Volume d.

Force of Gravity – that which is acting

on an object which enables it to exert
Application:
an equal and opposite force on its
A cylinder contains 25.9 mL of water. support.
When a small rock is placed in it, the water rises e. Nuclear Force – the strongest known
to 34.7 mL. What is the volume of the rock? force which holds together the protons
and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Given: V1= 25.9 mL V2= 34.7 mL f. Electromagnetic Force – binds
Solution: Vrock= V2 – V1 electrons to the atomic nucleus, atoms
in the molecules, ions in solid matter
= 34.7 mL – 25.9 mL and molecules into liquid and solids.
= 8.8 mL
MASS VS. WEIGHT
Mass – indicates the quantity of matter
in a material object. It is measured in a
Density – is the mass of the object per unit
unit called kilogram.
volume.
Weight – is the measure of the pull of
D=mass/volume (g/cc) gravity on an object. It is expressed in N
unit (100 g = 1N).
Force – anything that changes the speed and
Work – is done only when the force
direction of moving objects or that which
applied to an object actually moves the
causes a stationary object to start moving in a
object in the direction of force.
straight line.
Work = (Force)(Displacement)
(newton)(meter/joule)
Force – anything that causes motion or
MEASURING FORCE a change in motion.
Gravitational Force – is the pull that the earth Displacement – the distance and
exerts on all objects and is measured by the direction through which an object is
weight of an object. moved.

TYPES OF FORCES Machines – is any mechanical device

Gravitational Force – downward force that the that we use to help us do work or make
earth exerts on object. our work easier.
Simple Machines – machines that have
a. Inertia – tendency of an object to only one or two parts.
remain at rest or maintain its motion a. Lever – any rigid body
unless disturbed by a force. which is pivoted about a
b. Friction – resists/opposes the relative point called fulcrum.
sliding movement of two surfaces in
contact with one another.
c. Centripetal Force – drive a thing
onward toward a center or rotation. It
keeps an object moving in a circular
path.
b. Pulley – a wheel with a
grooved rim over which a
rope pass.
c. Wheel and axle – consists
of a wheel attached to an
axle so that if you push on
the wheel, the axle turns
also.
make use of two or more simple machines.
Energy – is the ability to do work or the ability
to exert force on an object and make it move.
d. Inclined Plane – a flat
surface with one and higher
than the other.
e. Wedge – an inclined plane
with either one or two
sloping slides.
f. Screw – spiral inclined
planes. Works by
transferring force exerted
on the circumference of the
screw.
Compound Machines – machines that
FORMS OF ENERGY
a. Mechanical Energy
 Kinetic – energy possessed by
an object or a body in motion.
 Potential – energy possessed
by a body because of its
position or state.
b. Internal/Thermal Energy – total energy
coming from the attractive and
repulsive forces of all the particles or
molecules in a body.
c. Heat Energy – energy which flows from
one body to another due to a
temperature different between them,
and the flow is always from the hotter
to the colder body.
d. Electrical Energy – is the energy of
electrons flowing through conductors,
like copper wires and aluminum wires.
e. Chemical Energy – energy stored in
matter due to forces of attraction and
 to the arrangement of subatomic
particles in atoms and of atoms in the
molecules of substances.
f. Radiant Energy – energy of the
electromagnetic waves, radio waves,
infrared waves/rays, visible light,
ultraviolet rays, x rays and gamma rays.
g. Nuclear Energy – energy released from
nuclear fusion or fission of atomic
nuclei of heavy element or light
element.
b. Hydroelectric Power – pertains to the
production of electricity by means of
generators driven by water turbines.
c. Geothermal Energy – thermal energy
inside the earth, energy of steam from
beneath the earth’s surface.
d. Wind Energy – energy harnessed
through the windmill.
e. Solar Energy – energy from the sun,
radiant energy. The visible light is
harnessed to produce the electricity.

METHOD OF HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction – the molecules in a material are

always moving. When one part of a material is
heated, the molecules in that part move faster
and collide with other molecules.

 Conductor – is the material through

which heat passes easily.
 Insulator – is a material that conducts
heat poorly.

Convection – the movement of gas or liquid

brought about by temperature differences
creates a convection current.

Radiation – heat transfer when heat is given of

in all directions around them is radiation.

ENERGY SOURCES

a. Fossil Fuels
1. Coal – being mined formed from
trees and other vegetation buried in
swamps crated by the encroaching
sea.
2. Petroleum – a liquid mixture of
gaseous liquid and solid
hydrocarbons.
3. Natural Gas – composed entirely of
carbon and hydrogen. It is 50 to
94% methane and other
hydrocarbons.