic tank
Trajectory Probe

Probe Scale

Adjustable overflow pipe

Orifice

Figure 1-1 Front view of HB019 Orifice and Jet Flow

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This equipment allows determination of coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge under various
constant heads for two different orifice diameters. Comparison of jet trajectory with that by theory of mechanics can
also be made. The equipment is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied)
The equipment consists of a removable clear acrylic cylinder with a chrome plated brass sharp edge orifice
installed at and flush with the lower inside wall of the cylinder. An adjustable overflow allows various constant
heads for the test and trajectory of the jet is indicated by probes on the jet path. Height of the probes are indicated
by scales. The apparatus rests on adjustable footings and a level gauge is provided. The apparatus has a hose with a
quick male coupling for connection to the Hydraulics Bench.
1.1 Technical Data
1.1.1 Orifice diameter : 4 mm and 8 mm or 3 mm and 6 mm
1.1.2 Trajectory probe : 8, stainless steel.
1.1.3 Maximum constant head : 420 mm
1.1.4 Cylinder diameter : 150 mm
1.1.5 Measuring cup : 1l
1.2 Optional : HB 019-001 Bottom discharge with a traverse mechanism 0.01 mm division and a wire for
measurement of jet diameter, a pitot tube to measure jet velocity, and three orifices.

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2. THEORY
2.1 The Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
As the water level in the tank is above the orifice with a height of H, the velocity of water discharged
through the orifice can be found from Bernoulli’s equation applied between point (1) at the water surface in the tank
and point (2) in the jet flowing out of the tank this velocity is V = 2gH . This velocity consists of two components
a horizontal and vertical component as air resistance is negligible velocity V can be considered as a constant.
At the same time the jet path is dropping due to the forces of gravity starting from 0 velocity at the orifice.
If: u = gt , the vertical falling velocity of the jet. m/s
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
t = Time interval, s
Then vertical dropping distance Y from the starting point is:
1
Y = gt 2 ……………………….. (2-1)
2
When the lower end of the needle is at the same level as the center of the orifice then Y=0. The mark where
Y = 0 is made on the panel behind the needle near the top end of the first needle.

Y0-reference

Optional
H

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10

Y1
Y2 Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Jet trajectory
Y10

Figure 2-1 Trajectory of the jet from constant head tank

For this experiment, we assume that the jet path touches the probes at point 1, 2, 3,.................8 or 10 (optional)
respectively.
Horizontal distance from 0 –1 = X1
0 –2 = X2
etc.
Vertical distance from
0 – 1 = Y1
0 – 2 = Y2
etc.

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From equation (2-1),
1 2
Y = gt
2
2Y
Then t = ………………………. (2-2)
g
2Y1
t1 =
g
2Y2
t2 = etc.
g

Similarly the horizontal travelling distance of the jet is:

X1 = V ⋅ t 1
X 2 = V ⋅ t 2 etc.
X1 X1
V= =
t1 2Y1
g

Vertical distance Y1, Y2 can be measured from the graph (tips of stylus 1 and 2).

The actual velocity V1,act at point (1) can be found. Similarly V2,act and V3,act
The coefficient of velocity is the ratio of actual velocity to theoretical velocity,
that is
Actual Velocity
Cv =
Theoretical Velocity
X/t
=
2gH
X
=
t 2gH
Substitute t from equation (2-2) in the above equation.
Then
X
Cv =
2Y
× 2gH
g

1 X
= ……….……………… (2-3)
2 YH
1 X1
C v,1 = ×
2 Y1H
1 X2
C v,2 = × ect.
2 Y2 H
Various values of C V of each orifice can be found by the varying water level in the tank.

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2.2 The Coefficient of Discharge, Cd
The volume of water in experiment of item 2.1 is directly measured by the measuring tank or the
measuring cup. Therefore, actual flow rate can be determined by dividing the volume of water with a
measured unit of time recorded on a stop watch.
Theoretical flow rate:
Q th = AVth ……………………….. (2-4)

Where: Vth ≡ Theoretical velocity, m/s; (Vth = 2gH )

2
A ≡ Cross sectional area, m ; (A = π d 2 /4)
d ≡ Diameter of orifice, m (d=4mm. or 8mm.)

Actual flow rate Qact can be measured in the experiment:

Measuring volume
Q act = ……………………….. (2-5)
Measuring time
Thus the coefficient of discharge will be:
Q act Q act
Cd = =
Q th AVth
Q act
= ……………………….. (2-6)
π d2
2gH
4
From the experiment, we can see that Qact is lower than Qth. This is because of the contraction of the
diameter of the jet after passing through the orifice. This is known as vena contracta which will be found at a
distance of one half d outwards. Another reason is that there is some energy loss due to the viscosity of the
water when flowing.
By varying the water level in the tank or changing the orifice size various values Cd can be found.

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3. TEST PROCEDURES

Scale

Y0- reference

Acrylic tank
Trajectory Probe

Probe Scale

Adjustable overflow pipe

Orifice
Figure 3-1 Front view of HB019 Orifice and Jet Flow
3.1 Place the apparatus on the Bench and adjust for leveling.
3.2 Connect the Bench outlet to the apparatus inlet.
3.3 Adjust the overflow pipe to obtain a required level in the tank
3.4 Open the water supply valve to obtain a steady flow with minimum overflow.
3.5 Wait until the water level in the tank and jet profile is stable before adjusting the tips of the probes to be in line
with the center of the jet.
3.6 Record the tip of the probe profile (upper tips.) from scales.
3.7 Record the volume of flow using a stop watch and the bench measuring tank or measuring cup.

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 DATA SHEET
HB 019 ORIFICE AND JET FLOW
Tested by…………………..……Date………….….
Diameter of orifice = ………….mm

Experiment No.
1 2 3 4 5
Water level H , mm 410 390 370 350 200
Volume, l 2 2 2 2 2
Time, s
3
Flow rate , m /s
Y from scale
X1 = 50, Y1
X2 = 100, Y2
X3 = 150, Y3
X4 = 200, Y4
X5 = 250, Y5
X6 = 300, Y6
X7 = 350, Y7
X8 = 400, Y8
X9 = 450, Y9
X10 = 500, Y10
Coefficient of velocity, Cv
Cv,1
Cv,2
Cv,3
Cv,4
Cv,5
Cv,6
Cv,7
Cv,8
Cv,9
Cv,10
Coefficient of discharge
Cd

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4. TYPICAL DATA
DATA SHEET
HB 019 ORIFICE AND JET FLOW
Tested by………S.San..……Date……17/07/95….
Diameter of orifice = …8…mm

Experiment No.
1 2 3 4 5
Water level H , mm 410 390 370 350 200
Volume, l 2 2 2 2 2
Time, s 21.26 21.79 22.51 23.19 31.21
3
Flow rate , m /s 9.41 9.17 8.88 8.62 6.40
Y from scale
X1 = 50, Y1 0 0 0 0 2
X2 = 100, Y2 6 6 6 7 10
X3 = 150, Y3 14 15 16 18 34
X4 = 200, Y4 27 29 30 33 59
X5 = 250, Y5 43 47 48 52 90
X6 = 300, Y6 61 65 68 73 128
X7 = 350, Y7 83 89 92 100 174
X8 = 400, Y8 108 115 119 129 225
X9 = 450, Y9
X10 = 500, Y10
Coefficient of velocity, Cv
Cv,1 - - - - 1.25
Cv,2 1.008 1.03 1.06 1.01 1.11
Cv,3 0.99 0.98 0.974 0.945 0.909
Cv,4 0.95 0.94 0.949 0.93 0.92
Cv,5 0.94 0.923 0.937 0.926 0.931
Cv,6 0.948 0.942 0.945 0.938 0.937
Cv,7 0.948 0.939 0.948 0.801 0.804
Cv,8 0.95 0.944 0.953 0.941 0.943
Cv,9
Cv,10
Coefficient of discharge
Cd 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.654 0.642

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 Distance Y from orifice, mm

4-2
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5. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Test runs were conducted by a team of engineers and technicians at ESSOM factory prior to shipment to
customer. Typical test data were shown below.
From Experiment No.1 of data sheet:
Diameter of the orifice choose d = 8 mm
Water level in the tank H = 410 mm
Measuring volume v = 2 l
Measuring time t = 21.26 s
Then the actual flow rate will be:

Measuring Volume
Q act =
Measuring Time
2 l 1 m3
= ×
21.26 s 1,000 l
m3
= 9.41× 10 −5
s
5.1 Coefficient of Velocity
1 X
from equation 2-3 Cv =
2 YH

X5 = 250 mm 1 0.25 m
For give : C v,5 = × = 0.94
Y5 = 43 mm 2 0.043 m × 0.41 m

5.2 The Coefficient of Discharge for an 8 mm. in Diameter Orifice

from equation 2-6

Q act Q act
Cd = =
2
Q th πd
2gH
4
9.41× 10 −5 m 3 /s
=
π〈0.008m〉 2 m
2 × 9.81 2 × 0.41 m
4 s
= 0.66

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