The Socialist Republic of State Standard

Romania Official edition STAS 9842/2-75

National Council for Science Land surveys
and Technology SETTING OUT OF Replaces:
Romanian Standards RAILWAYS ___
Institute Alphanumeric classification
G 08
Land survey Mesurages terrestres ЗЕМДЕМЕРНЫЕ РАБОТЫ
SETTING OUT OF TRAÇAGE DES CHEMINS Раабивка железнодорожных
RAILWAYS DE FER диний

1. GENERAL
1.1 The current standard consists of specific prescriptions for setting out of designed
railways.
1.2 Setting out of railways consists of determining, representing and marking the
characteristic points of the route’s axle that defines its geometric elements.
1.3 The general prescriptions for setting out of railways are consistent with STAS
9824/0-74.
2. DESIGNING THE SETTING OUT

2.1 The design of the setting out network is accomplished before mapping the execution
project of the railways.
The amplitude of the setting out network is established depending on the necessities
to link the route points to the existing geodesic or topographic networks in the area, as well as on
the precision the nature of special works imposes as: underground excavations, lakes or water
flow crossing, etc.
2.2 The coordinates of the main basic points of the designed route (angle points and
certain intermediate points) are established by the railway designer, as against the geodesic or
support topographic network or as against the permanent details existing in the field.

3. APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF THE SETTING OUT NETWORK

3.1 The setting out network consists of the local topographic network points and the
characteristic points of the designed route.
3.2 The local topographic network is linked to the geodesic or support topographic
network, depending on the general designing necessities.
3.3 The route’s characteristic points are:
- the route’s initial and ending points;
- alignments’ points of intersection;
- support angle points (in the case where the point of intersection of two alignments is
inaccessible);
- curves’ main points (see table 1);
- centers of circles joining the route’s alignments (if these points are necessary and can be
represented in the field);
- directional markings on the route’s alignments, including those between the entrance
and exit from the curve and the angle point, fixed at intervals of at least 250 m in non-bumpy
areas or 100 m in bumpy areas. These distances are measured with high precision according to
point 5 in table 4.

Approved by: Initially elaborated by: Date of going into

THE ROMANIAN STANDARDS Revised by: effect:1975-02-01
INSTITUTE
No.6 Edgar Quinet street, Bucharest
Telex 11.312 CNST R
 4. SETTING OUT THE ROUTE’S GUIDING AXLE IN THE FIELD

4.1 Representing the route’s points

4.1.1 Representation in the field must be performed for the route’s characteristic points
mentioned in 3.3 for the following intermediate points:
- points for changing declivity, along the route or laterally, in the territory;
- points for delimitation of the land’s category of use (ploughland, pasture-land, woods,
orchards etc.)
- the points of intersection with other communication roads’ axis (irrespective of the type
of intersection: grade crossing or points of failure);
- points of intersection with valleys, water flows, ravines, etc;
- points of intersection with the axles of channels, cables, pipes of any kind (underground
or aerial);
- points of route’s adjoining buildings;
- points of intersection with existing bridges;
- entrance and exit points from bridges and from each infrastructure;
On the route’s axle, besides the above mentioned points, other points must be represented
at 50 m intervals, starting from the route’s initial point. In curves, the intervals middle points are
marked (from 25 to 25 meters)
4.1.2. The route’s points (mentioned above in 4.1.1) are marked depending on the land‘s
characteristics as follows:
- wooden grade stakes ( approximately 30 cm long and 4…5 cm wide);
-metal grade stakes (of reinforcing steel 5…25 cm long and 6…12 mm in diameter) or
worn lag screws;
- oil paint.
The wooden and metal grade stakes are planted up to the land frontage in the case of new
routes, or up to the superior level of the railway sleeper in case of resetting out the existent
railways.
The route’s theoretic point is marked by:
- driving in a nail in a wooden pole,
- performing a hole or a cross notch, on the superior face of the metal pole;
- a point of paint encircled, in the case of marking the point in paint.
4.1.3 The marking points in the field must be expressed in kilometric positions (including
meters fractions), which shall be registered in the staking notebook, in tables, with symbols (see
table 1) and short descriptions, according to the model in the annex.

4.2 Noting points marked on the route

4.2.1 The route’s characteristic points, marked in the field, must be written in symbols as
in table 1.

Running Route’s characteristic points

No.
name Symbol*
0 1 2
1 Route’s initial point Km 0
2 Route’s end point Km…
3 Point of intersection between two alignments Vn
4 Support angle points Vnm
5 Entrance point into the circular arc, without progressive Tin
joining (entering tangent)
6 Exit of the circular arc, without progressive joining (exit TEn
tangent)
7 Curves Common tangent point of adjoining circular arcs TCn
 8 main Entrance from the alignment in the progressive joining ARn
points curve
9 Entrance from the progressive joining into the alignment Ran
10 Entrance from the progressive joining in the circular arc RCn
curve
11 Entrance from the circular arc curve into the progressive CRn
joining
12 Middle of the circular arc curve without progressive joining Bn
(intersection with the bisecting line)
13 Middle of the circular arc curve with progressive joining MCn
14 Circles’ centers that join alignments On
15 Directional points fixed at 250 m intervals (non-bumpy Dn
land) or 100 m (bumpy land)

* n is the serial number considered from the beginning of the route, corresponding to the
angle point for the characteristic points provided in No. 3…14 or the serial number of points
(Dn) on the alignments (running no. 15).
M is the serial number of the support angle point, characteristic for every inaccessible
angle point (it can go as far as 2)
4.2.2 The route’s intermediate points (excluding the characteristic ones in table 1) are
written in symbols in table 2.

Running Route’s intermediate points

number Name Symbol
1 Points representing kilometers on the route Km 1…
2 Points representing hectometers within a kilometer 1…9
3 Points representing meters within a kilometer 01…99

4.2.3 Writing down the route’s characteristic and intermediate points is performed by oil
based paint, as mentioned below.
4.2.3.1 In the case of wooden grade stakes, the symbol is written straight on them, on the
first 5 cm, on the superior edge, on the part facing the starting point of the route.
In front of the grade stakes, while fixing them, a hole shall be carved so that the symbol
may be visible.
4.2.3.2 In the case of metal grade stakes, the symbols are marked on the witness wooden
grade stakes or on other stable elements existing in the neighborhood (trees, pillars, etc)
4.2.3.3 In case of resetting out certain existing railway axis, the symbol is marked
through the heart of the rail on the right side of the forward running.

4.3 Signaling the route’s points

4.3.1 Signaling the points of intersection between two alignments (angle points) is
performed by three hills that enclose the point without intersecting the alignments direction or
the respective bisecting line.
4.3.2 Signaling the characteristic points (provisioned for in table 1), excluding the angle
points, is performed by two hills placed to the grade stakes right and left.
4.3.3 The signaling of the route’s intermediate points is performed by a hill placed to the
grade stakes’ right (on the forward running) with soil from the left side.
4.3.4 The hills in points 4.3.1…4.3.3 have a minimum height of 0,4 m. The hole’s edge
as well as the hill’s edge (at the basis) must be of at least 0,3 m from the point they are signaling.
4.3.5 In the case of slopes, of ploughland or of set-up platforms, signaling with hills
provisioned for in 4.3.1…4.3.4 is replaced by signaling with witness piles, of 0,4 m long after
fixing and approximately 5 cm wide. On the frontage (facing the route’s starting point) the
symbol or kilometer position is marked in oil paint. The witness piles are placed on the right, at a
convenient distance, but not less than 0,3 m from the signaling point.

4.4 Route’s planimetric and level marking

 4.4.1 The railway’s route representation is laterally marked, in current line (between
stations), or by means of a marking basis placed in stations.
4.4.2 The lateral marking is performed for the following route’s points:
- the route’s starting and ending points;
- alignments points of intersection (angle points)*);
-support angle points;
- entrance and exit points from the circular arc (TI and TE);
- the entrance points from the alignment to the progressive joining curve and the other
way round (AR and RA);
- directional points (Dn) placed within visibility limits;
- geometric points of current line measuring instrument.
*) Angle points can be marked directly on their own place.
4.4.3 Marking by a marking basis is performed by means of points in 4.4.2 on the railway
station’s perimeter.
4.4.4 Lateral marking is performed by marking posts, usually made of concrete, placed as
in Figure 1 (dimensions in meters).
Figure 1
1. marking post for the angle point, called top marking post
2. marking post for the angle point called reference frame
3 metal piece for marking the topographic point.

4.4.4.1 The reference frames are placed either on the bisecting line direction, in the case
of angle points, or on directions perpendicular to the route, in all the other cases.
It is allowed to place markers on other directions than the mentioned ones, if the land
does not permit placing them on the mentioned directions.

4.4.42 The reference frames can be:

- singular (as figure 1); from these reference frames one can sight the marked point and if
possible at least one point in the support network;
- in pairs (I and II), placed on the set direction; from these reference frames one can sight
the marked point and as far as possible from one of the reference frames a point in the support
network must be sighted.
Reading angles at singular and pair reference frames is performed in complete series.

4.4.4.3 The reference frames are marked as follows:

- on the part facing the marked point, with the following symbols:
- symbol of the marked point (for example: V5);
- letter R;
- the running number of the reference frame, for marking the route respective point;
Example of marking the second reference frame (the pair of reference frames), that marks
the angle point V5 (fig. 2)
- on the opposing part of the marked point, the horizontal projection distance is written
(in meters), from the marked point to the reference frame axis.
Example of labelling for the reference frame situated at 22,40 m distance from the
marked point (figure 3):

4.4.5 Marking by means of the marking basis is performed by placing of posts on the
basis direction (usually of concrete), at intervals of maximum 300m and wooden grade stakes in
points representing the arms of the perpendicular descending from the marked points to the basis
alignment.
 4.4.6 In order to ensure precision of level marking, additional markers are used, levelling
marks STAS 4294-73, maximum two for one kilometer route, placed on constructions or art
works belonging to the railroads administration or on other stable constructions.
The geometric levelling marks are numbered by stamping their serial number.

4.4.7 Routes marking is usually performed within the expropriation limits, outside works
territory.

4.5 Devices

For measuring distances, angles and level differences, devices provisioned for in table 3
are used.

Running Measurement type Apparatus

number
0 1 2
Measurement of distances between the In bumpy - horizontal measuring staff
1 route’s directional adjoining points areas - electronic devices
2 In easy bumpy - tape of 50 and 20 m long
areas -roll tape measure or electro-
3 Measurement of distances for marking route’s insulated tapes (of fiber glass)
intermediate points*
4 Angle measurement - surveyor’s transit
-tacheometer
5 Determining level differences at points on the route’s - geometric levelling devices
axis on the reference frames and on the additional -measuring staff
levelling markers

*) Measurement of distances for marking route’s intermediate points is performed only

inside the intervals determined by the directional points.
4.6 Tolerance
4.6.1 Tolerance and measuring errors
Tolerance and allowed errors for measuring distances, angles and roads end are according
to table 4.
Running Type of measure Tolerance and measurement
number errors
0 1 2
1 Direct measuring of Td = 0,003 √ D (1)
distances in a sloppy p≤ 3g Where
field(p): Td – tolerance in meters for direct
measuring of distance
D – distance in meters

2 3g<p≤ 10g 1,35 Td

3 10g<p≤ 15g 1,7 Td
4 15g < p 2 Td
5 Indirect measures for Horizontal end measuring Linear deviations that results
horizontal measuring staff for distances under 100m according to the maximum
staff distances and Horizontal measuring staff at distance error, between extreme
parallactic angles, with the middle of the distance, for angular values of 8cc
2cc theodolite ( distances over 100 up to 200
measuring angles in meters
three series) by means Auxiliary basis at the end for
of: distances over 200 up to 400
meters
6 Measuring of horizontal With theodolite Tα = 6cc√ n (2)
angles, round the Where
horizon, complete series Tα – tolerance, at measuring
angles in seconds
 6 cc - punching error
N – number of directions
measured round the horizon
7 With tacheometer Tα =50cc √ n (3)
Where
Tα and n – the above significance
50 cc – punching error
8 Closing on orientation of the course destined for tape fα = ± υc √ n (4)
situation plans, executed along routes where
fα = angular error of the course
υ
c – precision of the reading
device
n – number of course stations
9 Closing of the course on Txy = 0,003 √ D + D/2600 (5)
final coordinates, on p ≤ 3g Where
sloppy lands (p) Txy – closing tolerance against
final coordinates in meters
D – distances in meters
Relation 5 expresses the value of
the total error (fL) of the course
determined by the relation:
FL= √ fx2 + fy2 (6)
where
fx and fy are linear deviations on
the two axes
10 3g<p≤ 10g 1,25 Txy
11 10g<p≤ 15g 1,5 Txy
12 15g < p 2 Txy
13 Closing of the course on III order levelling (is applied TIII = 10 √ L (7)
geometric levelling on main lines) Where
TIII - closing tolerance of the
course of geometric levelling, in
mm
L – the levelling route’s length, in
km.
14 Closing of the course IV order levelling (is applied TIV = 20 √ L (8) With the
with geometric levelling on branch lines) above
15 V order levelling (is allowed TV = 30 √ L (9) mentioned
on railways joints routes and specifications
on factory railways)
16 Closing of trigonometric levelling course (allowed only on Tt = 0,2 √ L (10)
preliminary studies with informational character Where
Tt = tolerance of trigonometric
levelling closing courses, in
meters
L – levelling course measurement,
in km.

4.6.2 Setting out tolerance

Allowed tolerances for railways setting out are as follows:
4.6.2.1 Upon reconstruction of main points of the route axle in the support network, by
direct and indirect intersections, at the error circle’s ray of: 0,20 m
4.6.2.2 When the railways axle passes near by compulsory points:
- for registering the route on metal decks or against handrails, platforms and quays:
0,04 m;
- for registering the route on art works axle (tunnels, viaducts and concrete bridges):
0,10 m;
- for registering the course against works in its vicinity and situated outside overall
dimensions distances (fences, pillars, buildings, etc.): 0,30 m
 5. RECEPTION AND HANDING OVER THE SETTING OUT WORKS

5.1 In the case of new routes, with more than 3 km in length, at the same time with works
reception the route is also handed over by the designer to the beneficiary and to the constructor.
If at that date the making unit is unknown the handing over is only to the beneficiary.
5.2 In the case of new routes with less than 3 km in length, if there are not enough
support points, the handing over takes place as in 5.1. If there are enough support points, the
axle’s setting out can be done by the construction unit, on the basis of the route’s geometric
elements, provisioned for in the execution project.
In this last case, the handing over of the site consists of handing over the points in the
support network by the designer to the beneficiary and to the constructor.
5.3 The reception and handing over results of the setting out works are written down in
the report concluded between the parties.
5.4 The beneficiary and the constructor, after taking over the route and the markers, are
responsible for maintaining the marked points in the field and for remaking them in case of
deterioration.

ANNEX
STAKING ON A – B LINE
Examples
Point position in Kilometers Points on the route (symbol or Design of the route portion:
description alignments and points (in the plan)
66 +950,13 AR 5
+975
+981 Riprap up
+985,60 Riprap down
+986,55 Support wall up
+986,55 Support wall down
+990
66 + 991,50 Water limit
67 + 018 Water limit
+020,26 RC 5
+034,80 Riprap up
+038 Riprap down
+060
+100 Foot of slope V5
+131,54 MC 5
+150
+163,50 Bank up
+165 Ravine axle
+165,50 Bridge axle
+167 Bank up
+180
+198 Ditch up
+199,50 Ditch down
+220
+242,82 CR 5
+258,50
+275
+300
+312,95 RA 5
67+349,08 D 62
+350
+375
+400
Elaborated by: Ministry of Transportation and
Telecommunications
Institute for setting out railways
Responsible for the project: engineer Anatol
Geiching
Final edition: Romanian Standard Institute
Service – constructions and building materials
Engineer Camelia Savescu
Collaborators:
- Land department in the Agriculture, Food Industry
and Waters Ministry
- Bucharest Building Institute
- Research, designing and documentation institute
for building materials industry
- Technological designing institute for factories and
metallurgic installations
- Research and designing institute for wood industry
- Timisoara Railways Regional