Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Consequences and Containment Measures for

Gender-Based Violence against Women during the
COVID-19 Pandemic: Integrative Review
Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel1,2,3*, María de los Ángeles Estrella-González1, Pedro Carlos Martínez-Suarez2,4,6, Lilia
Azucena Romero-Sacoto1,3,6,Fanny Mercedes González-León1,3,6, Gloria Luzmila Pogyo-Morocho1,3,6,Gloria
AlexandraLatacela1,6,Marcia Veronica Pogyo-Morocho3, Pedro Fernando Faicán-Rocano5, Martin Adrián Contreras-Sanango1.
1
Nursing degree from the Catholic University of Cuenca, Azogues, Ecuador.
2
Psychometrics Laboratory of the Center for Research, Innovation and Transfer of
Technology from the Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador. 3Maestría en Gestión del Cuidadode Posgrados de la
UniversidadCatólica de Cuenca, Ecuador.
4
Faculty of Psychology of the Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador.
5
Faculty of Medicine of the Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador
6
PEPLAU Research Group, Ecuador

Abstract:- The main objective was to examine the
scientific literature on the consequences and
containment measures of gender-based violence against
women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The violence is
considered as the force to obtain an end, especially to
dominate somebody or to impose something, the illness
by Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), has brought a
without number of problems as consequence of this one
was produced a social isolation that manifests of relevant
way, worrisome indicators on the domestic, familiar,
psychological violence, During this pandemic they are
distressed as their homes become a place of fear and
abuse due to forced cohabitation, economic stress and
fears about the virus, in many cases the explosion of
children in partner violence can generate post-traumatic
stress disorder and other serious emotional and health
problems.
Keywords:- Domestic Violence, COVID-19, Gender-Based
Violence.
I. INTRODUCTION
This research addresses the issue of violence against
the COVID-19 being this research of an important nature for
society, we will start by explaining what violence consists
of, characterizing it as the use of force to achieve an end,
especially to control someone or impose something on
them", clarifying that this is a constant in the lives of all
people around the world, and that it affects us all in one way
or another.
Continuing with the theme already expressed in this
section, we will make known what the Covid-19 consists of,
pointing out that these are a wide family of viruses, some of
which have the capacity to be transmitted from animals to
people. They produce clinical pictures that range from the
common cold to more serious diseases, such as the
coronavirus that caused the severe acute respiratory
syndrome, these viruses are surrounded by non-segmented
positive sense RNA. Both the new virus and the disease
were unknown before the outbreak in Wuhan (China) in
December 2019.
Ending this section, we refer to the violence against
covid-19 characterized as Risk, emergencies and disaster
due to isolation have generated an increase in interpersonal
violence, including violence against women. Following the
declaration of a state of alarm and confinement, new
measures have been put in place to mitigate the potential
impact of gender-based violence (1).
The isolation characterized by people as confinement
worsens the situation in which several families have
generated violence, not only in women but also in children
and adolescents causing physical, psychological and
cognitive damage.
The COVID-19 pandemic is causing untold human
suffering and economic devastation around the world. The
fight against gender-based violence has been going on long
before the pandemic but now with this global health crisis
and emergency the number of people suffering from
domestic violence has increased, The isolation is causing
people to generate an aggressive behavior causing sexual,
psychological and domestic violence, the most common
within the scope of isolation from the Covid-19, as a result
there have been several cases of depression, anxiety and
stress in the individual, the victims become submissive to
the abuse of the aggressor causing that there is no call to the
authorities.
The questions posed for this research were the
following: What are the measures of containment of gender
violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, what type of
violence is most frequent in front of the Covi-19, does
domestic violence perceive a sexual, physical and
psychological abuse between people who live together, is

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Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
the Covid 19 a very relevant issue in the current situation
around the world, how does gender violence affect people in
times of isolation?
On the other hand, to justify this research, it was done
because it is a very important issue trying to understand
what this issue is worldwide, covering violence as a
consequence of this pandemic, which some vulnerable
groups are being victims of it. Covid -19 is a global public
health emergency and it is characterized as an outbreak that
emerged on December 31st, 2019 in Wuhan, China causing
a shock among the medical community and the rest of the
world. As a consequence of this isolation, people will
generate aggressive behavior causing different types of
violence (2).
The relevance of the concept of violence in relation to
covid-19 to understand different rudeness to abuse, such as
why it occurs and which is the most relevant.
Violence
We will proceed to describe violence: As the use of
force to achieve an end, especially to dominate someone or
impose something, violence is the intentional use of physical
force, restraint against oneself or a group of people that
results in trauma, psychological disorders, developmental
problems or death, this being a constant in the lives of large
numbers of people around the world, affecting everyone.
Many people consider that to be safe they have to avoid
dangerous places. On the contrary, for others, there is no
escape, because the threat of violence is behind those doors,
hidden from the eyes of others. And for those who live in
the midst of war and conflict, violence permeates every
aspect of life (3).
The importance of knowing what violence consists of,
being a measure that must be banished in a civilized society,
continues to act among us as if it were the only means, of
which a few make their voices heard, while the majority,
which is harmed, must continue to endure.
There is no doubt that violence in the family is the
basis of much violence. We see every day how mothers and
fathers harm each other both physically and psychologically,
teaching their children to become violent people later on.
Another painful case is that in our country adolescents
are acting in a vandalic way, this is due to the formation,
lack of love that there is in their homes, the lack of
knowledge that allows them to reason that putting on a
"hood" and going out to commit criminal acts that are not
due, this harms many people who are around the aggressor.
It is clear and saddening that even in our home we can no
longer be confident and protected from any offender.
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TYPES OF VIOLENCE
Among the most outstanding violence are the
following:
1. Self-inflicted violence: This violence is more stigmatized
since in them it is the person himself who hurts himself,
something that is very difficult to understand from the point
of view of the rest of the people.
2. Collective Violence: The aggression is of a collective
nature, group or community against another collective. The
stimulus for collective violence is usually political,
economic, or ideological-religious.
3. Couple Violence: Defined as an aggression that produces
in the intimacy of a couple relationship, when one of the
members independently of its sex, tries to overlap using
force. It consists of any conduct that generates or may cause
physical, psychological or sexual harm. Characterized and
classified as physical assault, hitting and kicking, forced sex,
psychological abuse, intimidation and humiliation, and
controlling behaviors such as separating a person from
family and friends and cornering them from access to
information (4).
4. Domestic Violence: It has been defined as a type of
violence of abuse during the centuries, firstly as a right of
the husband and being this a normal act, and, as a
consequence something that "unfortunately" happened in
some homes but that was part of the private life of the
couples and where it was necessary not to intervene. This
continues to be a "hidden" problem whose real figures are
difficult to know
5. Gender Violence: Described as a type of violence that
stems from the very fact of being a woman or a man of one
gender towards the other, the most common violence is that
of men towards women. Often, violence against women and
girls occurs in the family or in the home, where it is often
tolerated.
6. Physical violence:This violence is characterized as easy
to identify and observe. It refers to causing harm to another
person's body, resulting in someone's pain and suffering.
Sometimes it can lead to death.
Physical violence is also a habit that leaves marks that
qualified medical personnel can recognize: scratches,
wounds, bruises.
7.Verbal Violence: Verbal violence consists of harming the
other person by using either a message or a speech. It can
contain insults, thus producing psychological distress.
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8.Sexual violence:Recognized through violations, it is given
by the hand of physical violence, although it is necessary to
emphasize that in it the sexual component is not a simple
complement, but that it adopts a form of violence, being this
base looking for to try to harm psychologically and
physically another person.
9.Economic violence:Characterized as a type of violence in
which the ability of one or more people to use the money
they earn is damaged. Theft and mishandling of bank
accounts fall into this category, as well as trickery to
generate investments that in the end are often scams.
Religious violence:Defined as the use of power to harm
people by manipulating them with a set of beliefs and
promises about a spiritual plane.
Cultural Violence:Considered in this violence that the
aggressions are part of the frame of reference of a culture
and are linked to the signs of cultural identity. As in the case
of the normalization of violations in armed conflicts or the
ablation of female genitals are a type of model of cultural
violence (5).
The Covid-19 (Coronavirus)
In this section we will provide valid information that
refers to the issue of Covid -19 as an important data that
started on December 31, 2019, the Wuhan Health
Commission reported on groups of people with pneumonia
that were epidemiologically linked to a market of seafood
and live animals in Wuhan, China. The etiology was
recognized as a new coronavirus, which as a premise was of
zoonotic origin. The virus was named as coronavirus of
severe acute respiratory syndrome type 2.
With the transmission of the disease in different
countries, protective measures have been proposed in
several countries, highlighting the isolation of suspected
cases and social detachment, the fundamental strategies to
reduce the exponential increase in cases of the disease and
the overload of the health service, such recommendations
are negative for economic activity at all levels since it is
affecting millions of families (6).
This is not the first case that has arisen in China (2013)
there are two other relevant cases, SARS-CoV and MERS-
CoV, which were not highly pathogenic as the original
COVID-19 that is currently considered a destroyer of people
and is affecting the whole world (7). This outbreak was
characterized by symptoms such as: fever, dry cough and
generalized weakness, accompanied by gastrointestinal
symptoms.
In Ecuador, since the first case was identified on
February 20, 2020, it has been alarming for the population
to choose to take measures that will help reduce the number
of cases of COVID-19 that are reported daily since there are
too many positive cases in Ecuador.
The World Health Organization (WHO) to combat the
pandemic, tells us that we must take into account different
measures that are: valid information through newspapers,
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television, radio, internet, etc, as it has been done so far,
taking into account the truthful information, reality and that
it is official; Follow up of the suspected and confirmed cases
that comply with the recommendations of isolation and
treatment at home; Maintain the respective home isolation
respecting this measure, which helps to reduce the level of
transmission of COVID-19 disease; and the use of mask,
gloves and keeping the distance at least one meter in relation
to other people who are close is very important to apply in
this pandemic (8).
It is important to publicize how COVID-19 infection is
behaving in Ecuador based on the information provided by
the central government, in order to generate measures that
corroborate to flatten the growing curve reported daily in the
country.
Origin: What is now being investigated is the zoonotic
origin of this virus, since there is the possibility that bats are
the main reservoir of the virus since it resembles 96% of the
coronavirus of that animal. To clarify this variable, some
studies were conducted, revealing that this virus belongs to
the SARS-CoV species, which is why it is said that it was
transmitted to humans from exotic animals.
Transmission of this virus develops mainly in
epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract and in lesser
proportion in the cells of the upper respiratory tract,
transmission occurs mainly in patients with recognized
disease and not in patients with mild signs, it is said that the
reproduction of the virus appears after presenting signs of
disease of the lower respiratory tract, however patients with
covid-19 in severe or fatal state increase the possibility of
transmitting the virus, since they eliminate larger amounts of
infectious particles than patients who present this infection
in a mild or asymptomatic way.
Violence against COVID-19
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought a
number of problems as a result of it there was a social
isolation that manifests in a relevant way, worrying
indicators on domestic violence, family, psychological
especially against women.
The routine life of each one of the people has changed,
members of the crisis committees have analyzed these
conflicts to confront these cases of violence, which causes
the social distancing in the interpersonal relations, especially
between intimate partners that this type of violence occurs.
Organizations have seen an increase in domestic
violence during this pandemic. They are distressed as their
homes become a place of fear and abuse due to forced
cohabitation, economic stress and fears about the virus (9).
By doing a brief search on the subject in social
networks and the Internet, it is clear and concise that the
increase of violence against women, children and
adolescents during the period of social separation has
occurred in most countries, the most highlighted being
China, United Kingdom, United States, France and Brazil.
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Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020
According to data from the Ministry of Women,
Family and Human Rights, there was an increase of
approximately 17% in the number of calls with complaints
of violence against women in the month of March.
We cannot leave behind children and adolescents who
can become irritable due to mobility restrictions and lack of
partners, leading to aggressive or disobedient behavior.
The increase in the time spent living with people with
different personalities, as well as the increase in
interpersonal relationships, are factors that can make
episodes of violence more frequent in this period (10).
A recent review of the psychological impact of
quarantine indicated an increase in anger, confusion, and
post-traumatic stress symptoms, as well as evidence of
increased substance use in quarantined individuals. These
types of deregulated emotions and substance use can
increase violent behavior, especially within the family.
Children's exposure to intimate partner violence,
whether witnessed or heard, is harmful and can lead to post-
traumatic stress disorder and other serious emotional and
health problems, as they follow the example of their parents.
Dating violence and child abuse often occur together,
and children are likely to experience a high risk of abuse
when isolated in the home. In typical pre-pandemic cases,
rates of child abuse are alarming. One example is that in the
United States, one in eight children has confirmed abuse by
child protective services in his or her lifetime (11).
Unfortunately, not everyone finds safety in isolation;
many victims of family violence (domestic violence, child
abuse, and pet abuse) may now face the "worst-case
scenario" of being trapped in the home with a violent
perpetrator during a very limited time of contact with the
outside world.
It is not uncommon for domestic violence abusers to
isolate their victims as an act of control or to reduce the
opportunity to disclose the abuse, and current social
conditions are likely to increase the impact of these actions.
Perpetrator restrictions and ongoing monitoring of social
networks, the Internet, and cell phones may also limit
victims' ability to seek help electronically (12).
Three aspects are worth noting:
The lack of concrete economic measures established to
date (in the different countries) and it should be emphasized
that in the recent economic crisis the various tactics of
controlling the public deficit were used as an argument to
minimize the policies of equality and the fight against
gender violence. The successive dismantling of these
policies represents the absence of the primacy of social
policies when they are in conflict with other economic
interests.
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Health care professionals are important in the fight
against gender-based violence. In the current problem, the
work of monitoring risk indicators and follow-up of cases in
consultation has been considered a secondary concern. We
will look to see what impact this has had and when health
workers will be able to return to their current roles in the
field.
This is a relevant fact that should be emphasized in
other countries such as Spain, which have adopted
protection measures: 1) Notification of an essential service,
comprehensive assistance for victims of gender violence,
where the normal handling of information devices is
allowed 24 hours a day, in a non-presential manner (by
telephone or other channels), 2) Implementation of a new
emergency resource for women in situations of gender
violence by means of an alert message by rapid and timely
messaging, managing to obtain the tracking from the
message that the State security authorities will receive, and
3) carrying out campaigns in the different establishments to
raise awareness against gender violence during the period of
confinement.
In order to inform different people about the services
available to counter violence and expanded in the context of
COVID-19, another action aimed at involving society in the
reporting of violence and support. Gender-based violence
has made it possible to prioritize as essential the
development of an action guide for women who are
suffering.
Harassment that is permanently characterized as
domestic violence which derives from the state of alarm by
the COVID-19. Collect information on available resources
and specific action standards according to the personal
situation of the woman.
In the current situation, it is relevant to observe how
humanity has had to face health challenges with the
consequence of infectious agents, violence that threatens
various people who feel powerless.
The information on violence against women, as well as
feminicide, were the ones that dominated the front pages in
our country. However, when we talk about gender violence
and health we cover much more than the urgent and the
deaths. The word "gender" used as a descriptor by the U.S.
Library of Medicine incorporates topics related to gender
violence, both sexual and physical; gender-based harm and
discrimination and interpersonal relationships; gender
identity, sexual minorities and their sexual health, methods
of sex reassignment, and gender dysphoria.
In the face of this situation of difficulty, emergency,
and disturbance, interpersonal violence, including violence
against women, has increased, with limited protection and
security systems in the face of family and social isolation.
Health services are essential because they are the first option
for women to leave the country. Currently, this problem has
become an emergency, and it is worsened by the abundant
demand for health services caused by the pandemic.
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It would be a pleasure to anticipate all these
circumstances and to incorporate in the protocols of health
action measures to respond to this position that has been
adopted as being serious and difficult to eradicate. The
general objective of this work was: to review the scientific
literature on the consequences and measures of containment
of gender-based violence against women during the
VIDOC-19 pandemic.
II. METHODOLOGY
This integrative review was systematic and orderly,
with results related to a specific topic.
In this first section, we inform that we searched in
several databases such as: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo,
Google Académico, Scopus, in which articles from the last 5
years in Portuguese, Spanish, English were included.
This review was guided by the following oriented
question defined considering violence as the essential,
intervention to be carried out in the context of study:
Identify what type of violence is the most frequent in the
face of the Covid-19 pandemic and why it occurs?
Search strategies
In order to guarantee an extensive search in PubMed,
Scielo, Google Academic, Web of Science, Scopus, the
search terms were made as descriptor and keyword. The
intersection between these descriptors, using the Boolean
type connections AND and OR. Data collection took place
in April, May 2020.
The inclusion criteria were original and review articles
available in their entirety published in the period of the last
5 years already stated above. Newspaper articles, theses and
publications that were not available or duplicated were
excluded.
The search strategies, inclusion and exclusion criteria
were applied sequentially to the selection of publications.
Thus, the resulting studies were analyzed based on the
information in the title and the abstract and then read in their
entirety.
Based on the information and articles already
highlighted above, a systematic and organized search allows
reading in this section titles and abstracts achieving to
prioritize important ones.
III. DISCUSSION
The analysis of 15 selected articles has been completed
in order to determine what violence, covid-19 and
consequences of gender-based violence against the
coronavirus consist of.
Consequences of gender-based violence against the
coronavirus.
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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As the pandemic of this new coronavirus COVID-19 is
already known, it has changed the routine of life of all
people, making clear that the increase of both physical and
psychological violence against women, children and
adolescents during isolation has been more prevalent in
countries such as China, United Kingdom, United States,
France and Brazil, increasing by approximately 17% the
number of calls with reports of violence against women in
the month of March (6).
Unfortunately, many people are not safe during
isolation, many victims of violence (family, domestic, child
and pet abuse) are facing the "worst case scenario": since
they are trapped in the home with their abuser, it is not
uncommon for abusers to isolate their victims in order to
control them and have no opportunity to report it, current
social conditions are increasing the impact of these actions
(7).
Containment measures should be taken to address gender-
based violence against women
It is not possible to prevent gender violence
completely without considering the prevention measures
that the Spanish government has adapted against violence in
the face of covid-19 are (8):
First: Declaration of the essential service of comprehensive
assistance to victims of gender violence, guaranteeing the
normal functioning of 24-hour information systems,
emergency response and shelter for women at risk, and
psychological, legal and social assistance on a non-
presential basis (by telephone or other channels).
Second: Activation of a new emergency resource for women
in situations of gender violence through an instant
messaging alert message with geolocalization that will be
received by the state security forces.
Third: Institutional campaign to raise awareness against
gender violence during the period of confinement. through a
phrase addressed to victims, with the slogan "We are with
you, gender violence the moors united", informing victims
of the services available and expanded in the context of
COVID-19.
Fourth: Elaboration of an action guide for women who are
suffering gender violence in a situation of domiciliary
permanence derived from the state of alarm by COVID-19.
This guide gathers information on the resources available
and the specific guidelines for action according to the
personal situation of the woman.
And, fifth: Immediate psychological service via WhatsApp
through the phones provided by the Ministry of Equality.
These measures would be good if they were taken into
account in all countries to try to reduce the number of
victims, but it is clear that we cannot completely remove
violence, but we can raise awareness about this issue.
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
At the end of the following section we can define that
violence is the handling of force to achieve an end,
especially to dominate someone or impose authority, it is the
intentional use of physical force, restraint against oneself or
a group of people that results in trauma, psychological
disorders, developmental problems or death, it has several
types.
We can say that violence in times of the virus COVID-
19 is the domestic one since a great number of calls for help
have been observed by the victims, who in this case are
mothers, daughters, sons and other relatives.
On the other hand, it would be interesting to carry out
empirical studies on violence against women in the face of
the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic
(16,17,18) related to emotional (19) and educational aspects
(20,21,22).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To the Nursing Career at the Azogues headquarters, to
the Psychometric Laboratory at the Center for Research,
Innovation and Technology Transfer (CIITT) and to the
Master's Degree in Care Management at the Catholic
University of Cuenca.
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