In this Step you are going to look at essay questions and how

responses to these questions can be structured.

Essays are written for different purposes, and the particular purpose
will often determine the structure of the essay. For example,
sometimes an essay question will ask you to describe something:

“Describe how human activities have caused a worldwide decline

in biodiversity.”

In this situation you will still need to think carefully about the structure
of your essay, how you organise your ideas, and which ideas you give
priority to. The decisions you make will require an element of
evaluation.

Another essay structure is that of situation, problem, solution and

evaluation (SPSE). Here is an example question which would
suggest a response following this structure:

“The population of the city of Dublin has grown dramatically in

the past five years, and the number of cars on the road is
causing serious traffic jams. What can the government do to
alleviate this situation?”

You could use the SPSE structure in this case to write about a
situation where a city is growing rapidly (situation), leading to an
increased number of cars on the road (problem). Some solutions need
to be proposed, and then evaluated. The structure of your essay
would follow this order:
Compare and contrast is another essay structure, where you
consider similarities and differences in a particular situation:

“Compare and contrast three measures that have been taken and
used in storing milk in the dairy industry.”

You might start by looking at the similarities (comparing), then at the

differences (contrasting). Or you could alternate, looking at one
similarity, then at a difference.

Cause and effect is probably a structure you are familiar with, a

structure also used in many disciplines. In science, for example, you
might be expected to outline the causes of a particular phenomenon
and then look at its effects, or in history discuss the causes of a war
and the effect on a nation. Consider the following sample title:
“Nowadays people are moving to big cities to look for a better
life. Describe the reasons for this and discuss how this may
impact on cities.”

You could choose to structure your essay either in a block structure,

that is, discussing all the causes first, and then the effects, or use a
chain structure, discussing one cause, then its effect, before moving
on to the next cause.

In the next Step, you will study the structure of Patrick’s essay in more
detail. When you are ready, mark this Step as complete before you
move on.