A population grows at the rate of 5% per year.

How long does it

take for the population to double? Use differential equation for it.

SOLUTION:- Let the initial population be P0 and let the population

after t years be P, then,

dP  5  dP P dP 1
=  P  =  = dt
dt  100  dt 20 P 20

dP 1

20 
= dt [Integrating both sides]
P

1
 logeP = t +C
20
 1× 0
At t = 0, P = P0  logeP0 = + C  C = logeP0
20
1 P 
 logeP = t +loge P0  t = 20 loge  
20  P0 

When P = 2P0 , then

 2P0  1
 t = 20 loge  = loge 2 years
 P0  20

Hence, the population is doubled in 20 loge 2 years.

An elevated horizontal cylindrical tank 1 m diameter and 2 m
long is insulated with asbestos lagging of thickness l = 4 cm,
and is employed as a maturing vessel for a batch chemical
process. Liquid at 95C is charged into the tank and allowed to
mature over 5 days. If the data below applies, calculated the
final temperature of the liquid and give a
plot of the liquid temperature as a function of time.

Liquid film coefficient of heat transfer (h1) = 150 W/m2C

Thermal conductivity of asbestos (k) = 0.2
W/mC
Surface coefficient of heat transfer by convection and radiation (h2) = 10
W/m2C
Density of liquid () = 103 kg/m3
Heat capacity of liquid (s) =
2500 J/kgC
Atmospheric temperature at time of charging =
20C
Atmospheric temperature (t) t = 10 + 10 cos
 t Ts
T represents the bulk liquid temperature
Tw Tw represents the inside wall temperature of the tank
T Ts represents the outside surface temperature of the
lagging
Area of tank (A) = ( x 1 x 2) + 2 ( 1 / 4  x 12 ) = 2.5 m2
Rate of heat loss by liquid = h1A (T - Tw)
Rate of heat loss through lagging = kA/l (Tw - Ts)
Rate of heat loss from the exposed surface of the lagging = h2A (T
At steady state, the three rates are equal:
kA
h1 A(T  Tw )  (Tw  Ts )  h2 A(Ts  t )
l  kh1 
Ts  t   (T  t )
 k k  h1h2l  h1k  h2 k 
Tw  h1    h1T  Ts
 l l Ts  0.326 T  0.674 t
Considering the thermal equilibrium of the liquid,
input rate - output rate = accumulation rate
dT
0  h2 A(Ts  t )  Vs
d
dT
 0.072(0.326T  0.674t  t )
d
dT
 0.0235T  0.0235t  0.235  0.235 cos( / 12)
d
integrating factor, e0.0235
Te0.0235  0.235 e0.0235d  0.235 e0.0235 cos( / 12)d

T  10  0.08 cos 0.262   0.89 sin 0.262   Ke 0.0235

B.C.  = 0 , T = 95 K=84.92
T  10  0.08 cos0.262  0.89 sin 0.262  84.92e0.0235
• 10  85e0.0235
• 100

80

Temperature (oC) 60

40

20

15C
5day
0
s
0 25 50 75 100 125

Time (hr)
A drag racer accelerates from a stop so that its speed
is 40t feet per second t seconds after starting. How far
will the car go in 8 seconds?

SOLUTION:-

ds
Given:  40t , wher s(t ) is the distancein feet,
dt
and t is time in seconds.
s8  ? ft
Find:
 ds
 40t
dt
ds  40t dt
st    40 t dt  20 t 2
C
Apply the initial condition: s(0) = 0
s0  0  200  C
2
C 0
st   20t 2
s8  208  1280 ft
2

The car travels 1280 feet in 8 seconds.

Let population of country be decreasing at the rate
proportional to its population. If the population has
decreased to 25% in 10 years, how long will it take to
be half ?

SOLUTION:- This phenomenon can be modeled by

dN
 kN (t )
dt
Its solution is , N(t)=N(0) ekt ,
Where , N(0) in the initial population

For t=10, N(10)= (1/4)N(0)

N(0) = (1/4)N(0) e10k
or
e10k= 1/4
or
k= (1/100 ln(1/4)

Set N(t)= (1/4) N(0)

1 1
ln t 1
N (0)e 10 4
 N (0)
2
1
Or t= ln
2  8.3 years approximately
1 1
ln
10 4