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- Illustrating t- distribution
1
What I Know (Pretest)...
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper.
2
What’s In (Review)
In the previous lessons, you learned that when we study sampling distribution of
the sample mean using central limit theorem, this involves taking sample sizes from a
certain population with replacement. With this, sampling distribution will closely
resemble to that of a normal distribution.
What’s New
t- distribution which is also known as Student’s t-distribution, is a probability
distribution which is utilized in estimating parameters of a certain population in case of
the sample size is small and/or the population variance or standard deviation is
unknown. It is like with the z-distribution that is bell-shaped and symmetric about the x-
axis but flatter and more spread.
Take note that z-test is only used when the population standard deviation or
variance is known and/or the sample size is large enough. But for sample sizes which
are small, sometimes the population standard deviation or variance is unknown, rely on
the t-distribution whose value can be known using:
( x́−μ)
t=
s
√n
where x́ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, s is the standard deviation of the
sample and n is the sample size.
In addition, there is a lot of different or family of t-distributions. Its particular form
is determined by its degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom refer to the number of
independent observations in a given set of data. The number of independent
observations is sample size minus one or in symbols, that is df= n-1 where df is the
degree of freedom and n is the sample size. Hence, given a sample size of 9 will have a
degree of freedom 8 and if given a degree of freedom of 14 will mean a sample size of
3
15. However, for some or other applications, degrees of freedom can be calculated in a
different way.
Moreover, some properties of t-distribution are that the mean distribution is equal
to 0 and its variance is greater than 1 although close to 1. T- distribution is the same as
the standard normal distribution given with infinite degrees of freedom.
With any statistic that have a bell- shaped distribution which is approximately
normal, the t-distribution can be used. This means that the population distribution must
be normal, symmetric, unimodal and no outliers. Also, the t-distribution can still be
utilized for moderately skewed population distribution given that it is unimodal, without
outliers and size is at least 40. Lastly, the t-distribution can be applied for a size greater
than 40 and without outliers.
The t- distribution Table
In order to get the t- value, a t-distribution table is shown above which is consist
of the degrees of freedom (df) which are the numbers at the leftmost column, “α”
which is some of the special areas at the topmost row and the t-values which are
located at the right of the degrees of freedom and below “α”.
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the leftmost column. The intersection of α =0.05 and df= 8 is 1.860. (see illustration
below)
df α 0.1 0.05
1 3.078 6.314
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
8 1.397 1.860
Activity 1
Determine what is asked based on the given data below.
1. n= 14 α =0.1 t (α ,df )=
2. df= 10 α =0.025 t (α ,df )=
3.t (α ,df )= 2.052 α=0.025 n=
4. Find the t-value when μ=42, x́=44, s= 5 and n=25.
df α 0.1
1 3.078
2 1.886
2. df= 10 ⋮ ⋮ α =0.025
t (α ,df ) 13 =2.228
1.350
1 3.078 6.314
5
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
10 1.372 1.812 2.228
1 3.078 6.314
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
27 1.372 1.812 2.025
Since: df= 27
df= n – 1
27= n – 1
27+1= n (Addition Property of Equality)
n= 28
1. n= 20 α =0.005 t (α ,df )=
2. df= 28 α =0.01 t (α ,df )=
6
3. Find the t-value when μ=18.5, x́=19, s= 2.5 and n=16.
1. n= 25 α =0.01 t (α ,df )=
2. df= 4 α =0.025 t (α ,df )=
3.t (α ,df )= 2.763 α=0.005 df=
4.t (α ,df )= 2.5 α=0.01 n=
5. Find the t-value when μ=127, x́=120, s= 14 and n=18.
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use a separate sheet of paper.
7
c. the sample size is small and population variance is unknown
d. the population variance is unknown
2. T- distribution is also known as:
a. Teacher’s t- distribution c. Teacher’s Z- distribution
b. Z- distribution d. Student’s t- distribution
3. Given a set of data, which of the following refers to the independent
observations?
a. Variance c. Degrees of freedom
b. standard error d. standard deviation
For numbers 4 and 5, refer to the table below.
4. Which of the following is the value of t 0.05 with a sample size of 10?
a. 1.833
b. 1.860
c. 1.900
d. 1.812
5. Which of the following is the value of t 0.01 with 11 degrees of freedom?
a. 2.718
b. 2.821
c. 2.681
d. 2.764
Key Answers
Pretest Enrichment Activity
1. A
1.2.861
2. C
3. B 2. 2.467
4. D
5. D 3. 0.8
Generalization
9
What you are expected to learn...
After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:
1. Know the corresponding percentiles using the t-table.
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper.
10
What’s In (Review)
In the previous lessons, you learned about t- distribution in which there are
properties on when it can be used. Also, you learned that as sample size increases, the
t-distribution tends to approach normality or z-distribution.
What’s New
Percentile is one of the measurements in statistics which tells the value below in
which an observations’ percentage in a set of observations falls. For example, you
score 70 in an exam and it was mentioned that you scored at the 85 th percentile, it
means that 85% of the scores are below you and 15% of the scores are above you.
Activity 1
Determine what is asked based on the given data below.
11
= 13
To solve for 95th percentile, we need to understand first its implication which is
to get the t-value that is less than the probability 0.95 and the right tail
probability that is 0.05. Based on the table below, the 95 th percentile is 1.771.
df α 0.05
1 6.314
2 2.920
2. df= 10 ⋮ ⋮ Percentile= 90th
t (α ,df )= 1.372
13 1.771
Since the degrees of freedom is
given already, we can now identify the 90th
percentile which is 1.372.
df α 0.1
1 3.078
2 1.886
⋮ ⋮
10 1.372
12
6. df= 12 Percentile= 90th t (α ,df )=
13
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper.
Key Answers
Pretest Enrichment Activity
1. D
1. 2.977 6. 1.356
2. B
2. 2.060 7. 2.567
3. A
3. 2.861 8. 3.499
4. C
4. 1.96 9. 2.896
5. C
5. 1.533 10. 1.96
Generalization
1. -1.328 1. A
2. -2.060 14 2. C
3.1.328 3. B
4. -1.645 4. D
5. 2.132 5. D
Lesso Length of Confidence Interval
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15
How to learn from this module...
To achieve the objective of this module, you need to read its contents
comprehensively and follow the instructions provided in every activity accordingly.
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table and z-table at the appendix as needed. Use a
separate sheet of paper.
What’s In (Review)
In the previous lessons, you learned that t-distribution can be used in determining
percentile of a certain data. It tells you the value at which a certain percentage your data
is included. However, it has also disadvantages as it may confuse individuals on how it
is different from percentage of the real score and as it indicates ranking among group of
data.
What’s New
Estimating consists of either giving a certain value or giving an interval. When an
interval estimate has an attached confidence coefficient, it will be called confidence
interval. Confidence interval is a range with lower limit and upper limit used to estimate
population parameter. The lower and the upper limit of the interval is within the certain
level of confidence.
To get the confidence interval, we use either of the following:
σ σ σ
( )
• x́ ± Z α
2 √n
( )
∨x́−Z α
2 √n
( )
< μ< x́ +Z α
2 √n
for estimating population mean when variance is
known or sample size is greater than 30; or
s s s
( ( )) (
• x́ ± t α , n−1 x
(2 ) √n
∨ x́− t α ( ))x
( 2 ,n−1) √ n ( ( ))
< μ < x́+ t α x
( 2 ,n−1) √n
for estimating population
mean when variance is unknown and sample size is less than 30 where;
17
x́ = sample mean
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size
σ s
Zα( )
2 √n
∨t α ( )x
( 2 , n−1) √ n
= margin of error- refers to the maximum allowable difference
9 9
( ( ) ) ( ( ))
= 56 – Z 0.05
2 √20
< μ<56+ Z 0.05
2 √ 20
9 9
= 56 – ( 1.96 (
√ 20 )
) ( √ 20 ))
< μ<56+ 1.96 (
3 3
(
¿ 30− t x(
√ 25 )
( 0.025,24 ) ) < μ<30+ t
( x(
√25 ))
( 0.025,24 )
3 3
= 30−( 2.064 x ( ) (
) √25 ))
< μ<30+ 2.064 x (
√ 25
= 30−( 1.24 ) < μ<30+ ( 1.24 )
= 28.76 ¿ μ<¿ 31.24
Therefore, confidence interval is from 28.76 to 31.24 with a width of 2.48.
Activity 1
Identify the confidence interval estimate and compute its width based on the
given data below.
18
4. Confidence level= 99% s= 3 n= 15 x́= 28
12.5 12.5
¿ 42−Z (
√ 64 )
0.1
2
< μ< 42+Z (
√ 64 )
0.1
2
12.5 12.5
¿ 42−Z (
√ 64 )
0.1
2
< μ< 42+Z (
√ 64 )
0.1
2
12.5 12.5
¿ 42−1.645 ( ) < μ< 42+1.645 (
8 8 )
¿ 42−2.57< μ< 42+2.57
¿ 39.43< μ< 44.57
Therefore, confidence interval is from 39.43 to 44.57 with a width of 5.14.
2. Confidence level= 98% s= 15
n= 10 x́= 21
s s
( ( ) √n ) ( ( ) √n )
= x́− t α
2
(
,n−1 ) x
< μ< x́ + t x( )
α
2
,n−1
15 15
= 21−( t ) ( √ 10 ))
x(
( 0.01,9 )
√10 ) < μ< 21+ t x( ( 0.01,9 )
15 15
= 21−( 2.821 x ( ) (
) √ 10 ))
< μ<21+ 2.821 x (
√ 10
= 21−13.38< μ <21+ 13.38
= 7.62< μ<34.38
Therefore, confidence interval is from 7.62 to 34.38 with a width of 26.76.
3. Confidence level= 95% σ= 10
n= 40 x́= 23.5
19
( √σn )< μ< x́ + Z ( √σn )
¿ x́−Z α
2
α
2
10 10
¿ 23.5−Z ( 0.05
√ 40
2
) < μ<23.5+ Z (
√ 40 )
0.05
2
10 10
¿ 23.5−1.96 (
√ 40 ) < μ<23.5+1.96 (
√ 40 )
10 10
¿ 23.5−1.96 (
√ 40 ) < μ<23.5+1.96 (
√ 40 )
10 10
¿ 23.5−1.96 (
√ 40 ) < μ<23.5+1.96 (
√ 40 )
¿ 23.5−3.1< μ< 23.5+3.1
¿ 20.4< μ< 26.6
Therefore, confidence interval is from 20.4 to 26.6 with a width of 6.2.
4. Confidence level= 99% s= 3
n= 15 x́= 28
s s
( ( ) √n ) ( ( ) √n )
= x́− t α
2
(
,n−1
x) < μ< x́ + t α
2
x( )
,n−1
3 3
( ( ) √15 ) ( ( ) √15 ))
= 28− t 0.01
2
x(
,15−1 ) < μ<28+ t x(
0.01
2
,15−1
3 3
= 28−( t
√ 15 )) ( ( √15 ))
x(
( 0.005,14 ) < μ< 28+ t x
( 0.005,14 )
3 3
= 28−( 2.977 x (
√ 15 )) ( ( √ 15 ))
< μ< 28+ 2.977 x
1. A study was conducted to determine the average salary of a teacher. With this,
81 teachers were invited as samples. It was known that the mean salary of
these sample teachers is P24,000 with a standard deviation P1,000. Construct
a 90% confidence interval estimate for the average salary of all teachers.
2. The average hour spent in computer by 20 senior high school students during
online class is 7 hours with a standard deviation of 2 hours. Construct a 98%
confidence interval of the average hour spent by all senior high school
students. Identify the width of the interval.
21
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table and z-table at the appendix as needed. Use a
separate sheet of paper.
Key Answers
Pretest Enrichment Activity
1. B 1. 1.729
2. D
3. C 2. 2.467
4. A
5. A 3. 0.8
6. B
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Application
1. P23,817.22 <µ < P24,182.78
Therefore, we are 90% confident that the true salary of all teachers is between
P23,817.22 and P24,182.78
2. 5.86hrs <µ <8.14hrs
Therefore, we are 98% confident that the true average hour spent by senior high
school students is between 5.86 hours to 8.14 hours which gives a width of 2.28
hours.
3. (Answer depends on the data they will gather)
Post test
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. B
23
This module will assist you in understanding appropriate sample size, which will
be composed of the following lessons:
- Computing the appropriate sample size using the length of the interval;and
- Solve problems involving sample size determination
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Identify the appropriate sample size
of each problem and choose the letter of your answer. Use z-table at the
appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper.
24
b. 16 d. 18
3. Given: d= 3.92 CI= 94% σ= 7 n=?
a. 24 c. 26
b. 25 d. 27
4. Given: d= 2.4 CI= 98% σ= 6.4 n=?
a. 29 c. 31
b. 30 d. 32
5. To estimate the mean price of e-books of senior high schools, with a
standard deviation of P80, how many e-books are needed to be selected as
samples if we wanted to be 95% confident that the sample mean of e-books
is within P20 of the true population
a. 59 c. 61
b. 60 d. 62
What’s In (Review)
In the previous lessons, you learned to identify and compute the length of
confidence interval and on how it is different from the other estimations.
What’s New
In estimating, especially on confidence interval, sample mean, margin of error or
maximum allowable deviation, population variance and sample size are essential to get
a more scientific hypothesis (educated guess) of the true value, the population mean.
25
In estimating, the sample size needs to be considered in order to make it more
valid and reliable. Especially on research, the number of respondents must be
considered. The number of members or element of a population must be taken into
consideration aside from being manageable. The selected samples, either through
probability or non-probability sampling, must be taken at least to its minimum need to go
through the study. With this, the researcher/s will be able to make a feasible conclusion
about the parameter of a certain population being studied.
In order to solve for the least number of sample size given a certain confidence
interval, this formula can be used:
2
σ
(
n= Z α x
2 d )
where: σ= population standard deviation
d= maximum allowable deviation or margin of error
(Note: If the computed sample size has a decimal part, it must be rounded off to the
next higher integer as samples need to be whole number.
Solution:
Given: σ = 5
26
CI= 99%
d=2
2
σ
( ( ))
n = Zα x
2
d
2
5
( ( ))
= Z 0.01 x
2
2
2
= ( 2.575 x ( 2.5 ))
= ( 6.44 )2
n = 41.47
n ≈ 42
Activity 1
Identify the number of samples needed in each problem.
27
Therefore, 69 samples are needed in order to achieve a 93%
confidence level.
2. Given: d= 15 CI= 99.5% σ= 70 n=?
2
σ
( ( ))
n = Zα x
2
d
2
70
( ( ))
= Z 0.005 x
2
15
2
= ( 2.81 x ( 4.67 ) )
=( 13.11 )2
= 171.87 ≈ 172 samples
28
12 students within 3 pesos of the true mean, how many students do you need
to ask?
2. During the pandemic, the LGU gave cash assistance to those who individuals
who were badly affected. It was said that the cash assistance is normally
distributed with a standard deviation of P500. If a concerned citizen wanted to
know if it is true with 97% confidence level within P300 of the true population
mean, how many individuals does he need as samples?
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Identify the appropriate sample size
of each problem and choose the letter of your answer. Use z-table at the
appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper.
29
1. Which of the following is the appropriate sample size given a standard
deviation of 6.4, confidence interval of µ 98% and a margin of error or
maximum allowable deviation of 2.35?
a. 40 c. 42
b. 41 d. 43
2. Given: Margin of error (d)= 2.19, Confidence interval (CI) of population mean
= 90%, and population standard deviation (σ)= 5 solve for the appropriate
sample size.
a. 13 c. 15
b. 14 d. 16
3. Given: d= 3.92 CI= 94% σ= 7 n=?
a. 25 c. 27
b. 26 d. 28
4. Given: d= 2.4 CI= 98% σ= 6.4 n=?
a. 28 c. 30
b. 29 d. 31
5. To estimate the mean price of e-books of senior high schools, with a
standard deviation of P80, how many e-books are needed to be selected as
samples if we wanted to be 95% confident that the sample mean of e-books
is within P20 of the true population
a. 60 c. 62
b. 61 d. 63
Key Answers
Pretest Enrichment Activity
30
1. C 1. 1,447
2. A
3. B 2. 2,272
4. C
5. D 3. 141
Generalization
1. 373 1. B
2. C
2. 14 3. A
4. D
5. C
Appendix
31
32
Sources:
33
Albacea, Zita VJ, et al. Statistics and Probability. Commission on Higher
Education, 2016
Banigon, Ricardo B., et al. Statistics and Probability for Senior High
School. Educational Resources Corporation, 2018
https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/t-distribution.aspx
https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-find-
percentiles-for-a-t-distribution/
34
Name : IRL JOHN M. CERVANTES
Position : TEACHER II
Educational Attainment:
District : Jasaan
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