Ce 412 PDF

CE 412
Structural Analysis and Design Sessional-II
Department of Civil Engineering

Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Version 2; June, 2018
AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Preface
This lab handout is intended to give an overview of a Multi storied Building and a
Balanced Cantilever Bridge structural analysis and design. It concentrates on the gravity loading
only. This handout provides a basic guideline for analysis, design and detailing works as well as
reviewing a standard code of practice. To provide the undergraduate students a well-organized,
user-friendly, and easy-to-follow resource, this handout is divided into two major parts. The first
part mainly focuses on the structural analysis and design of Reinforced concrete (RC)
Multistoried Building that includes design of Slab, Beam, Column, Stair, Water reservoir and
Lateral load analysis. The other part deals with the Balanced Cantilever Bridge including an
introduction to Bridge Engineering, details about Balanced Cantilever Bridge, design of Deck
Slab, design of Railing, Post and Curb/Sidewalk, design of Interior Girder considering dead and
live loads only, design of Exterior Girder considering dead and live loads only, design of
Diaphragm or Cross Girder and Design of Articulation. Handouts of Dr. Khan Mahmud Amanat,
and Mr. Ruhul Amin, of BUET were helpful as well as suggestions from some faculty members
of the Department of Civil Engineering, AUST.
Zasiah Tafheem
Shafiqul Islam
Rishath Sabrin
Abdullah Al Hashib
Department of Civil Engineering

Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 2

INDEX
Part 1
Structural Analysis and Design of the Multistoried RC Building
Sl. No. Name Page no.
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Notations 9
1.3 Design of Stair 11
1.4 Design of Overhead Water Reservoir (OWR) 15
1.5 Lateral Load Calculation 21
1.6 Design of Floor Slabs 24
1.7 Design of Floor Beams 28
1.8 Design of Column 34
References 41

Part 2
Preliminary Design of the Superstructure of a Balanced Cantilever Bridge for
Gravity loading
Sl. No. Name Page No.
2.1 Lecture Plan 43

2.2 Submission guideline of Bridge Design 43
2.3 Introduction to Bridge Engineering 44
2.4 About Balanced Cantilever Bridge 55
2.5 Details of some existing bridges 58
2.6 Loads on bridge 64
2.7 Design of Different Components 70
a) Design of Deck Slab 74
b) Design of Railing 82
c) Design of Curb or Sidewalk 83
d) Design of Interior Girder 85
e) Design of Exterior Girder 95
f) Design of Cross Girder / Diaphragm 100
g) Design of Articulation 101
References 110

Part 1: Structural Analysis and Design of the Multistoried RC Building
1.1 Introduction
Generally, the design of any structure (building, bridge etc.) can be dividing in two segments,
 Foundation design (footing, basement, retaining wall, abutment, underground water

reservoir etc.)
 Design of superstructure (beam, column, slab, girder, stair etc.)
Figure 1: Super structural elements

Figure 2: Foundation elements

Figure 3: Gravity load distribution

Steps of design
 Specify the type of structural system like RCC or Steel or Composite, beam supported or
flat plate or braced etc.
 Specify the loads based on the type of services, like residential or commercial or
institutional etc. from codes and judgments.
 Prepare a preliminary model of the structure based on preliminary calculations and

judgment.
 Analyze the model for desired load combinations according to BNBC in the context of
Bangladesh,
I. DL+LL
II. 1.4DL+1.7LL
III. 0.75[1.4DL+1.7LL±1.7{1.1(EQx or EQy)}] ~ 1.05DL+1.275LL±1.4(EQx or EQy)
IV. 0.75{1.4DL+1.7LL±1.7(Wx or Wy)} ~ 1.05DL+1.275LL±1.275(Wx or Wy)
 Design the structural elements separately by considering their integrity and construction
feasibility of that design.

1.2 Notations
U.S.D Method W.S.D Method

ƒ'c = Cylindrical strength of concrete
ƒ'c = Cylindrical strength of concrete
ƒc =0.45 ƒ'c
ƒy = Yield strength of reinforcement
Vc = Allowable shear force without web

ƒy = Yield strength of reinforcement
reinforcement = 2 λ ƒ′ bwd Ec =33×w1.5× ƒ′
V = Allowable shear force with web n= =

ƒ′c
reinforcement = 8 λ ƒ′ bwd
k =( )
V = Allowable peripherial shear force in slab
and footing without web reinforcement
j = 1- k/3
=4 λ ƒ′ bwd R = fc × k × j
Strength reduction factors: vc =Allowable shear stress without web
# Flexure, without axial load = 0.90 reinforcement =1.1 ƒ′
# Axial compression and axial compression v = Allowable shear stress without web
with flexure: reinforcement =5 ƒ′
Members with spiral Reinforcement = 0.75 Vc =Allowable peripherial shear stress in
Other reinforcement = 0.65 slab and footing without web reinforcement
=2 ƒ′
# Shear and torsion = 0.75
# Bearing on concrete = 0.75
Table 1: Moment and shear values using ACI coefficients. (Ref: ACI Code, Design of Concrete

Structure, 15th edition, Chap-11, P-363)
Figure 4: Moment coefficients for beam.

1.3 Design of Stair
Figure 5: Typical stair
a) Assumptions and considerations
fy= 60000 psi

f'c= 3000 psi
Thickness of waist and landing slab = 6"
Live Load=82 psf = 0.082 ksf (BNBC)
Floor Finish= 25 psf = 0.025 ksf
b) Load calculation
∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗
Rises & Steps= = 0.98 k
√ . . ∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ ∗ . ∗
Waist slab = = =2.3 k

Total Dead Load=Landing slab + (Rises & Steps+ Waist)
∗ . .
={ + }/2=0.1 ksf
. ∗ .
Total load, W= (0.082*1.7) + [1.4*(0.1 +0.025)] =0.31 ksf
c) Moment and reinforcement calculation
. ∗( ∗ . . )²
M = = = 4.7 k-ft/ft
. ∗ .
M = = =7.24 k-ft/ft
d = (t-1) = (6-1) = 5"

. .
ρ . = 0.85 ∗ β ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0135
. є . .
ρ . ∗
M = ф∗ρ . ∗ ∗ b ∗ d ∗ 1 − 0.59 ∗
′
. ∗ .
d = . ∗ = =11.28 in2
. ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗
d = 3.36"< provided, 5" (ok)
Table 2: Minimum ratios of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement in slabs based on gross
concrete area. (Ref: ACI Code, Design of Concrete Structure, 15th edition, Chap-12, P-385)
As = 0.0018 ∗ b ∗ t = 0.0018 ∗ 12 ∗ 6 = 0.129in.

∗ . ∗
+As = = . = 0.23in. /ft (controlled)
ф∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗
∗ . ∗
a= = = 0.48 (ok)
. ∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗
. ∗
Now, = 5.74"; use Ø10mm@5.5" c/c alt ckd
.

Again,
∗ . ∗
− = = . = 0.34in. /ft (controlled)
ф∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗
∗ . ∗
= =. = 0.68" (ok)
. ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
The distance between two cranked rod is 11".

. ∗
So, Required reinforcement = 0.34 - = 0.22in. /ft
. ∗
The extra negative reinforcement required, 11 / ( ) = 11/6 = 1.83 So, use 2-Ø10mm as extra
.
top.
For shrinkage, As = 0.0018 ∗ 12 ∗ 6 = 0.129in.

. ∗
Now, = 10.23"; useØ10mm@10" c/c
.
d) Stair Beam
Assume beam size, 10"x12"
d = (t-2.5) = (12-2.5) = 9.5"
So, self-weight = (0.83*1*150)/1000 = 0.12k/ft
0.31*14.5 * 3.5
Load on Stair beam = + (0.42*9*0.12 + 0.12)*1.4 = 2.9 k/ft
7.5
The stair beam will be designed as described in floor beam design segment.

10" 10" 10"
Ø10mm @ 10" c/c
6" 6" 6"

6" thick waist
Ø10mm @ 5.5" c/c alt ckd 2-Ø10mm extra top
1" clear cover 3'-6"
Ø10mm @ 10" c/c
10"
Figure 6: Reinforcement details of stair

1.4 Design of OWR
Figure 7: Roof top water reservoir (Overhead water reservoir)

f'c= 3000 psi
fy= 60000 psi
6th floor building of 2 units & 5 members in each unit.

Water consuming 210 per capita per day (BNBC 1993)
b) Water reservoir size calculation
Total members= 6*2*5= 60 persons.

Total water consuming= 60*210 = 12600 litters for a full day.
= m = 12.6*3.28 = 445ft
Inner length & width of Reservoir are,

Length =14.5 ft and width = 7.5 ft (From plan)

so, Height= = 4.09 ft+1 ft = 5.09 ft~ 6 ft ; [where, free Board= 1 ft]
. ∗ .
Height= 6 ft
Figure 8: Pressure distribution on reservoir wall
c) Vertical Reinforcement of wall
Let wall thickness = 5"

so, Effective depth, d = 5-1 = 4"
. .
ρ . = 0.85 ∗ β ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0135
. є . .
ρ . ∗
M = ф∗ρ . ∗ ∗ b ∗ d ∗ 1 − 0.59 ∗
′
. ∗
d = . ∗ = = 3.56 in2
. ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗ .
d = 1.92" < provided, 4" (ok)
As = 0.0018 ∗ b ∗ t = 0.0018 ∗ 12 ∗ 5 = 0.12 in /ft
M * 12 2.25 * 12
As    0.13in 2 / ft (controlled)
 a  0.25 
 * fy *  d   0.9 * 60 *  4  
 2  2 
∗ . ∗
a= = = 0.26(ok)
. ∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗
. ∗
Now, = 10.15";
.
use, ф10mm@10" c/c.
d) Horizontal reinforcement of wall

. . . .
Force = γ ∗ h ∗( + ) = 62.5 * 6* ( + ) = 5438 lb
Again,
= = =0.09 in /ft
Asmin controls.
. ∗
Now, = 11";
.
Use ф10 @ 11" c/c
e) Design of bottom slab
Table 3: Minimum thickness of nonprestressed one-way slabs. (Ref: ACI Code, Design of
Concrete Structure, 15th edition, Chap-12, P-384)
.
Thickness = ∗ 12 = 4.5 in
Self-weight of slab = (4.5/12) * 150 = 56.25 psf
5w l 5w l
=
384 EI 384 EI
w l = w l
l
w = w
l
wA =15.63 * wB
wA + wB = 56.25 psf
wB = 3.38 psf
wA = 52.87 psf
Floor Finish = 25 psf = 0.025 ksf
As the slab is one-way slab, design only for short direction
Total load, w = (0.0625*6*1.7) + [1.4*(0.05287 +0.025)] =0.75 ksf
Moment for short direction
. ∗ . ²
M = = = 3 k-ft/ft
0.75 * 7.5 2
M = = = 1.75 k-ft/ft
24
ρ . ∗
M = ф∗ρ . ∗ ∗ b ∗ d ∗ 1 − 0.59 ∗
′
∗
d = . ∗ = 4.5
. ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗
d = 2.12" < provided, 3.5" (ok)
Asmin = 0.0018*b*t = 0.0018*12*4.5 = 0.1 in /ft

∗ ∗
+As = = . = 0.2 in.
ф∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗ .
∗ . ∗
a= = = 0.39 (ok)
. ∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗
. ∗
Now, = 6.6";
.
Use ф10mm @ 6.5" c/c alt. ckd and 1-ф10mm as extra top.

f) Top slab
For top slab there is no water load and some live load which is negligible. As the bottom slab is
controlled by 4.5" thickness, top slab will be governed by a thickness of 4.5'' and Asmin.
Figure 9: Reinforcement details of top slab overhead water reservoir

1-Ø10 mm Ø10 mm @ 6.5" c/c ALT CKD 4.5"
5"

Ø10 mm @ 10" c/c
Ø10 mm @ 11" c/c

Ø10 mm @ 6.5" c/c ALT CKD
Ø10 mm @ 6.5" c/c ALT CKD
Ø10 mm @10" c/c 4.5"

Figure 10: Reinforcement details of roof top water reservoir (elevation view)

g) Load on beam
Here, Load from Bottom Slab = 0.75 ksf
Beam Thickness, t = 12 in
Effective Depth, d = (12-2.5) = 9.5 in
Self-weight = 0.83*1*150 = 0.12 k/ft
Figure 11: Load distribution of slab
Trapezoidal portion,
1
* (14.5  7) * 3.75 * (0.75  .056 1.4)
=2  0.12 1.4  (0.42 * 6 * 0.15) *1.4 = 3 k/ft
14.5
The beam will be designed as discussed in floor beam design segment.

1.5 Lateral Loads Calculation of Residential Building
a) Earthquake Load Calculation:
From BNBC (2006)
Seismic Zone-coefficient, Z=0.15 [Dhaka]

L = 40.575 ft
Structural Importance Coefficient, I=1
Response Modification Coefficient, R=8
Now,
B = 47.875 ft
Numerical Co-efficient, Figure 12: Plan of the building
. ∗ . ∗ .
C= = =2.6 < 2.75
( . )
s =1.5
Assume,
Height of structure from base = 56 ft

Dead load on each floor = 175 kip
T = Ct * (hn)3/4 = 0.073*( ) 3/4 = 0.61˂0.7;

.
W= DL* Area* Storied= 175*47.875*40.575*5* =1699.7 k~1700 k
Z ∗ I ∗ C ∗ W 0.15 ∗ 1 ∗ 2.6 ∗ 1700

V= = = 82.9 kip
R 8
W = DL*Area* = 175*47.875*40.575* = 339.9 k ~ 340 k
ΣW ∗ h = 340*(6+16+26+36+46+56) = 63240
Here, Ft=0 as, T<0.7

( )∗ ∗
Load on each floor, Fx = ∗
( . )∗ ∗
Fx = = 0.446 ∗ h

Table 4: Equivalent earthquake forces at different levels.
Floor hx Force, Fx = . * hx
Grade beam 6 ft 2.676
Ground floor 16 ft 7.136

1st 26 ft 11.596
2nd 36 ft 16.056
3rd 46 ft 20.516
4th 56 ft 24.976
Total = 82.956
b) Wind Load Calculation
L = 40.575 ft
5@10’= 50 ft
B= 47.875 ft
(a) (b)
Figure 13: a) Plan b) Elevation of the building
Here,
Gust Co-efficient, C = 1.43
C = 47.2 ∗ 10
B= 47.875ft
L= 40.575ft
Heght, h= 50ft
Now,
Important Co − efficient, C = 1.00
Combined height & − , C = Table 6.2.10 (BNBC 2006)

Wind Velocity= 210 (Dhaka)

q = C ∗ C ∗ C ∗ V = 2.08 ∗ C
Cz = 0.1879*z0.4435 ≥ 0.368 (z = ht. above ground in meter)
Table 5: Overall pressure coefficients, Cp for rectangular building with flat roof. (Ref: BNBC
2006)
Here,
L
= 0.85;
B
h
= 1.04;
B
∴ C = 1.49
P = C ∗ C ∗ q = 4.43 *C
Table 6: Equivalent wind forces at different floor levels.

Height (m) C q kN F = P *A (kN) F (kN) F (Kip)
p =( )
m
3.048 0.368 0.76544 1.63 1.63*3.0478*14.6 73.54 16.42
6.096 0.415 0.8632 1.84 1.84*3.0478*14.6 81.88 18.28
9.144 0.498 1.03584 2.21 2.21*3.0478*14.6 98.35 21.95
12.192 0.57 1.1856 2.53 2.53*3.0478*14.6 112.6 25.13
15.24 0.63 1.3104 2.79 . 62.08 13.86
2.79* *14.6

1.6 Design of Floor Slabs
Figure 14: Typical floor plan
f'c=3000 psi
fy= 60000 psi
( . )
Thickness, t =

Considering the largest two panels of 22'-10"x13'-2" and 22'-10"x11'-6

.
So, β = = 1.73
.
Thickness, t = 5.8 in. 5.5 in.
b) Load calculation
Self-weight of slab =
Floor finish = 30 psf
Partition wall = 40 psf
Live Load = 40 psf (BNBC)
Total, W = (167+64) = 231psf
m= = 0.58 ~ 0.6 and case 4
m= = 0.5and case 9
Table 7: Moment coefficients for two-way slabs. (Ref : BNBC 2006)
Conditions Case 4 Case 9
- CA 0.089 0.088
-CB 0.011 0.003
+CA(DL) 0.053 0.038
+CB(DL) 0.007 0.002
+CA(LL) 0.067 0.067
+CB(LL) 0.009 0.004
From judgment it can be said that the slab will be critical in short direction only.

c) Moment and reinforcement calculation
For, case 4
Short distance A, +M= { =
short distance A, -M = { *W* = 3.57 k-ft/ft
For, case 9
Short distance A, +M= { = 1.41 k-ft/ft
short distance A, -M = { *W* = 2.69 k-ft/ft
So, in short direction –M = and +M =
= 0.132
= 0.11
(ok)
. ∗
Now, = 10.15"; use, ф10mm@10" c/c alt. ckd.
.
Again,
= 0.18 (controlled)
(ok)
The distance between two cranked rods is 20".

. ∗
So, Required reinforcement = 0.18 - = 0.114 in2/ft
. ∗
The extra negative reinforcement required, 20 / ( ) = 20/11.58 = 1.73 ~ 2 So, use 2-Ø10mm
.
as extra top.
By observing the moment coefficients it can be said that, all the reinforcement in long direction
will be controlled by Asmin.
So, the reinforcement will be ф10mm@10" c/c alt. ckd and 2- as extra top.

A B C D E
   


1




Thickness=5.5"




2

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
 
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3


   

   



4



 
Figure 15: Reinforcement Details of Slab

1.7 Design of Floor Beams

1
2
3
4
A C E
Figure 16: Beam layout

Load on slab, W = 231 psf
=3000 psi
fy = 60000 psi
b) Load calculation
Beam in-between A and B grid on grid 2
Trapezoidal panel:

T8 = *(22.92 +11.42)*5.75 = 98.73 ≈ T10
T11= *(22.92 +9.75)*6.585 = 107.56 ≈ T13
Assuming, a beam of width 12′′ and height 18′′

∗
Self-weight = ∗ = 0.225 kip/ft *1.2 = 0.27 kip/ft
. ∗ . . ∗ .
Load from Slab = + = 2.08 kip/ft
. .
Partition wall on beam = 0.42* 9* 120 = 0.45 * 1.2 = 0.54 k/ft
Total load = 0.27 + 2.08 +0.54 = 2.89 kip/ft
c) Moment and reinforcement
At grid 3-A joint

. ∗ .
- Mu = = = 94.9 kip-ft = 1138.64 kip-in
At grid 3-C joint
. ∗ .
- Mu = = = 168.7 kip-ft = 2024.26 kip-in
At mid span
. ∗ .
+ Mu = = = 108.44 kip-ft = 1301.3 kip-in
Here, d = 18 - 2.5 – 2 = 13.5''

From table A.4 [Tension controlled], [Ref:Nilson pg:745]
ρ.005= 0.0135 and φ=0.9

As= ρ.005*b*d = 0.0135*12*13.5 = 2.2 in2
. ∗
a= = = 4.31′′
. . ∗ ∗
< ℎ , Rectangular beam analysis.
4.31
∴ = = = 5.07′′
0.85

4.31
= − = 2.2 ∗ 60 ∗ 13.5 − = 1497.54 −
2 2
∅ = 0.9 ∗ 1497.54 = 1347.8 − > = 1301.3 −
The beam will be designed as singly reinforcement for midspan and grid 3-A joint.
∅ = 0.9 ∗ 1497.54 = 1347.8 − < = 2024.26 −
The beam will be designed as doubly reinforcement for grid 3-C joint. Compression
reinforcement is required as well as tension reinforcement.
For grid 3-A joint,
Assume, = 5′′
1138.64
∅ 0.9 = 1.92
− = =
( − 2) 60(13.5 − 5 2)
1.92 ∗ 60
= = = 3.76
0.85 0.85 ∗ 3 ∗ 12
1138.64
− = 0.9 = 1.81
60(13.5 − 3.76 )
2
1.81 ∗ 60
= = 3.55
0.85 ∗ 3 ∗ 12
− = 1.79
For midspan,
Assume, = 3′′
1301.3
∅ 0.9 = 2.00
+ = =
( − 2) 60(13.5 − 3 2)
2 ∗ 60
= = = 3.92
0.85 0.85 ∗ 3 ∗ 12
1301.3
+ = 0.9 = 2.09
60(13.5 − 3.92 )
2

2.09 ∗ 60
= = 4.1
0.85 ∗ 3 ∗ 12
+ = 2.1
.
For grid 3-C joint, Remaining moment, M1 = − 1497.54 = 751.64 −
.
Using the strain distribution,
− 5.07 − 2.5
= = 0.003 ∗ = 0.0015
5.07
= = 0.0015 ∗ 29000 = 43.5
.
Compression reinforcement for grid 3-C joint, − = = 1.57
. ( . . )
.
Total area of tensile reinforcement at 60 , = 2.2 + 1.57 ∗ = 3.34
The summaries of reinforcement are as follows,
At mid span, +As = 2.1 in2

Grid 3-A joint, −As = 1.79 in2
Grid 3-C joint, −As = 3.34 in2 (tension) and compressive reinforcement, 1.57 in2
Now, for structural integrity minimum 1/3 reinforcement need to be provided all through the
beam and compressive reinforcement at Grid 3-C.
Provide all through as positive reinforcement but it is less than compressive

reinforcement 1.57 in2.
Provide all through as negative reinforcement. For a beam having width of 12'', it
is difficult to place more than three reinforcement in a row and more than five reinforcement in a
face.
d) Shear design
= 0 .5 = 0.5 ∗ 2.89 ∗ 22.92 = 33.12

∅∗ = 2∗∅∗ ∗ = 2 ∗ 0.75 ∗ √3000 ∗ 12 ∗ 13.5 = 13.3
Use Ø10mm as shear reinforcement.

∗ . ∗
smax = = = 24′′
∗

.
smax = = 6.5 ( )
smax = 24"
∅ . ∗ ∗. ∗ ∗ .
s= = = 6.67′′
∅ . .
So, provide Ø10mm @ 6.5" c/c all through the beam.
Symmetric beam, so providing same reinforcement in B14 and B15. Design the beams for the
load combinations as mentioned in BNBC using Approximate method for gravity load and Portal
method for lateral load
A C
1  2 3


 
1 2 3

  

 

  
Sec:1-1 (12"X18") Sec:2-2 (12"X18") Sec:3-3 (12"X18")
Figure 17: Reinforcement detail of beam

1.8 Design of Column
Figure 18: Interaction diagram for compression plus biaxial bending a) uniaxial bending about
Y axis; b) uniaxial bending about X axis; c) biaxial bending about diagonal axis; d) interaction
surface. (Ref: ACI Code, Design of Concrete Structure, 13th edition, Chap-8, P-274)

Figure 19: Interaction diagram for nominal column strength in combined bending and axial load.
(Ref: ACI Code, Design of Concrete Structure, 13th edition, Chap-8, P-260)
fy= 60000 psi

f'c=4000 psi
For a column,
P = 554 K
Mx = 85 K-ft
My = 120K-ft
For, tied column, due to accidental eccentricity strength reduction factor α = 0.8 and
Based on importance strength reduction factor ɸ = 0.65, (ACI Code, Design of Concrete
let, ρg = 2%
Now, ɸPn = αɸ[0.85 f'c*Ag + ρg *Ag*fy]
554 = 0.65*0.8[0.85*4*Ag+0.02*Ag*60]
Ag = 232 in2
Let, 18"x15"
For My or dimension parallel to X axis,
ɤ = dx/Dx = (18-2.5*2)/18 = 0.72~ 0.7
Eccentricity ex = My/P = 120/554 = 0.21' = 2.6"
ex/h = 2.6/18 = 0.14
From graph, Kɳ = 0.79
Py = 853 k
For Mx or dimension parallel to Y axis,
ɤ = dy/Dy = 0.67 0.6
ey = 85/554 = 0.15' = 1.8"
ey/h = 1.8/15 = 0.12
From graph, Kɳ = 0.85
Px = 918 k
For Po, Kɳ = (1.1+1.12)/2 = 1.11
Po = 1200 k

+ -
= +
ɸ Pn = 0.65*700 k =455k < 554 k (not ok)
Figure 20: Minimum spacing between reinforcement bars
The distance between reinforcement bars must be such to allow the largest expected concrete
size gravel to pass between them. In order to have properly anchored reinforcement, it is
mandatory for rebars to be surrounded by concrete.
The minimum spacing between two reinforcement bars should be at least equal to the maximum
coarse aggregate dimension plus a margin of 5 mm.

b) Tie bar
bars are used.
Longitudinal Spacing
16 db of main bar = 16*20/25.4 = 12"
48 db of tie bar = 48*10/25.4 = 18"
Least dimension = 15"
So, spacing at top and bottom 12/2 = 6" c/c and at middle span 12" c/c.
Figure 21: Failure mechanism of a column
A column with 10% fewer rebars has around 10% lower capacity strength. However, if we
remove even a single intermediate stirrup, the capacity strength of that same column will be
lowered even by 50%. This happens because the stirrup’s removal doubles the buckling length of
the rebars previously enclosed by it.
Cross sectional Spacing
# the reinforcement at a distance greater than 6" from the outer most bar should be under a lateral
tie and
# Alternate bar should be under lateral tie.

Figure 22: Tie arrangement of rectangular column ((Ref: ACI Code, Design of Concrete

Figure 23: Standard bar hook for tie and stirrup. (Ref: ACI Code, Design of Concrete Structure,
13th edition, Chap-5, P-177)
Figure 24: Typical column detail

References
 ACI code 318-14, American Concrete Institute, 2014.
 Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC), 2006.
 Concrete Technology by Neville.
 Design of Concrete Structure by David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan and Arthur H. Nilson
(15th edition).
 Design of RCC Members by WSD and USD Methods, Public Works Department (PWD),
1997.
 Treasure of RCC Designs by Sushil Kumar (16th edition).
 www.buildinghow.com


Part 2: Preliminary Design of the Superstructure of a

Balanced Cantilever Bridge for Gravity loading
2.1 LECTURE PLAN

Lecture 1
 Introduction to Bridge Engineering
 About Balanced Cantilever Bridge
Lecture 2
 Design of Deck Slab, Railing, Post and Sidewalk
 Design of Interior Girder
(Dead load Calculation, Shear force diagram, Bending Moment Diagram for dead load)
Lecture 3 & 4
 Design of Interior Girder, Exterior Girder
(SFD & BMD for live load including truck load, tandem load and Lane load at different sections,
Corresponding Impact shear & moment, Design of reinforcement for shear & moment)
Lecture 5
 Design of Cross Girder/ Diaphram and Articulation
2.2 SUBMISSION GUIDELINE OF BRIDGE DESIGN

The Design Report shall explain the details of the design process. It shall include the following
items:
• Design Specification, Standards followed in Analysis & Design
• Loads and Load Combinations
• Design of Slab
• Design of Railing, Post and Sidewalk
• Design of Interior Girder
• Design of Exterior Girder
• Design of Diaphrams or Cross Girders
• Design of Articulation
[Note: Appropriate hand sketches showing the details of reinforcements must accompany all
design calculations.]
2.3 INTRODUCTION TO BRIDGE ENGINEERING
a) What is a Bridge?
• A Bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way
beneath.
• The required passage may be for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline.
b) Requirements of an Ideal Bridge

• Economical
• Serves the intended functions with safety and convenience
• Aesthetic elegant look
c) Selection of Bridge Site

• A straight reach of the river
• Steady river flow without serious whirls and cross currents
• A narrow channel with firm banks
• Suitable high banks above high flood level on each side
• Rock or other hard strata close to the river bed level
• Absence of sharp curves in the approaches
• Avoidance of excessive underwater construction
• Avoidance of expensive river training work
• Proximity to a direct alignment of the connected road
d) Choice of a type of a Bridge

• Channel Section
• Sub-soil condition
• Grades and Alignment
• Hydraulic Data

• Weather
• Navigation requirements
• Economic and Strategic considerations
• Labour availability
• Materials of Construction available
• Period of Construction
• Type of loading
• Erection Facilities
e) Types of Bridge (based on action)

• Slab Bridge
• Deck-girder Bridge
• Balanced- Cantilever Bridge
• Arch Bridge
• Truss Bridge
• Suspension Bridge
• Cable-stayed Bridge
Fig. 1: Deck-girder Bridge – Niteroi Bridge, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

Fig.2: Arch Bridge - Sydney Harbour Bridge, Australia
Fig. 3:Truss Bridge – Ikitsuki Bridge, Nagasaki, Japan

Fig.4: Cable-stayed Bridge – Rion Antirion Bridge, Greece
Fig. 5: Suspension Bridge – Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan

Fig.6: Swing Bridge- (Bridge Across Shatt-al-arab, Iraq )
f) Types of Bridge (based on type of Support)

• Simply-Supported Bridge
• Continuous Bridge
• Fixed Bridge
• Cantilever Bridge
g) Types of Bridge (based on material)

• Concrete/ R.C.C Bridge
• Steel Bridge
• Stone Bridge
• Timber Bridge
• Composite Bridge

Table 1: Classification of Bridge (based on span length)
Main Span Length Type of Bridge

0-10m Beam/ Girder R.C.C Bridge
10-50m Precast Concrete (PCC) I- Girder Bridge
50-100m Prestressed (PSC) concrete Box-Girder Bridge
100-200m Composite Bridge (Steel Girder & Steel-Concrete Composite Slab)
>200m PSC Extradose Bridge
1000-1500m (1-1.5km) Cable-Stayed Bridge
>1500m (1.5km) Suspension Bridge
h) Different Parts of a Bridge

 Foundation: The portion below the bed level of a river.
 Substructure: The parts below the bearings level and above the foundation.
 Superstructure: Components above the level of bearings.
Components above the level of bearings
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
Fig. 7: Different parts of a Bridge

i) Components of a Bridge
• Deck Slab
• Girder
• Diaphram or Cross Girder
• Bearings for the decking
• Abutment, Wingwall
• Pier, Viaduct
• Foundation (i.e.Pile)
• Handrail, Curb/ Sidewalk
• Approach to the Bridge (to connect the bridge proper to the roads on either side)

Fig. 8: Different components of a Bridge
j) BRIDGE TERMINOLOGY
 Abutment
• The end supports of the superstructure of a bridge.
• Supports the bridge deck at the ends.
• Retains the approach road embankment.
 Wing walls
• The walls constructed on both sides of the abutments.
• Anchor the bridge to its approach road.
• Support the embankments of approach road.
• Protect the embankments from the wave action of running water.

Fig. 10: Transverse section
 Curb/ Sidewalk
• Raised portion of a roadway slab on both sides.
• Provided to check the vehicle to fall out the bridge.
• Width of 60cm & Height of 22.5 cm are adopted.
• Roadside slope is kept as 1 in 8 upto 20cm & top portion is curved.
 Footpath
• The passage where only pedestrians are allowed to walk.
• Width may be taken as 1.5 to 2.2 metre.
 Handrail
• Protective measures adopted to prevent the falling to river of the bridge users.
 Pier
• Intermediate supports of the superstructure of a bridge.
• Transfer load from the superstructure to the sub-soil through the foundation.
• Obstruct the flow of water on the upstream.
• Facilitate a long bridge to be converted into segments.

Fig. 11: Afflux
 Afflux
• The rise in water level of the river near bridge due to obstruction created by obstruction
of piers.
• Afflux = Difference of levels of downstream and upstream water surface of bridge.
 Freeboard
• The difference between the high flood level and the level of the crown of the road at its
lowest point.
 Approaches/ Embankments
• The structures that carry the road or railway track upto the bridge.
 Approach Slab
• The slab provided to join the approach road with the bridge.
• One end rests on the backfill of the abutment andextends into the approach at least by
3.5m.
 Backfill
• Materials used to fill the space at the back of the bridge.
• They are the broken stone, gravel, sand etc. and should be clean.

Fig. 12: Total span, total clear span, span and clear span
 Total Span & Total Clear Span

• The centre to centre distance between the end supports of a bridge is termed as total
span.
• Clear distance between the end supports is termed as total clear span.
 Span & Clear Span

 The centre to centre distance between any two adjacent supports is termed as span.
 Clear distance between any two adjacent supports is termed as clear span.
 Headroom
• The distance between the highest point of the vehicle using that bridge and the lowest
point of any protruding member of the bridge.
 High Flood Level (HFL)

• The highest water level ever recorded during a flood in a river or stream.
 Low Flood Level (LFL)

• The lowest water level in a river or stream during dry weather
 Mean or Ordinary Flood Level (MFL)

• The flood level that normally occurs every year.

k) Softwares for Bridge Design

• SAP 2000
• CSiBridge
• ADAPT ABI 2012
• Structural Bridge Design
• CRSI (Slab Bridge Designer)
• ANSYS Civil FEM Bridge
• MIDAS
2.4 ABOUT BALANCED CANTILEVER BRIDGE
a) Multiple simply supported span bridge
Fig. 13: A bridge having simply supported span

b) Continuous span bridge
Fig. 14: A bridge having continuous span
c) What is a Balanced Cantilever Bridge?
• A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers, structures that project

horizontally into space, supported on only one end.
• The suspended span is designed as a simply supported span with supports at

the articulations.
• A simple cantilever span is formed by two cantilever arms extending from

opposite sides of an obstacle to be crossed.

d) Developing the idea of Cantilever form
Fig. 15: A bridge having intermediate hinges
e) Advantages of Balanced Cantilever Bridge

• Being a Determinate Structure.
• The problem of large stress due to differential support settlement is eliminated due to
the internal hinges.
• The design section becomes economic.
• Less concrete, steel are required for cantilever design.
f) Disadvantages of Balanced Cantilever Bridge

• Requires a little more skill on the part of the designer.
• Requires more elaborate detailing of the reinforcements.
• Articulations are very congested with steel and anchorages.

2.5 DETAILS OF SOME EXISTING BRIDGES
a) World’s largest Cantilever Bridge- Quebec Bridge, CANADA
Fig.16: Quebec bridge, CANADA

• Total length: 987 m (3,239 ft)
• Width: 29 m (94 ft) wide
• Longest span : 549 m (1,800 ft)
• Opened: December 3, 1919
• Carries: 3 lanes of roadway
1 rail line
1 pedestrian walkway
• Crosses: St. Lawrence River

b) Bangladesh China Friendship Bridge

• Bridge Type : Pre-stressed concrete box girder
• Length : 151 m (over river Dhaleswari on Dhaka-Munshigonj road)
• Width : 10 m (carriage way - 7.5 m & sidewalk - 2x1.25 m)
• No. of Lanes : 2 Lanes
• No. of Span: 37 nos.
• No. of Abutment: 2 nos.
• No. of Piers: 38 nos.
• Type of Foundation : Pile foundation
Fig.17: Bangladesh China Friendship Bridge or Mukterpur Bridge, Bangladesh
(Source: Googlemap)

Cantilever Span
Fig.18: Spans of Bangladesh China Friendship Bridge

Fig.19: Articulation/ Halving joint
Fig.20: A back view showing diaphragm/cross girder and longitudinal girder

c) Sebastian Intel Bridge, Florida, USA
Fig. 21: Sebastian Intel Bridge, Florida, USA

Fig. 22: Support details of Sebastian Intel Bridge, Florida, USA
Fig. 23: Diaphram or cross girder of Sebastian Intel Bridge, Florida, USA

Fig. 24: Bearing Pad of Sebastian Intel Bridge, Florida, USA
2.6 LOADS ON BRIDGE

• Dead load
• Live load (i.e. Vehicles and Pedestrians)
• Dynamic or Impact effect of live load
• Wind loading
• Seismic Forces
• Buoyancy
• Water current forces
• Thermal Forces
• Erection Forces
• Earth Pressure
• Centrifugal Forces (for curved deck)
• Longitudinal Forces (for stopping vehicle)
• Ice loading

a) Permanent Loads
b) Transient Loads

c) Vehicular Live load
Fig.25: Design Truck load (HS20-516)
Fig.26: Design Tandem load

Fig.27: Design Lane load
d) Application of Bridge Live loads

e) Dynamic effect of Live load
f) Combination of Loads : AASHTO 2012, Sec. 3.4.1


2.7 DESIGN OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS
(a)

(b)
Fig.28: Longitudinal profile a three spanned balanced cantilever bridge

Fig. 29: Transverse section

Design Data for Students:

Instructions for Students

• Follow the serial number of the students given in the previous table as starting from the
smallest to upper student number for each section which will be provided in the class.
• Draw SFD, BMD of interior girder due to dead load and also verify those results using
software.
• Draw influence line diagram for shear and moment at the assigned sections and also
verify them using software for at least three sections.
a) DESIGN OF DECK SLAB
Design for Dead Load
Fig. 30: Dead load on deck slab

Deign for Vehicular Live load
Fig. 31: Vehicular live load on deck slab


Reinforcement Design of Deck


Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement of Deck

(AASHTO 2012, Art 5.10.8)

Distribution Reinforcement of Deck

(AASHTO 2012, Art 5.10.8)
Reinforcement Detailing of Deck Slab

Fig.32: Reinforcement detailing of Slab

b) DEIGN OF RAILING
Fig.33 : Side view and elevation view of railing and post
• Each railing shall be designed for 50 lb/ft uniformly distributed live load acting
simultaneously in both vertical and horizontal direction.
• Opening between rails < 6 inch for portion 27 in. vertically from walkway surface.
• Opening between rails < 8 inch for portion above 27 in. from walkway surface.
Design Steps:
• Assume, 5in. X 5in. Railing

• Consider Live load on each railing = 50lb/ft
• Determine Dead load per unit length
• Determine total load wT per unit length
• Determine Maximum Moment = 1/10 wT l2
• Determine steel Area As .

c) DESIGN OF CURB / SIDEWALK
Fig. 34: Loads on Curb or sidewalk
• Determine P1, P2 , P3, P4.

• Determine bending moment M at critical section
• Determine steel area, As1 due to M

Expansion gap Determination

d) DESIGN OF INTERIOR GIRDER
Fig. 35: Different dimensions of longitudinal girder
Dead load Analysis of Interior Girder

• Determine Dead load coming from self weight, wearing surface (DW).
• Determine dead load coming from self weight of slab, self weight of longitudinal girder
from constant and variable part (DC).
• Determine self weight of cross girder/diaphram.

Fig. 36: Design sections of Interior Girder
Table 2: Determining concentrated load of cross girder/diaphragm on main girder
Load of Diaphram Depth of Cross Width of Girder, bd Load (lb)

girder (in.) (inch)
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6

Fig. 37: SFD and BMD of interior girder due to DC dead load
Fig. 38: SFD and BMD of interior girder due to DW dead load (wearing course)
Live load analysis of Interior Girder

Influence Line (IL)

• IL is a digram showing the variation in shear, moment, reaction, stress in a structure due
to a unit load moving across the structure.
• Miller Breslay’s Principle
“The ordinates of IL for any stress element (such as axial force, shear force, bending moment
or reaction) of any structure are proportional to those of the deflection curve which is obtained
by removing the restrain corresponding to that element from structure & introducing in its place,
a corresponding deformation into the primary structure which remains.”
;
IL
Fig. 39: IL diagram for shear and moment at section 2

Fig. 40: IL diagram for shear and moment at section 4 and 7

Fig. 41: Maximum positive moment at section 7 for forward and backward truck
wheel load

Fig. 42: Maximum +- moment, shear at section 7 for forward and backward truck
wheel load

Fig. 43: Maximum positive & negative moment, shear at section 7 for tandem load

Fig. 44: Maximum positive, negative moment, shear at section 7 for equivalent
lane load

Table
3:

Flexural Reinforcement Design of Interior Girder

• Determine Effective width beff. for Interior Girder.
• Consider the Design moment for each section.
• Determine steel area As for maximum design moment.
• Bar Cut-off will be done where required.
e) DESIGN OF EXTERIOR GIRDER
Fig. 45: Dead load on Exterior girder

Fig. 46: Live load on Exterior girder
Table 4:



Fig.47: Reinforcement detailing of main girder

f) DESIGN OF CROSS GIRDER/ DIAPHRAM
Fig.48 : Reinforcement detailing of cross girder

g) DESIGN OF ARTICULATION
Fig.49 : Articulation or halving joint

Fig.50 : Widening of girder near articulation location
What is Articulation
• The connection between the suspended span and the edge of the cantilever is called
‘Articulation’.
• The bearings at articulations can be in the form of sliding plates, roller-rocker

arrangement or elastomeric pads.

Fig.51 : Cracks at articulation
Fig.52 : Clearance requirement around bearing pad near articulation

Fig. 53: Expansion gap and edge distance around bearing pad





Design Steps
1. Determine flexural steel area As1 based on moment MA.
2. Determine steel area As2 based on FA.
3. Determine steel area Ash based on VA
4. Determine required spacing s for stirrup
5. Check spacing of stirrup with maximum spacing
Detailing of Articulation
Fig.54 : Reinforcement detailing of articulation

REFERENCES
1. Dr. Khan Mahmud Amanat, Lecture slides of CE316 Sessional Course,
Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET).
2. Md. Ruhul Amin, Lecture handout of CE316 sessional course,

Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET).
th
3. AASHTO LRFD Bridge design Specifications, 6 edition, 2012, US.
4. Other online resources.

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CE 412

Structural Analysis and Design Sessional-II

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 2

Sl. No. Name Page no.

1.3 Design of Stair 11

1.4 Design of Overhead Water Reservoir (OWR) 15

1.5 Lateral Load Calculation 21

1.6 Design of Floor Slabs 24

1.7 Design of Floor Beams 28

1.8 Design of Column 34

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 3

Sl. No. Name Page No.

2.1 Lecture Plan 43

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 4

Part 1: Structural Analysis and Design of the Multistoried RC Building

 Foundation design (footing, basement, retaining wall, abutment, underground water

 Design of superstructure (beam, column, slab, girder, stair etc.)

Figure 1: Super structural elements

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 5

Figure 2: Foundation elements

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 6

Figure 3: Gravity load distribution

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 7

 Prepare a preliminary model of the structure based on preliminary calculations and

III. 0.75[1.4DL+1.7LL±1.7{1.1(EQx or EQy)}] ~ 1.05DL+1.275LL±1.4(EQx or EQy)

IV. 0.75{1.4DL+1.7LL±1.7(Wx or Wy)} ~ 1.05DL+1.275LL±1.275(Wx or Wy)

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 8

U.S.D Method W.S.D Method

Vc = Allowable shear force without web

reinforcement = 2 λ ƒ′ bwd Ec =33×w1.5× ƒ′

V = Allowable shear force with web n= =

# Bearing on concrete = 0.75

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 9

Structure, 15th edition, Chap-11, P-363)

Figure 4: Moment coefficients for beam.

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 10

1.3 Design of Stair

Figure 5: Typical stair

a) Assumptions and considerations

fy= 60000 psi

Thickness of waist and landing slab = 6"

Live Load=82 psf = 0.082 ksf (BNBC)

Floor Finish= 25 psf = 0.025 ksf

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 11

Total Dead Load=Landing slab + (Rises & Steps+ Waist)

Total load, W= (0.082*1.7) + [1.4*(0.1 +0.025)] =0.31 ksf

c) Moment and reinforcement calculation

d = (t-1) = (6-1) = 5"

d = 3.36"< provided, 5" (ok)

As = 0.0018 ∗ b ∗ t = 0.0018 ∗ 12 ∗ 6 = 0.129in.

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 12

The distance between two cranked rod is 11".

For shrinkage, As = 0.0018 ∗ 12 ∗ 6 = 0.129in.

Assume beam size, 10"x12"

d = (t-2.5) = (12-2.5) = 9.5"

So, self-weight = (0.83*1*150)/1000 = 0.12k/ft

CE412: Structural Analysis & Design Sessional - II Page | 13

10" 10" 10"

Ø10mm @ 10" c/c

6" 6" 6"

Figure 6: Reinforcement details of stair

Total load, W= (0.0821.7) + [1.4(0.1 +0.025)] =0.31 ksf

So, self-weight = (0.831150)/1000 = 0.12k/ft

Total members= 625= 60 persons.

Total load, w = (0.062561.7) + [1.4*(0.05287 +0.025)] =0.75 ksf

Asmin = 0.0018bt = 0.0018124.5 = 0.1 in /ft

Self-weight = 0.831150 = 0.12 k/ft

W = DLArea = 17547.87540.575* = 339.9 k ~ 340 k