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H OrrycKaTbcsnpocTblMH.ne6eAxauH, HMeIouIHMH 3HaqHTe.rrbHo MeHbune ra6a-
pr4TbrH Bec, uen 6utcrpoAeficrBylolque,qro, oAHaKo, rrpHBoAHTK y,[opox{aHHn
3a CqeT IOJIHOTO KOMn,'IeKTa 3aTBOpOB H HHAHBHAyaJIbHbIX' XOTS u He6stcrpO-
4eficrnyrctrlHX, le6eAor.
Ha ps.qe f3C sa rpauuqeil, a raKlKe Ha foprxoecxoii u l{pxyrcxorl f3C
(crur. puc. 3-3) npI{MeHeHbt6lrcrpoleficreyroulrze 3arBopbr, ycraHoB.rreHHbre
B orcacblBar.ouefirpy6e 2 u o6cny)Kl'IBaeMble rI'IAponoAbeMHL{KaMu. I-lpa TaKofi
ycraHoBKe 3arBopoB rlIApaBJ'IHqecKHe yc,'IoBHfl pa6orrr oTcacbrBaroulerlrpy6tr
yxyAuaroTcfl r] sa HaJruqLlfl.e Hefi na3oB, Li MoryT Bo3HHKHyTL, onacHbre no-
ftrApaBnHqecKofo
cd'reAcTBr.Ifl ylapa, B cBfl3l{ c rIeM 3To peueHHe He noJryqfi,'ro
rxHpoKofo pacnpocrpaHeHl]q.
B xa.recrBe Mepbl no 3KoHoMHI4crouMocru BoAonpueMHr{Ka6onuuroii lru-
Tepec IipeAcTaBJrflernpuMeHeHLIe6ecnagoeHx xoucrpyxqufi, HcKd'rnqaloqux
ueo6xoAltMocrb ycraHoBKH 6o,rruroro KoJIuqecrBaMerad'rJrHqecKHX 3aKJraAHbrx
uacrefi, Koropbre ycroll(Hstor H 3aAep)KlrBatorcrpouTeJrbcrBo. I-lpu orcyrcr-
Bur4 na3oB peueTKll H 3aTBOpbIBOAOnpUeMHLIKa yAeplKHBarOTCflB BepTHKaJrb-
HOM HJtLt HaKJIOHHOM TIOJIOXeHLIU, Onl4paflCb Ha CneIIHar'IbHbte KOHCTpyKLIHH,
BbrcryflarcqHe3a rrPeAenunHIIeBbIXrpanefi 6lFrxoe. EecnasoebreKoHcrpyKrIr{H
ocyqecrBJreHbrHa psAe rHApocraHrll{ft, HanpHMep Ha f3c 3ur'l6ax EpayHay
n Ancrpuu I.I1.181.
Bog,onpueMHaflqacrb pycJloBbrx3AaHHfif3C 6oalurefi qacrbro orAeaflercs
oT MaulLIHHoro3aJIaHanopHofi creHrofi B BI'IAeMaccHBHoft6eroHHofi I(oHcTpyK-
quu (puc. 1-1). To.null4HaHanopnofi creHKptnn6upaerc.fl H3 ycnoenfi ee npoq-
Hocrrl r.r BoAoHerrpoHtrl{aeMocru. Bo us6exaHre $unbrpaqux BoAbr Hapyx(Hafl
qacrb creHKI.Ig Heo6xoAI.tMbIX cryqasx noKpblBaercfffuApol{3o"'rflrrueii,a c BHyr-
peuHefi cropoHbl ee HHorAa ycrpal'IBaercq BTopas JIefKaff creHKa H3 KHpnur{a
HJrHApyfofo MaTepHaIIa.Hs nos,qy[IHofo npocrpaHcTBa,o6paayroulefocq Me-
x<Ay creHKaMr.I,ttpeAycMarpHBaercl orBoA npoQrlnmponanurefica BoAbr, Ll
tIpOu3BOAIiTCq OcytleHlie STO|OnpOCTpaHCTBa nyTel\il nOAar{HB HerO Teni'IOfO
Bo3Ayxa or reHeparopoe (cr'l. pHc. 2-3).
B N,raccueeHanopHofi creuxu ycrpar.rBar.orcffaspaquoHHbreorBepcrrirr A,rrfl
noAar{HBo3Ayxa B npocrpaHcrBo sa ryp6uHHbrMH3arBopar{rrH npeAorBpaue-
Hr.rfl3Aecb BaKyyMa, xoroprrfi Mo>KeTo6pasoearbcrrnpn onycKaHrri ryp6Hu-
Hbrx 3arBopon. Paartrepblaapaul4oHHbrx ornepcrurl Ha3HaqarcTHcxoAr r-r3cKo-
pocru ABu>xeHHflBo3Ayxa a HI.rx. B pacqerax 3Ta cKopocrt o6stquo npHHH-
r 3anbKIIHAcoH E . V . , H e x o r o p u e B o n p o c b rK o r v r n o H o B oMKe x a H u q e c K o r o
o 6 o p y A o n a H u f l u I L I T o B b I Xo r A e J I e H I . i f p t euHux fOC, <f n4porexHHqecKoe crpoHred'rbcrBoD,
1 9 5 6 , J \ l b3 .
2 Vs aHoB M. A. n EeAoKHMoB A . A . , H s o n u r a 3 K c n J r y a r a u6[ u
Hc r p o -
X orcacblBaroqux rpy6ax rr4poryp6lru, ufuapo-
4 e f t c r n y r o u l r r x3 a r B o p o B , p a c f l o J r o r y g H l l b I B
T e x H H r { e C K OceT p O H T e n L C T B O1) ,9 5 7 , N ! 7 .

2 3u*u, M 1959 l7
M a e r c f l B n p e A e r a x o r l 5 - 2 5 A o 4 0 - 5 0 . M l c e tI{J J I Hp a B l l o i i l O - x p a r l l o M y3 l l a -
qcHHrouart6o.nuuei.icltopocrH TeqeltHflBoAble soAosore.l
B uennx o6,rerqenuffnoAbeMa3arBopoBnoc"'reroto, KaK BoAa lts ryp6ttlt-
uofi KaMepbr6r;na yAa,'IeHa,r(aMepa npeABapHTeJ'IbHo 3anoJlllflercs eonoli 113
Bepxrrero 6leQa qepe3 cnerruad'rbnoe o6xonHoe orBepcrne B Halropnoii creHlie,
e a i l n a c a ( c t r l .p u c . l - 1 ) .
I r o c r r u r e eH a 3 B a H I r 6
BslcxasaHulte Bbllrle coo6pa>xenuno Ko.'IHqecrBeH ilocJ'IeiloBare"IbllocrH
pa3Meu{eHHfl na3oB B Bo,[onpueMHHKe pyc,'IoBbrxf3C coxpaHslorcs I{ r,'Ifl npH-
n,'rorrrHHr,rx f3C. Ha o6srquL,txnpHnd'IorHHHbrx fOC eolonpueNlHbleorBepcrl'ifl
pacnor'IararorcqB npeAe,{ax uluroBofi creuxu u coe.{uHqtorcfl co 3,qaHI{eM T\rp-
6aunsnru rpy6onpoBoAaMu,npoJrox{eHHbIMLI e 6eroHHoMMaccHBe.llpH ire6o.ln-
IJHX Hanopax BOIOnprreMHbre oTBepcTHqcJIe,{yeTpacnoJlafaTbBo3Mox{lloBbl[Ie,
HenOCpeICTBeHHO nOA HaHHH3IIIHMypOBHeM BOAbI B BOAOXpaHH,'IHU{e' qTO naeT
3KoHoMHlo croilMocru 3arBopoB, pa6oranulux IrpH MeHbIrleM,laBJIeHHH,li rlo-
3Bo,rrflerlpor.r3BoAnrb oqucrKy peulerox. UNopocrb reqeHHfl Bo.lbl Ha pe[Ierliax
npuHuMaercq B TaKHX cjryu2"* oo 1,0-1,2 .mlcerc.
C yeenHr{eHr.ieM Hanopa BblcoKoe pacno,'Io)KeHHeBonoilpHeMHbtxoraepcrtrii
Moxer oKa3arbcfl Herle,'Iecoo6paaHttu BcreAcTBlie BbI3bIBaeMofo 3THI\{ yA.[HHe-
norepb Hanopa Ha efo noBoporax. floeronry
uua rpy6onpoBotra H 1zBe;'rHrrerrr.rfl
HHor.{a ilepexOAqT Ha r.uy6uHulrt? BOAOnpHel\,I,noseOnqrculufi BblrtpqMIITb
r4 yKoporurs rpy5onpoBo.t. flpn aront yBe,tHtluBarorca AaBreHI.Ie Ha 3arBopbI
Li rpy3OnOA:beMHOCTb nOnbeMHbIXMeXaHH3I\,IOB, a OqHCTKapeueTOK CTaHOBHTCfl
HeBo3Mo>Kriori.Ha raKr.rx HeoqHUIaeMbrxpeuerKax cKopocrb reqeHufl BoAbl He
Aor'I>KHallpeBbrua6 0,3 - 0,5 ,ulcerc,A,'If qefo npuxoAHTcq cH/'IbHo yBeiIHqH-
Barb pa3MepbrpeueroK KaK B [JraHe, Tar<v no BL,rcore.Carofi Irer'Ib]onptlMeHflror
TaK Ha3bIBaeNIyIOBbIHOCHyIOKOHcTpyKIII'rrcpeueTKH' BbIXoASII{yFo3a ltHUeBylo
r p a H b u ru ro e o ficre H K H(p uc. l- 4 u 3- 7.)
B Kar{ecrBe lto,(beMHbIxMexaHII3MOBHa nd'IorltI]HbtxBoAonpHeMHHKax
npu Hau6oJreepacnpocrpaHeHHbrxnJlocxux pa6oqux 3arBopax ucror"Ib3yrorcfl
LrJrH rH,{pdBr'IHqecKHe
6ircrpoaericreyrou-iHe.rre6e.u,xrz noAbeMHHKH.B 3arpa-
Hll,{Hoii npaKTHKeuMeForcgnpHMepbIycraHoBKI4ALIcKoBbIX 3arBopoR B HaI{4.Ie
ryp6unHlrx rpy6onpoBoAoB (fOC Afi,'rn-Ma,luHb B Kanale)
Ha HeKoropbrx npHrJrorrdHHbrxycraHoBKax BoAoilplreMHbleycrpoHcrBa
yAaJreHbror 3.[aHHq f3C u flBrsrorcq caMocroqred'IbHblMl.I coopyxeHl'iluu, 060-
py,[oBaHHbrMH peuerKaMu fi 3arBopaMu. Ha rarux fOC npH cpaBHl4re.rlbHo
ue6ontruoM Hanope 3arBopbr s xoHrle ryp6uuntlx rpy6onpoBoAoB o6r'tqso se
craBsrcs. Ecnu )Ke Hanop rr, AJrvHarpy6onpoBoAoB 6oltuue, To npHXoAI4Tcfl
ycraHaBr'IllBarb3arBopbl H nepe,4ryp6IzHaruu.

6. BlHssHe ryp6gHHofi xaruepnt Ha KoMsoHoBKy6noxa 3AaHHc I'3C

Paerrlepsr11'p6uHuor.ixanrepu B IldlaHeonpeAe,'If IoT_txHpllHV 6,'tona afpe-

rara, B npeAeJax Koroporo HaxoAHTcq oAHH arperar. [lupuua 6"tloxa^6 onpe-
gnaHvr. fAC' orAe-
Aerqercfl paccroqHHeM Me>KAyocqMu ocHoBHbIx6srqxos
Jrflrou{Hx9AIIH arperar or Apyroro (puc. 1-6). llpu orKpblrblx ryp6HHHbIX
-npr-rMeHeHbI
KaMepax,Koropbre rr,toryr 6mrr, Ha fOC rr,lanoftwtoulnocru u He6ons-
tuoro Hanopa,-o6i,rqHoE t- 4Dt Vcrpoircreo 6eroHuorl cnupa.rllsoii KaMepbI
c TaBpoBbrMcer{eHHeMno3Bo"rrfleTBecbMa cylrlec-TBeHHo yMellbIUHTblXIlplIHy
6noxa, Koropaq npII jfr'Ie oxBara g : 135-225" cuuxaeTcf Ao 6 : (2,7 -
- 3,0) Dr. flpu 3ToN{3HaquTeJrbHafl qacrL, pacxoAa BoAbI,nponopquoHar'IbHar
- annapary HenocpeAcrBeHI{o
yrJry (360' ?), noABoAurcs ri HanpaBJrflroilIeMy
I I 3 B o n o n p H e M H b toxr n e p c r u f i .
I4cc.rreAonaHHqMH ycraHoB,'IeHo,qro HauMeHbuafl tttHplilla 6noxa nod'Iy-
r{aercq nprr yrJre oxBara ? : 180" (crt,t.pric. 2-2). C yMeHbileHHeMH,'IuyBed{H-
qeHHeM yfJra OXBaTa OTMerIaeTCg TeIiAeHIIHff K yBeflHr{eHI'ltO lXHpHHr,l 6,'IOXa

1 3 r u p e K o r r e H A a q n u ,o c o 6 e H H ol r x e e p x H u i i r l p e A e " ' Io, r H o c s r c f l r a K X ( e K i l p l { n , ' l o r H H '

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cHMMerprrqrrbreBoAoc6poclrbrera,'IeperI (o'4. , pnc. 3-4). Paerntep 6erousol't
cnHpa.xbHofi KaMepbt B nJIaHe npH ? : 180" nolIyqaeTcfl paBHblM oKo,'IO
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KofAa ceqeltut cnnpaJrL,r{oirxaltepbl pa3BHTbl no/'IHocrbto BHH3, a noro,'IoK ee
HaxoAHTcs B oAHofi ropH3oHTa,'rbHofin.rtocKocrH, coBrtaAatoqeii no Bblcore
c BepxoMlrarpaBrqroureroannapara (crrr.pHc. 2-l). Vlnor4a, oco6eHHoHa f3C
coBMetUeHHoto rr.Ifla, B cBg3H c Har'IHI{HeM BoAoc6pocHbIXfaJlepeii 6onee qe,'Ie-
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srirnil{u BBepx (HoeocH6upcKanu KaxoecKafl fOC)
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BBepX, Io"'IxHa 6ttrl yBq3aHa c ycTpoficTBoMBXoAan ryp6uuHyrc fir'Iu IIo,Ue-
HeparopHylo uaxry, HaxoAqulyrcct MexAy Kpbllxr<ofiryp6l'iHbl I'{ onopHblMll
qagTflr\rnreHepaTopa. llO yC,'IOBI.ifiM MOHTaxa HanpaB/'IfltOU{9fO^ annapaTa ,4Ha-
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peMerqeHufl nepcoHaJla,T. e. Ha3Haqarbcfl paBHofI 2,5-3,0 tvt.
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oco6eiruo B yc,'IoBI.Igx6o,nrurux HanopoB LI Ma/'rrtxDr.
flpu nrtcoKHx Hanopax H cBepxMorIrHbIX arpefarax ro"ruruHa creHoK Tpy-
6onpoeoAon H crrlrpa,'ru no,'ryqaercr cJluruKoru6o,'Irtxori, B To BpeNIfi KaK no
yc,TIoBHflM cBapKr.rA"[q 6onsuHX ,auaMerpoBnpeAe,'IbHonpHeMd'IeMofi ro,rulullofi
r'IllcroB craJlv cquraercs 36-40 an.L lTozroMy na Kpaclroapcxoi.if3C, Hanpu-
I\{ep, rpu MourHocruarperaroB 500 Mem H Hanope bxo,ro 100 ,+t npHrrrro pe-
tueHHeo noABoAeBoAbrK KaxAoMy arperary AByMs rpy6onpoBo,u,aMu, Koropbre
rlepe3rpofiHux coeAriHqrorcqco cnupad'rbHofr Nar'aepori(cn,t.puc.2-7). Ha Caquo-
Lllyureucxofi f3C npu BrBoe 6onrureu HarropeH npuMepuoraxofi )Ke Mou{Hocrt
arperaroB HaMeqaercr ycrpoficrno AByxnoABoAHori(aeyxsaxo,rHoir)cnnpa,'rb-
Hoii KaMepbrH3 cnequaJrbHbrxcoproB craJIH c ronulunorl JrHcroB He 6onee
40 ua.
flocxo,nrxy B ir/rlaHepa3Mepbr cnupa,rruofi KaMepbr (r<ax 6eroi+iofi, TaK
I{ MeraJIr'Iuuecxori) rBrs}orcq petuarcIr1l{MnA,'Ir onpeAe,'IeHVfl utupv,nol 6.nora
sl,aHvfl fOC, a 3Harrnr H sceri ero AJrIlHbr,Bonpocy npaBuJrbHoronsr6opa rvila
u pa3MepoBcnl.rpa,'rHIoJr>KHoy,{eJrflTbcflcaMoe cepbe3rroeBHHMaHLIe.

B. Bnr,rsnfieorcacbrnaroulefirpy6u Ha KoMnoHoBKy6loxa s,[aHus F3C

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sau6orree coBepueH-
uoii seflsercs npsMafl KoHuqecKaflorcacbrBaloqan rpy6a. flprrrrue KoHHqecKr.re
orcacblBaloulue rpy6st, rxupoKo I{cnoJrb3yeMbre Ha MaJrbrxf3C, ne Bbr3brBaror
yBe,'ruqeHr.{qpaccTosHr-rflMe)K,uyocflMI.r afpefaToB, Ho rrpu fopti30HTai'rbHbrx
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ur,ero KaHaJranpr.rHr.rMaercrr paenofi (1,1-l ,5) Du, paccrosHtre or rpy6u Ao
6oxosrrx creHoK KaHad'ra (1,2-1,0) D, H Ao 3a,[,Heficreuxu 0,85Dl. 3Aect Dr-
exoAHofi AlraMerp ryp6uuu, Ds-errxoArrofi AHaMerp orcacbrBar.our,eri
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qeM Ha 0,3 - 0,5 t't (uzxHufi npeAeJra.na ryp6us ue6o.ntruofi uouluocru).
B aMepHKaucxofi npaKTHKe ruApoaHeprocrpolrre,'rbcrBaB 3HarrllTe,'rbHorvr
IpIana3oHeHanopoe (npurrrepHoor 5 ao 150 ,u) panuue uupoKo npr.rMeHflJrHcb
orcacbrBarouruerpy6rr runa rHApoKoH (puc. 1-8). OAsaxo c,rox(Hafl $opr',la
rlupoKoHa, yBeJII.iqeHIle tulrpriuu 6noxa Ao 6 : 4,0 D, v olacHocrb noflBJre-
Hlls KaBLITaqHU npr.rBeJruK oTKa3y oT 3Tofo.Bapr{aHTa.
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TnBHbreryp6uuu,,[eJraror H3orHyrbreorcacbrBaroilluerpy6rr.
flpu ert6ope pa3MepoB 6.noxa arperara ur.rpr4HaorcacbrBarouleiirpy6rr,
He npeBbrurago6lrqHo (2,3-2,5) Dr, He onpeAeJrrertlrnpuny 6noxa .(axe npH
ycraHoBKe 6ttcrpoxoAHblx noBoporHoJronacrHbrxryp6rtr. IIpu Mera,rrd,rHqecKHx
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xaMil co cropoHbl Hux{Hero 6reQa Mofyr oKa3arbcfl llg.rulruHeiiTor'rulr.iHbr.
B ra-
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Tvfl Han, orcacbrBalouleiirpy6oli e neii Ae,laror npoMe)Kyrovuorii 6srqox. flplr
6onsurrrx npoJrerax-npHMeHflrorABa 6bruKa, qro yxyArrraer K. n. A. arperara
npuMepr{o ua 0,5% t,tl. 31. Ilo,resHyro uiupHHy orcacL,rBarcqerirpy6sr npH
ycrpoficrne 6stqxoe He c,rleryer, oAHaKo,AeJrarbMeubrue3aAaHFrofopa3Mepa.
B qennx coKpauleHuqo6:bei\,{oB BbreMK}irpyHTa B r{oT,rloBaHe eAaHHqf3C,
qro oco6eHHoBa)KHonpH cKa,'rbHoM ocHoBar{HH, ilonycr(aercfi noAbeN{ euScpy-

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: 7 , 5 n s l c e r cD, t : . 1 , 3 , u , N . . n : 9 Mem, n - 500 o6l'vuu
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Htrfl Ha cABHr no ocHoBaHHro fi Mo>Keryr{r.rrbrBarbcfl B pacqerax. Oluaxo npu
BbrnoJrHer{r{H noAbeMaorcacbrBaroqeriTpy6br r{eo6xoAuMonpoBepHTr,Aocraroq-
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Taercfl AocraroqHblMo6ecileqnTb3afJIy6JIeHHeHa 0,6 - 0,7 tt, Ho x(e,'Iared'IbHo
yBeJILrqHBarb ero Ao 1,0 a. Kar ulluuMyM AorlycKaercfl aar"ny6neuue0,3 'u.
I4sorHyrue orcacbrBarouruerpy6nr no3Borqlor ycrpourb Ha.{ Hx au$Qyeo-
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o6ecneqlreaoulHxnorbeM H onycKaHI{euarrAopr{ofo 3arl)aNi,{eFrHfl orcactrtBsto-
ulrrx rpy6, H r.a. (cu. S 2-2 u 2-3).
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y c T a r r a B , ' r H B a e Tucafrl { A o p H o e3 a f p a ) K A e F r HBe . n p a x r u r i e o 6 b r q r { on p H M e } r f e T c f
rpu cfloco6a 3aKpL;irHf orcacbrBa]oulllxrpy6.
f l p u n e p e o Mc i l o c o 6 e r a 3 3 a r p a ) K A e H Hyf lc r p a n B a e r c f lr r a H e r { o r o p o Np{a c -
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crpar{crBe Moryr 6srrs ycral{oBJleHL'r nepeABnxHbreHacocbrr.IIq orKaqKli BoAbr
Ha rpy6u; qepe3aro npocrpaHcrBoMoryr raK)Kecnycrlirbcq r'rro,rnnxfl ocrvrorpa
H peMoHTa.Cnoco6 aror rrau6od{ee npocr, Ho rxarrAopHoe3arpax.leuue rpe6yer
6o"rnruoii Bbrcorbr,onpeAerqeiloil r,rry6unoit Hu>xnero 6se$a (cnr. pHC. 2-g
u 3-2\.

Psc_.l-8. f3C Hopny4 orKpblroro rr-rna(ClIiA). Hp: 21,3 .+r,Qr: 135 ,u7lcex,A-.e' :
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flpu nropolr, 6o,ree pacnpocrpaHerlHoMcnoco6e, ila3 3arpa>Ktrelruq,Bbr-

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HHxiHefo 6reQa (onr. pHc. 1-2). Hacocbr npu 3roM ycraHaB,'rHBaForcfl crar{Ho-
HapHbIe,nepcoHaJIMox{er npoHHr{HyrbB orcacbrBaroulytorp"v6y no cnerrua,'rb-
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orcacblBaloqeri rpy6oii nas B Hee MolKer 6srrn cAe,TariBeprHKa,ribrrbrN,r.
flpn rperbeNlcnoco6e,pacnpocrpaHeHHoM B 6or'rburefl
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na3br peMoHTHoro3arpaxAeHIzq ycrpaHBarorcfl He y BbrxoAHL,rx ceqenuir or-
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(crt,t.puc. 2-l u2-4). Bonpoc o au6ope roro LIJIHApyroro cnoco6a3arpax{AeHHt
B KaXAOM qaCTHOMCJIyqae pe[aeTcfl I4HAr4BHAya,rIbHo.
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vtJtu | : 7, qro ycraHaBJlr.rBaercsrHApaB.,luqecKLIMIt Ha Mo-
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MecrHbrxreoJroruqecKux ycnonuli (cvr. S 6-3). flpH npoqHotvtcKaJIL'Hoi\'{ ocHoBa-
HHH KpenrleHuenoAbeMaAHa He o6ssarernuo (puc. l-4 u 1-9).
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6lrrn ocyulecrB.rreHn,'raBuo,6ea pe3Koro HapacraHufl cKopocrelt, B rlporliBHoM
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riro Bbr3oBer norepH Hanopa. Hau6onluee 3HarIeHI{eul{eer gror Bonpoc Ha
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I-I Ha3blBaerCsnoHux<eHHbrM Ma[rr.rHHbrMsaJroM(cu. $ 3-5).
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c ynpaBJreHHeMfOC, AoJrxHbr 6url JrerKo AocrynHbr rr Br.r,[Hbr4,rra o6cnyxl{Barc-
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TaJlJlllqecxorl(puc. l-5). Kapxac BbrnoJrHrercr B Br.{AepaM r.rJr}r3aAe,rlsHsblx
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stte 6anxu u r. n.) aunoaHflror lrs c6opHoro xeJre3o6eroHa.
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BarcTcfl Ila rlo,].KpaHoBblx6alwax, MeraJIJIHqecKItxH,'IH,x(e,{ego6etoHtrtrx.
fa6aplnr'l Mairlutntofo 3aJra no Bbrcore 14 rxupHHe onpeAe,'rqruTct{yc.[o-
B H f l M I { n e p e t l o c a t t a r t 6 o " r y eKe p y n H b r x q a c r e r i r e H e p a r o p a u r y p 6 a H b r 6 e i r r a -
-onpe,lennrouleri
pyueHHr pa6orbr coceAuHX arperaroB. O6urqHo onepar{rjeii,
ra6apHrnt N{a[It{HI]oro 3a,rla, rB.rIqercfl ilepeHoc poTopa reueparopa, e 6o,ree pe4-
Khx c,rlyqaqx - pa6ouero Ko,rleca ryp6HHbI. finuua MaruuHHofo 3aJra Ha3r{a-
I{aeTCfl C TaKHMpaCqeTOM,
qro6rr np H MaKcHMaJrbHoM
n p H 6 , n u x e H H uK p a H o B K
ropuonori creHe KprcKaMr.{
Mo>KHo6sr,ro 6u o6cny-
>KHrb xpafiuuia arperar.
Oco6eiriroe3HaqeHr4e 3Tor
B o n p o c H M e e rn p u p a 6 o r e
A B y M qC r a p e H H b r M H Kpa-
HaMH (puc. l-10); npH
oAHoMKpaHe ueo6c.ny>ru-
BaeMafl MepTBafl 3OHa
yMeHbrxaercq (our. pprc.
I-3).
llpunreHeuue AByx
MOCTOBbTXKpaHOB cqU-
Taercfl qe,lecoo6pa3HbrM,
ec.rH HX cyMMapHas fpy-
30nOA6eMHOCTb npeBbI-
rriaer 400-500 T. flpH
HaJrHqt4H AByX KpaHOB
paccpeAoroqHBaeTcqHa-
fpy3Ka Ha noAKpaHoBbre
Puc. l-10. TpaucnoprupoBKp a o r o p a n e H e p a r o p a6 e s 6anxu H Ko/'roHHbI. Ecnu
Ba,rra,LByMqKpaHaMHc noMoulblorpaBepcbr 3AaHr{e f3C o6c,ry>xu-
BaeTcfl cpaBHI{Te/'IbHO
AO-
pofHM Ko3"rroBbrM KpaHoM, To npeAnoqr.iTaroT ycTaHoBKy oAHofo KpaHa Aaxe
npli 3Har{HTe"rrbHo6onoruefi rpy3orroAbeMHocrn, rrro Aaer cyqecrBeHHyro 3Ko-
HoMLIoHa cronMocru KpaHoe. Tax, HarpHMep, Ha Kpacuorpcxofi f3C s Ba-
puaHTe c rroHlIlKeHHbINl MarxHHHbI\I 3aJION{ HaMeqa/'racb ycTaHoBKa oAHOfo KO3-
JroBofo KpaHa rpy3onoA:beMHocrbFo 1000 7.
Moulax pa6ouero Kor'recaryp6liHsr npor.i3BoAr.ircq c Bad'Ioru (cru. pHc. l-2
u 2-5) u.nu 6es r,aila. f,,rn ycxopenHfl MoHrax{a noBoporHo!'ronacrHbrx ryp6uu
HHorAa npuMeHflercr npeABapuTe.rrbHaa c6opxa Ha MoHrax<sorirrr'rouaAKepa-
6oqero KoJrecaBMecrec KpbuxKoii ryp6iausr B oAr.iHyae,r (crvr.puc. 1-5). Moura>x
poTopa fer-iepaTopanoABecHofo THna, KaK rrpaBH"[o,npoH3BoAHTcfl c Ba,'roM
( c u . p u c . 2 - 6 ) , s o u r u q H b r er e r l e p a r o p bM
r o r y r M o u r u p o B a r b c q6 e s s a n a ( p r z c .2 - 3 ) .
llprt Hroura>Ke poropa c Ba,roMHar'rriqHe AByx KpaHoB no3Borqer nporty-
cruTb BaJ'r\.'rex<AyHHMH, qeM N{o}Ker6onr AocrnrHyro cHHX{eHHeBbrcorbrMa-
uiHHHofo gaila. CyqecrneHHbrN{fiper.{Myu{ecrBoN{ AByx KpaHoB rBr'rrercr raK}Ke
6onsuraq MaHeBpeHHocrL,, Bo3N{o>KHocrr, TpaHc[oprapoBKH 6o,'rnuHHcrea y3-
d'IOBH ,lera.nefi oAHHM KpaHor{, B pe3y,rrbrare qero AocrHfaercq 3KoHoMIrR
BpeMeHLIH 3JreKTpo3HeprHH. flepeuoc Hau6o.neerfl>KeJrofoy3Jra- poropa
feHepaTopa- npoH3BoAHTcq AByMq KpaHaMHc npr.rMeHeHHeM TpaBepcbr,r. €.
cnel{HaJlbHofoycrpoficrea B BHAesaxearHoii 6ailt<u, Koropafl noABelxuBaercfl
K Kpr.oKaMo6or.rxKpaHoB H r{Meer npricfioco6.neHnqAJIfl [puKpenaeHufl poropa
(crr,t.puc. l-i0). Tpe6yeuafl fpy3orroAbeMHocrbKpaHoB yBe,rlHqHBaerca Ha Bec
2b
T p a B e p c b rI.l p H n e p e u o c ep o r o p a 6 e s e a , ' I an e o 6 x o , r r n r oc n e u r i a . n b r { oncp r r c n o -
co6,rertHeA,'In noABccKI{poropa, I{oropoe KaK I{ TpaBepcarrecKo.rlbKo yBe,'rHqt{-
BaeT rll)lCOTy i\'latIJHflHOI-O 3ad'Ia.
I l o s s n i c n o c o 6 M o r t r a ) K an, p n M e n x e u s r i3i a f p a n r r r l e i i ,s a x . , r o q a e r c rBr T o N { ,
qro o6o.q,poTopa c, no,rlrccaNlH IryreM cnerlHa/'IbHbrx_ nprrcnoco6"ryerrHir Morrrrr-
p y e T c f l n p r . r M e p r {Toa K } K e , K a K c T a T o pf e H e p a T o p aL. n H u b r p o T o p a Y C T a r { a B " r r H -
Baiorcfl B noc,,IeAnrolo oqepeAb,& npHAeuosra)Keryp6nrir,rAo"rI)firrbI crrr{Marbc,q,
qro6rr N{oxiHo6i,rno BbrHyrbpa6oqee I{oJIecoryp6uHr,r. flpH 3ToMcnoco6e rpy-
3onoA'beMHocrb r(paHa o[peAe/'IflercqBecoM pa6oqero Ko,'Iecaryp6rrusl, a He
BecoMporopa, qro, KaK npaBpr,{o,Mo)KeryMeHbur.irl rreo6xo,lu\r\rrorpy3ono,qr,-
eMrlocrb B,rBoeu 6o"nee.
flo,qo6uue HoBbrecnoco6bl MoHra>KaocHoBHofo o6opylonaHrfl. npuo6pe-
TaroToco6oe 3HaqeHHeB Tex c/'Iyqafx, KofAa yMerrbueHllera6apuToB Ma[I[{H-
Hofo 3aJIaAaer 6o,{brxyio3KoHoMHFo, HailpHMepHa HeKoropnrxf3C cneqr{a,'rb-
Hbrx rHnoe (nolserraHbre, BcrpoeHHbre, BoAocJrL{BHsre rr np.).
B o6srqsrrx ycroBr.Iqx nepeHoc MoHTHpveMoroo6op.vloeaHyrr npou3Bo-
Lytrcs Ha,r,coceAHLIMH arperaraMu (cu. puc. 2-5), r{To no3Bo,{fler uHofna He-
cKo!'IbKocy3uTb uIHpHHyMa[rHHHofo3a,Ira,u"rruc6oxy, qro yMeHb[raerefo Bbt-
cory (cu. puc. 3-12). B nepBoMcd'Iyqaeocb arperara Moxer rpoxoAurb cHMMer-
pIlqHo no cepeAuHeMa[II4HHofo3aJIa HilI4 AeJrvITb efo noqTH Ha paBHbreqacTH.
Bo nropoM cryr{ae, ecdrllHer ilpenqrcrBIrfi, nussaHHbrxKaKHNT[-,Tu6o apyrHrvru
ilpI.IqHHaMH, C,rIeAyeT CTpeMI.{TbCfl K HeCHMMeTpUqHbtM pacnO.xo>KeHHflM OCH
arperaroB, r{To6blB npeAe/'Iax6onee Ixl4poKofi qacru MauHHHofo 3a.rraNrox(Ho
6rrno ocyu{ecrBurb nepeHoc poropa (crur.pHC. 2-B).
llpu uoHHoM nos6yx4euzlt flepeHoc MoHTr]pyeMbrxy3noB ynpouraercfl,
ilocKo,'IbKyBo3BbIrxeHHe afpefaToB HaA [oJroMMaIIIHHHofo 3a,1aofpaHHqHBaeTcfl
MHHLIMaJTbHbTMH pa3MepaMu(crur.puc. 2-7).
flo,r ltaurliHHoro 3ar'Ia B 3AaHHflx KpynHbrx f3C esrnor'rHqercflo6tt.IHo Ha
6a,loqnrtx nepeKpbrrriqx. KoroHHbr grHX flepexpsrrufi onuparorcfl Ha Maccr.rB-
ssre 6eroHHbrer{acrr-I3LaHVfl (ptuc. i-3). tlepeKpbrruq ro Bo3Mo)KHocrr.i Bbrno,'r-
HgForcqus c6opHsIXx<er'Ie3o6erousuxKoHcrpyKtlufi, a ilo,'I, fAe 3To oKa3brBaercg
Heo6xoAtiMbIM,noKpblBalor Mer/'IaxcKHMLind'IHTKaMH H pHQ,reusru !'IHcroBbIM
xe.ne30M.
Cresu Ma[IHHHofo 3aJra, ilprI orcyrcrBun cnerrr4a.rrbulrxrpe6oaauuiir, .{,e-
Jlalorcfl H3 KI,IpnuqHofiKJTaAKH, yKpynHeHsrrx 6.noxoBH/'rHApyroro creHoBoro
MarepI{aJIa.OxoHsble trpoeMbl>KeJIareJIbHo Ae,'rarb e o6eHx fipoAo,'tr,Hblxcre-
Hax H TopIIax Ma[IHHHofo gaJla c raKHM pacqeroM, qro6ut N,raruriHHbtrt sa,'I 6st,'I
ocBelqeH Bo3MoxHo Jrj/que. HenocpeacrBeriHo y Mecra ycraHoBr{H f!'raBHbix
tloBbltrIarcull{xrpaHcQopuaropoB ycrpolicreo oKo}r B creHax \raur{HHofo 3a"ria
He AO[yCKaeTCs.
Coopyx<euHeMarrrr.iFrHofo 3a,Ta oco6esso npu 6o"risrrroN{ r{o.rrirqecrBearpe-
raroB rpe6yer B npeArrycxoeorinepnoA crpoureJrbcrea f3C BbrnoJrHeHr.{q 3Ha-
qHTe/'IbHOrO O6teUa pa6or no ycTaHoBKeKor'IoHH,noAKpaHoBbIX 6artox LI MoH-
TalKy MocroBbIXKpaHoB,r{eM3aAep>KuBaercq Haqad'ro nycria afperaroB. floarouy
B OnpaBAbIBaeMblX CdrIyI{aflX Of paHHr{l.iBaroTcfl coop1ixlg1114annIIoHlix(eHHof o
MauHHHoro 3afia, o6cnyx<unaeMofo Ko3,ToBbtMHKpaHaMH, \rcraFIoBr'IeHHbIMH
cHapylKu (our. S 3-5).
SKouonauqcrorrMocrr.r,a raK>KeycKopeHHer\,roHTaxaarperaroB H nlcxa
f3C e sKcn,'Iyarar{HroMoryr 6urn AocrufHyrrrr rar{}Ke nyreM npHMeHenr{flKo3-
,'IOBbrX
KpaHOB,HaAKOTOpbTMH noc,'renycKa flepBbrXafpefaToB f3c coopy>KaeTcfl
nerrufi (uarep) H3 c6opusrx x<eneso6eroHHbtx 3,'reMerrroB.l
fa6apHTL,rrxarpa
n p I - { 3 T O M H e C K O , ' I b K Oy B e J I H q H B a r O T C q , H O O T C y T C T B H el ( p a H o t s b r x H a f p y 3 O K IIO-
3Bo,'IqercAeJrarbefo B BHAeJrerKofi, 6ucrpo Bo3BoAHMoiixoHcrpyKr{r.rH.
MoHraxHaq n,'IouraAKa, fl8,'IflIouraqcg ilpoAo!'IlKeHHeM MauIHHHofo 3al1a,
o6c"ryxunaercr reML{x<e KpaHaMrrH npeAHa3Haqaercq Aflq MoHTax(a,peMoHTa,

r < E u c r p o u o H r r { p y e r v r b r er { a u I H H H b r e
3 a , q b r - a H f a p r t ><, l l r 4 p o r e x n u q e c K o e c r p o H T e . / r b -
cTBO), 1962, Nb l, crp. 40.

27
 a TaKxc nepHoAHqecKofoocMoTpaafpefaToB H fr'IaB}{brx noBbrua}oulHxTpaHc-
cpopuaropoB, ecdrru oneparlnu c noc,qe.(HHMHHaMeqeHo npoH3Bo,4HTbIJa MoH-
raxHofi nJ'IouanKe.
KorAa AocraBKao6opyaonaHr4fl riJlouaAKy
H Apyrux rplr3oB Ha MoHTax{Hylo
npoH3BoAHTcqxeJre3HoAopo>KHbrM Tpar{cnopron{,.3naHHef3C crpeMflrcfl pac-
no!'ro>KnTb
HenocpeAcrBeFrHo y rofo 6epera, Ha KoropoM HaxoAlircq nonr'esaHoll
nyrb. B nporHBHor\{c,rryqae norpe6yerca ycrpoiicreo MocroBL,rxriepexo.[oB

o)

Puc. l-ll. l l . l a s u o H r a x n o i i r r J ' r o q a A K ns A a H H s f O C o 6 t r q s o r o r H n a c l x a r p o M :

a - npa Bbe3lle c ropua; 6 - npw QpoHralsuoM Bbe3Ae
/ - onopa nrrTbr c noAnrTHI{KoM; 2 - nonox(eHHe BepxHefi xpecroer.rHbl Ao ycraHonru na po-
rop; J -- aaroH (n.nar$opMa) rpy3onoAbeMHocrbrc 60 ?'; 4 - xprturxa ryp6nurt c peryrHpylo-
ululr xo,'rlqov; i - pa'6duee xd,ieco ryp6unrr;6 - B e p x H q l t K p e c r o B I . I H ar e H e q a r o p a ; 7 - p o r o p
reHepar6pa; 8 - KoHTyp crEoHruponaHnblx reHeparopon; 9 - ItHy

rrepe3ApyfHe coopy>KeHr.rq, qTo ycJro)KHfleTr{oMnoHoBKyfHApoy3aa, npHBo,[IlT

K AOnOJrHUTeJrbHbrM 3aTpaTaM V Bbr3brBaeTSKCnJIyaTaUHOHHbIe 3aTpyAHeHHs.
B c.noxHntx ycJloBl.rqxperbeQa, B rlacrHocrll, npH 3AaHIIt
pacno,lo)Kel{I4l.I
f3C u MoHTalKHofin.noula.u,KuB rJry6oKoft BbreMKeuilr4 trpr noAXoAe noAbe3A-
;,!!il HorO ilyTH Ha 3Haqr.{TeflL,HO6oflee BbIcOKHxOTMeTKaXMecTHocTI'{, npHXoAI4Tcl
ycrpal.IBarb IleperpysoqHoe IIoMeUleHLIe, KaK, HanpHMep, Ha Hapncxofi f3C
sl
jn.St. trIuor.UaHa noAxoAe K 3AaHHrofOC Aenalor scraKaAy. Ans noAar{r
noABHx{HOfO COCTaBa C nOA6e3AHOrO nyTH Ha MOHTa)KHyIO nJIOU{aAKyB PeAXUX
cryrrasx npuxolr1rcff ycraHaBJrr.rBarbnoBoporHblfi Kpyr, qro HexeJIareJIbHo,
trtiii 3aTpaTbl 14 ycJloxHteT
ts6x TaK KaK BbI3bIBaeT3HaqHTeJrbHbre !,onoJIHHTeJIbHble
ia.ti3l SKCnJrVaTaUUrc.
*Ht BLesA Ha MoHraxHyto nrloulaAKyycrpal{Baercffc rgpl1a (puc. l-ll, a u
s#i: cropouu 3AaHI4q
2-10) HrIHc HLI3oBoIi f3C (puc. l-11,6). 8 HeKoropblxcJIy-
28
qaflx Bbe3AoKa3brBaeTcfl yAo6HeeycTpaHBaTb B 3TalKe,HaxoAfu{eMcflnoA MoH-
Tax(HoIi rtnoqaAKoi,t, untt no BHyrpeuHefi gcraKaAe, T. e. BbrrrrenoJ'raMoHTa]K-
nofi [d'IouIaAKH.OAHaxo B nepBoll c,'Iyqae HaA nyreM B nepeKpbtruu Ao,'r)KeH
6slrr cAeJIaI{npoeM I.rJrHJIroK,a Bo BTopoM- AonoJrHurer'rr,rroeMecro 3aHllMaer
3CTaKaAa, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, BO3MOX(Hafl AvIIq I{CnOJrb3OBaqrrfl, nJloqaAb TaKxe
qacruriHo reptercq. Kporr,reroro, B nocJreAHeMcdrlyqaeMox<er oKa3arbcq He-
o6xoAunaltu yBedruqeHueBbrcorbl MaulLIHHofo3a,'Ia.
flo,r uouraxHoli nJIouIaAKux(e,rlarer'IbHo
AeJIarb Ha oArroMypoBHe c rvra-
IIrHI{HbrM 3aJIOM, qTO nO3BOJISeT TIaCTIIqHO HCnO,lb3OBaTb A,Ifl MOI{TaXa CeO6O,I-
Hyrc nrloulaAby 6,ruxarirueroarperara (prac.l-ll).
flpra apaueHulr arperara no qacoBofi crpe.nxe cJreBaocraercfl ceo6onHaq
qacrb llpocrpaHcrBa HaA cnupaJrbHofixarraepoli.3ro npocrpaHcrBo MolKer 6rrro
ucflo,'Ib3oBaHoA,'Ifl MoHTaxHbtxonepaquft, ecJIH MoHTa>KHagnJIou{aAKa pac-
noJIo)KeHay JreBoro 6epera. B raKoM cJryqae rJrvHa a1aHr4fr no,rryqaercfl
MeHb[Ie, qeN{npu pa3MeureHvra f3C H ee uoHraxsofi nJroqaAKr.{y rpaBoro
6epera.
[Uzprzna uosraxsoli n/'roxIaAKH orrpeAeJrflercs nu6paHutru npoJreroM
KpaHoBMaIUHHHoTo 3aJra. fa6aparu no BbrcoreAoJrx<Hrr o6ecneqnBarb Bo3Mox-
Hocrb BbtIIoJIHeHHff nepequcJreHHbrx onepaqur? c arperaraMu H rpaHc$opMaro-
paNtH. !,nnua iraosraxuofi nJrou{aAKHonpeAe,'rseTcflno ycIoBHqM MoHTax(a
o6opyaonarLrfl, B nepnoA crpouTeJrbcrBa H AeMoHTax{a- B nepuo.( aKcndrrya-
TaI\w f3C. Eonbuoe BJTHtHHeHa AJTHHyMoHTax(Horin.rroulaAKr4 HMelor qricd'ro
oAHoBpeMeHHo MoHTI4pyeMbrx arperaroB, pa3MepbrrpaucQopMaropoB,ecr'rnHX
c6opxa npolI3BoAHTcr 3Aecb xe, a raK>KerpaHc[oprHbre cpeAcrBa, KoropbrMu
AOCTaBrqeTCflO6OpyAOnaHI{e,nOCKOJTbKy Anfl, HI.IX AO,'r)KHO
6rrrl OCTaB/reHO
Mecro.
B conperraeusofiilpaKTr.rKecqr.rraercfl,qro rrpn qucJrearperaroB He 6onrure
r{eTblpex AJII4Hy trrouraxuoii nd'IouIaAKI{cJIeAyeT npHHLIMaTbHe 6onee A,rIHHbr
oAHoro 6"nora arperara, n xpar?ueu cflyr{ae paBHy}o 1,25 6noxa. 3Ha.{HreJrbHoe
qHcJIonocrpoeHHblxH crporquxcs fOC uMercTMoHrax(HyrourouraAxy Ha 20-
-30%, a L{HofAau Ha 50% 6onwre, rreM rJruHa 6noxa arperara. llpu 6o.nrurornr
KoJluqecrBe afperaroB A,'Ir.rHaMoHTa>KHofin,roula,qKu yBe/IuquBaercfl I{,'rH Ae-
JIaIor ABe MoHraxHbre nJrou{aAr(u.Kportre roro, Ha nepHoA nycKa fOC npeayc-
Marpl.rBaercflBpeMeHHaflMoHTa)I(Ho-c6opouHaff n.rroulaAKanu6o HcnoJrb3yrorcff
6.noxu coceAHlixarperaroB. Hanpuvrep, Ha Bo"rrxcrofi l3C unaeuuXXII cres,qa
KICC npu 22 arperarax nocrorHHar MoHra>r(HarnJrorrlaAKanpr-rHflTapanuoft
no ,UIItHeilpLIMepHoyABoeHHoMypa3Mepy 6noxa, a B KaqecrBeBpeMeHnor? c6o-
pouuofi nJIouIaAKH HcnoJIb3oB alrucb 6.noxu 6luxafiurux rrerblpex arperaroB
(puc. I-12).
Pasrpyaxa xeJre3HoAopoxHoro v aerol{o6uJrbHoro rpaHcnopra Ha MoH-
raxuoft nJrorrlaAKenpoH3BoAHTcfl MocroBbrMr-i KpaHaMr.rMa[turrHoro 3aJra.B oco-
6rtx c,ryuarx Ha MoHTaxHofi n.roqaAKe ycraHaBJruBaiorAonoJrHuTe.nlHsrir uo-
croeofi KpaH ueurruefi rpy3onoAT,eMHocru,xoropufi Hcno,'rb3yercqH AJrF pa3-
fpy3Krr.
flpu MoHTax{e uau6onee KpynHbrM Lr rq>Ke.[brMy3.rrolirsBJrffercr porop
reHeparopa c BaJIoM.Tax KaK Bec raKoro y3JraAocruraer coreH ToHH, ilepeAaqa
eceil Harpy3Klr rrepe3 Hsxsrlfi Q.rraHerlHa no,'r MoHTax(Hofin,roula,qKHnpr.rBer'ra
6rt x c,ruurKoMTr)KeJroMyttepeKpbrrrlto.floeroMy B nodrryMoHTaxHofi n.nou{aAxu
Ha 6o.ntul{HcrBe ,ueficrnyrcurux f3C cAeJraHnpoeM, cKBo3b xoropuir npony-
cKaeTct Ba!'I, a Qnaneq BaJra onupaeTcs Ha cnequaabHyro rroAcTaBKy,Ha3br-
BaeMyIoporopuofi ryu6ofi, Koropar riepeAaerHarpy3Ky Ha ocHoBauue.flpuue-
HreMafl Tenepb pa3beMHaqKoHcrpyKrIHqnoAnrrHr{Ka reHeparopa Hg6asnqer
or seo6xoAriMocrr{ ycrpoficrna poropHofi ryu6tr.
O6rtqHo MoHTax(H peBr{3lrnrpaHcQopMaropoB npor{3BoAaTcflHa MoHra>K-
nofi nJlorqaAKe fOC. BosnegeHue cner{HaJrbHoro3AaHHfl rpaucQopuaropuor'r
MacrepcKofi c orAerbHbIMHKpaHaMH(uHoraa ero 3,{aHHeHa3brBarorrpaHcQop-
uaropHofi 6auneti) Moxer onpaBAbrBarL,cfl JIHtrrba oco6trx cryr{aflx, KaK, Ha-
rrpriMep, Ha Kpacuorpcxoii f3C.
 Bstcornsle ra6aPHTbl MoHTax<l{oHn , ' I O U a A K H A O J I ) K I I b l 6 s l r s A o c r a T o q H b l M l t
,[.,'IffTolo, qro6bl MOX{llo 6rt,no npH c6opKe rpaHcQopMaropa
BcraBl{rb cep-
Aer{HHIi (Kepl{) B l(Ox(yx,
'i< a r r p Hp e B H 3 H R H b l H y r be f o .
4
B c o B p e M e H I l b t xK P Y n H b l x
! a
rpaHcoopMaropax c BecoM
cepAeqntiKanopflAKa 100 T,
r ) o F
r r a o 6 o p o r ,c e p A e q H t i Kc T e -
r - : l
'/ :.' JIeX{KOiiOcTaercf Ha Mecre,
_ I v;
a KolKyx (xo"rroxo.n)noAHH-
Maercq KpaHoM. B oco6blx
r w

m ) -
o .- !
c,'ryr{afl x c rpaHCQOpN'laropa
-
o 4
A v
n peABap HTe!'IbHo cH lIMaIoTcf
v ^r=
6yuruuru (rzao,rnroPsr).
^
x . E
: 7
Ec;tu Bbtcora rpaHc-
C o
Qopnaropa Be,rIHKa,B no.rly
MOHTa>KHoIin"'IouIaAKu Ae-
2 = 2 rpalrcQopMaropHyro
,rraror
n M y ( c n r . p r 4 c . 3 - 1 1 ) .O r -
MeTKa AHa qMbl AO/'I}KHa
6uro Bbt6paHa raI{HM o6Pa-
30M, r{To6bl c yqeroNl TaKe-
- Y
v

JIa)KHblX npHcnoco6,reuuii
E O E 5
o ^ ? > KploKoM I(paHa Mo>KHO 6st,ro
H L

> - U :
6sr noAHgrl cepAeI{HIIK LI"ILI
. /
KOJIOKOJIT4 I]OCTABHTbCIO
= F a
/ s v -

- : t z
Ha nor'I MOHTa)KHoti n,fO-
a ! : : UIaAKH, n.J7fl qero Ha Heil
c >,!!
AOJT>KHa 6ntrr, 3ape3epBI'IpO-
* e { t
BaHa cooTBeTcTByloqaf n,'Io-
- ^
U = Y >
a = 1
ulaAb.
Q . o : c c
U : Cyutxy rr 3aJIHBKY
!
, r
"
E G
' ) ' o TpaHcQopMaropoB Mac,'IoM
- Y F
- N X XC,IIATCJIbHO NPOI,I3BOAI,ITb B
: c
i ) r - rj3oJl LIpOBa H HOM rloMeuleH I'ILl.
B ceqsu c 3rI4M 6onee qe-
9 E-:
-
l - - l
Jrecoo6pa3HblMMO>Ker oKa-
3arbcf ycrpoficrBo noA MOH-
Tax{Hofi n.[oulaAKofi OrAe,ru-
^ : - Hofi rpaHcQoPrtaaroPHofi Mac-
TepcKofi IId'IH TpaHcQopMa-
6 = = TOpHOIi flMbI CO CbeMHbIM
4 = l
nepeKpbirlieMHaBepxy.EcrH
oTMeTKLIMeCTa ycraHoBKH
rp aHcQopMaropaoAHHaKOBbI
"=x I: .r . - c orMerKaMH noJla Macrep-
r - O
cKoil, To oHI4 Mofyr AocraB-
TqTbCf HA CO6CTBCHHOM XO-
Ay, a He qepe3 MOHTa>KHyI'O
! a i il,'roulaAKy. !.ns sToro He-
ai 6:c o6xoAHMo B MacrepcKoli cAe-
Jrarb 6oxoeste Bopora' Bbl-
_ L :

_ ; F
xoAfull{e Ha nJIOil{aAKy' fAe
ir *
s X o
\o:,
ycraHoBJIeHbI TpaHcQopMa-
li ropbI.
ir no nocJleAHero BPe-
li t :
T
' c .
\ X
MeHH LJrfl I{CIIbITaHI',Iflfpy-
KPaHOB' Kal(
3O[IO,{'L'eMHOCTH
 n p a B I ' I J I On' p l l M e l l f l J I H c LK o H T p o , ' I b H b l rep y 3 b t . T e n e p r ' n c n b t T a r r r r f lr i p a H o B g p o -
H3BoAflT c fioMou{blo pa6or{ero rpy3a HJIH cneqHa,''rbHbrX^lnrraN{oMerpoB.
flo-
c n e A n t t i i c [ I o c o 6 n p H M e H e n , H a n p H M e p , H a 6 p a r c x o r ' r l r B o r x r r r r c x o f . ii 3 C .

I-,TAB A BTOPA fl

KOMNOHOBKA
3NAHHH f3C
2-I. OEIIIPIE
B O N P O C bKI O M I I O H O B K H
3AAHHHf3C

Ha xoscrpyl{qurc H i{oMnoHoBKysnaHln f3C or<asbrBarcr Br,rrrrHne

r l) Qax-
TopL'l o6u{ero ilopflAKa- Be,'IuqHHaHanopa v pacxona, i\{ecrHbrespriporrrbre
yc!'IoBHf, THn 3AarJr.{flcTaFruHH, B3aHMOCBfl3b c IpyfuN{H COOpy}KeHHffrrri fr.rA_
poy3,'ra,npoH3BoAcreopa6or;
2) Qaxropbl, npeuMyurecrBeHHo
cBq3aHHbre f3C -
c o6opyaoeaggel,,r ycra-
H O B K a B e p T H K a / ' I b H b I X L I J I I Lf o p H 3 O H T a / ' I b H b i X a f p e f a T o B H HX I{OUIHOCTb,THn I{
pa3Mepryp6rzH, Qopya cnHpau'rbHbrx KaMep r.l orcacbrBaroulrlxrpy6;
3) Qaxroplr, o6yc,roaneHHble 3,'reKTpaqecxoli qacrblo fdi - o6si,{Haq
LrJrLr
r4oHHaflcHcreMa nos6yxAeHlIt reHeparopoB, r.rx Hanpfl)KeHveu ra6apHTi-,r,
qHCJIO H NIeCTOTIO,'IO)KeHI{e
l,TaBHbIX nOBbllIIarcU-(UX rpallCSOpNraTOpOB. Cxe;rra
-feoirHoii
3reKTpHt{ecKHXcoenlaHeHHti(6,rovuar, c oAuHoqHoii l.i,rri grcrenaoii
IIIHH H r' A')' a TaK)Ke npllMeH.fleMafl CUCTeMa BbIBOAOB - IttLIHHafl H.rrt Xa6e"rs-
Haq H T. n.
Ha 6o.[sruuHcree ilocrpoeHHbIXrHApoa,'reKrpocrauqufruair6o.ree runr.]q-
Hoii snnqercs ycraHoBKa noBbruaioqux rpaHcQoplraropoBBno"rrbMauHHHoro
3a"rlaco cTopoHbl Bepxrlero HJII{ Hl.i}Kuero6le$on. B conpeueHHbrxyc,'roBr.rqx
or{eHL,6onnurae MolqHocrli arperaroB r.rBbrcoKueHailpq}KeHHflAaxe nprr 6nou-
HoIi cxeMe coeAuHeuHli n 6o,rtruuHcrBe c,'IyqaeB Bbr3brBalorneo6xo,luMocrb
IIpHMeHeHHq oAHoQa3HbIX TpaHcSoprr,raropoe, Mecro I,Tfl ycraHoBKH Koropbrx '3ro
Moxer norpe6onars paccroflHnfl, npeBbrttrarculeroAJTHHy3naHug f3C.
3arpyAHeHHereM 6onee BepoqrHo, qeM Bbrue Hanop f3C u orHocrire,{bHoNreHb[re
KaK pa3Mepstryp6uH, TaK 14ArIuHa3[aHr4fl.llpu ycraHoBKe>KeKoBtxoBL,rx ryp-
6uH rpancQopn,taropbrr.tHorAaoKa3brBarcrcflHecopa3MepHo6o.nnuuHrrlro cpaB_
HeHr.rrc c caMHMelauueu (cu. puc. 2-12).
flpz Hailv.ttr norpe6urenel? Ha reHeparopHoM Hanpqx<eHurzH c"ro>xHofi
3d'IeKTpHrlecxolicxeunr fOC npHxoAHTcl npeAycMarpHBarb Aorro"THr{Te,,rbHbre
n o M e u l e H r ]B
s npeAeJrax.3AaHH ( pnu c . l - 9 , 2 - l u 2 - 2 ) , n u 6 o f e H e p a r o p H o ep a c _
npeAeJruTe/'rbHoe ycrporicrBo pa3Meu{arb oTAeJ'rbHo. B nocnerHeM c,,ryqae KoM_
noHoBKasAaHufl f3C sHaqHrerrF,Ho ynpoulaercx (crnr.puc. 2-4 n 2-g).
Ha xounoHoBKy gLaHHn foc 6o.rrrtuoeBJTHflHHe or(a3brBaernDrrrueHeHnaff
cl'IcreManos6y>x4euur reHeparopoB. llpu uoHnoli cucreMe noaSyx.leHgq Bbr-
COTa MalUHHHofo 3aJIa 3HarII'ITedrIbHO yMeHb[iaeTCq, HO BO3HHKaeTueO6xOllt-
MOCTbB 3HaqI'ITe,'IbHblX I]O pa3MepaM noMeuIeHHqX Arq pa3MerqeHHqBbrnpflMH-
re,refi H cBs3aHHbrx c HrlMrl ycrpoficrB H annaparoB (cru.'prac. i-6).
Orxprrroe pacnpeAeJrHreJrbHoe ycrporicrno (Opy) iro u."r' cryqaflx x(e_
JIare/'IbHopa3Meu{arb Bo3Mox<Ho6"rruxe K 3AaHH}of3C u rax, qro6u o6ecne-
qI'ITbonrHvanlsstti yro/I nepeKHAoKB nJraHe,6nr{exufi
x 45'. Ha ovcnoesrx
14 npr.{urornHr{brx 3AaHr.rqx fAC, Ha Koropbrx rpaucQopMaropbr pijnneuleno,
HaA orcacblBaloulHMHrpy6auu, KpenJIeHLre nepeKH,IoKnpoqe Bcero Bbrno,'r-
H f l e r c t r I p I J 3 a A e r ' I KH
e X B K a p K a cM a I r I H H H o f 3
o a , 1 a( c u . p l l c . l - 9 ) . B 4 p y r u x
cryr{asx nepeKl'iAKHKpetIflTcq K IIopraJraM, ycraHaBJrHBaeMbrM Ha 6uqxax
( p u c . _ 2 - 6 ) u n u H a K p b r r u e3 A a H H q( p n c . 2 - l ) .
B crecsesHblx ycJloJrl-flxJopHoio penreQa pa3MeularorOPV Ha Kocorope
uilr4 Ha Kpbllxe sAaHHfll3C. B nocJIeAHeMcr'ryqae ueo6xo.{rzvroycrpoiicrBo .r-s-
>{{eJlofo_ flepeKpblTrfl HaL MaIITHHHbTM 3aJIOM,a raKxe ycri.rleHueI{Or'rOHH I.r Kap-
Kaca. B HeKoropbrx cpaBHureJrbHopeAKux c,rryqaflx bpy pdcrro.,,r2faior Heno_
cpeAcrBeHHoB npeAe"[axpycJroBoro3haqutr f3C (cru. puc. l_5), uro, o,{HaKo,

3l
 ss 5
{ rE

v o.Y

3 0Ra
- : v '
F ; 1 !
I
l l r Q A
" l H {

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\ o a v x
A I
Ati s e ;rq
\\ ^ ) . N ;
t It 1 l t 1 . - o
.\il \, I @ F
m
-\ rl -t
tl o c q
e t{
O )
tJ/ \-J l
'l 'l
E t r o
* ^ O
:' . >
r : : ' a
* : s X
;iz9
- 3i'{
x b < ^
\ l - o
q -ret
u = h

N F 9 4

ll i o o
, 9 . : ^

C/ x9X
- < : I
q d ! '
f.- t * '-i
X F :

'.ri
xF3
* :< 03- 6;. ;I
h
. \ O
- @\o
;
ox
> o g l l l
d r r . , X
r,/to !
?
. g
.61 I >"-
a @ -. J r i
F i*
cEll .-9 !
iq " crio
, ss * ; . F
: 9r *
e Fg=
A F O
:- o.fr 5
: L
; g kXi :
E
u
e ii
! i r
Qo ol
r r o-o.-
:< RE C
(l) E e.o
L- TR3
- ] E F
! =
a ( G
v i!i=o
v) *i;
* l ! ( o
F t *
X *[:c
F :! v! (
.. 16

rn :;a
v ; >
m _ , \ F
or :b <> :-
F .i !!
rr/ a\A F

F o
: I

r:q F:oo
r : . -
= 9;r{
&
) ^
t s r ^
t X
:
q, :ilo
f
-
*.0 . - L

o 5X+
! { e :

- : >.9
U 4

Y>il
c.l o=9
. E : < a
<) r?
* \>l
 6o.neexapaKTepHoAr'rfl npHrrJrorHHr{oro runa (puc- 2-6). fipnueueHHe 3aKpbt-
Toro pacnpeAeJrHTedrrbHoroycrpoficrna (3PV) BL,rcoKoroHanps)KeHnffB npeAe-
MeHb[iee pacnpocrpaHer]rre(Hanpuuep,
Jrax 3AaHHfl f3C ur'teer 3r{aqr{TeJrbHo
ua Kaxoecxofi f3C).

T3C
2 - 2 .P Y C J I O B b I E
B npeAe,rax HanopoB ao 30-35 ,ll, xapaKrepHbtx LJrfl pycdroBblx f3C,
rrpH uad'rrrqun
cKa,'rbHoro ycror?uaaocrbHa cABur3AaHHqf3C e 6onr-
ocrroBaHufl

--I | | -7--i
tJ , 1 a 5 3 . 6 0 1 4t r i
| r i-r-l- :
_ l l / t t ,
si'
Cr'l
l, ", /r {, v1l,00f \,
I
+-
T
B+
\l ,/,/ -fN
lL_-li \r
\\ ij,
N I
=J_,/2
z/A

l-

ilj r l ;
I t l
\ l l
l l t a
,t 1 h 5
i l

- ti- ll -q
- - - - - J

VPs
-r'1
l
r
l
l
I
I l l
I t t

9,50 9,50 450 o5n

Pnc. 2-2, fllan 6roroe Borxuucxoii f3C Ha pa3Hblx ort{erKax.

- ocs rxe-
/ - n1:1s)Kene3HoAopo>xuofi re.ne>r<KuAnq oTBosKHMycopa; 2 - nyrs rpefi(repuoro KpaHa; 3
,ie3HoAopo)KHoro Mocra; 4 - ocr.rnepcneKTr{BHbrx )Ke,re3HoAopox(Hbrx nyreft; 5 - HH}KHuiiKoHyccnEparn;
6-naiBorcacbrBaroulyrorpy6y;7-tazBcnrrpanbHyloKaMepy; 8-nuaogr,rreHeparopoB!-9_-_!o3-
- 6ax MHy; 1J -
A y x o o x n a A n r e . n ur e H e p d r o p i ; t b - K o J r o H K ay n p - a e . n e n l r a/;1 - s a c o c n M H y ; 1 2
co6crieHHollni'
rpaHc{ropr'rarop /5 - rpvsonoft
1; -- ;i;:#'j l;::iT:f,H'x.;:;:;f;;i"arop; "IIoK

IIII.IHCTBCCTYI{ACB AOCTI.{|ACTC'INPH MHHI,IMAJIbHbIX CfO PA3MCPAX, HA3HAqCHHbIX

rro KoHcTpyKTHBHbTM coo6paxeHHflM. He srrsnrealoTonaceHHfi r.I Hanpfl>KeHl.Ifl
B OCHOBaHHH. HanpOTHB,npH MqfKHX fpyHrax, pa3Mepbr3AaHr]sf3C onpeAe-
IsroTcq fJraBHbrMo6pasolr yc,'roBl,{qMnco6rroAeHHfl ycTotirIHBocTHHa c,[BHf
r{ Aonycrr.rMbrxHanpsxeHHfi B ocHoBaHuu.Heo6xoAr-rMbrfiBec co3Aaercfl 3a crleT
o6reua 6eroHsofi KJTaAKH, no3ToMy Hlr)KHffflqacrb 3AaHuq f3C BblnoJlHffercs
BecbMaMaccHBHofi.Oco6eHHoMorrlHofiAe.narcrrrdrrHryocHoBaHHa(crrl. puc. 3-2).
HepanuouepHocrb Hanpflx<eHr{fiB ocHoBaHHHs1atufl I.3C npu MITKHX
|PYHTAX AOJI>KHA HAXOAI4TbCfi B ONPCACJICHHL,IXNPCACJIAX (CM. $ 7-2), B CBff3H

3 3u*r, Nl 1959 JJ
c qeM lUHpHHyrro ocl{oBaHlttoHHofAa npHXoAHTCR B 3T}lX CJIy-
yBe,rlHI{llBaTb.
qagx MoxHo 6es cyruecrBeHHbrxAonoJIHHTeJIbHbtx 3arpar yBed'IHql'rBarb
A/'IHHy
orcacbrBarculefirpy6br HJIrlycrpor.rrb MocroBbrenepexoAbt no 6ntqraM, Bblir,BHlly-
rbrM B cropoHy BepxHero 6leQa.
B conpenaeHHbrx yeJroBuflxAafl pyc,'roesrxf3C xapaKTepHaycraHoBKaKpyll-
Hbrx arperaroB c 6o.ntruuMuAHaMerpaMI{ryp6uH noBoporHod'IonacrHoro rl4rla
H 3oHTr.rqHbrMHfeHeparopaMuc nqrofi Ha KpblruKe ryp6unr,r. 3ru KoHcrpyKtlI'IH
uau6oaee xopotuo coqerarorcq c 6eroHuofi cnupa"rrHofi xauepoli, ceqeHHflKo-
Topofi pa3BHTbI To/'IbKo BHLI3, Lr noJIoM MaIrIHHHofo3aIIa, HaxoAquIHMcg

MOXc |-0,3
c
t4 2n

|2.20

Psc. 2-3. Hapecxas f3C pvcnoBoro rlrna c [oABoAoMBoAbIAepI.rBaIrIloHHbINI

K a H a n o r {H. p : 2 0 , 6 ' u , Q ; - : 2 6 3 ^ y l l c e r y ,D r : 6 , 6 t L , i ! , " " : 4 5 Mem,
n:88,2 o1lnuu
1 - cteuHue HanDaBnqIowuq 2 - rpa6,lu A,rrr oqHcrKH copoyAep>xHBalou{eii peurerKlr;
3 - 6rrcrpogeficrayrcuqan ,re6e4xa c nporraonecavH, o6c,ry)i(HBaIoqas ryp6HHHLtii_sarBop,
4-sbrrq')Kibfixaira.trjS-crponre.n*rtftnor;6-ra3BorcacblBarou{ylorpy6y;7-
npllrMoK g.rtx orxanrctr; 8 - lIIa]IAopoxpaHI{,rluqe

Ha ypoBHe BepxHefi xpecronr.rHbrreHeparopa, TaK KaK npu 3ToM noMeuleHufl

MexAy HHMH rroJryqarorcfl o6btrlHo Aocraror{Hofi BL,IcorbIAJIfl pa3N{eIIIeHHflBcex
iieo6xoAHMbrxycrpoficre (pelc. 2-3). He ucK,'lrcqaercr Bo3Mox(HocrbnpHMeHe-
TaBpoBofiQopurl c cer{eHHflMli,pa3BLITbIMI'I
HUfl U CrrupaJrbHofixarr,repbr BBepX.
flo,uo6nlre KoMnoHoBKr.I co cBo6oAHbIM MaIIHHHbIM3a,rloM,HZA noJIoM Koroporo
Bo3Bbr[raercffToJrbKoBo36yAr.rreJrbc noABo36yAI{TeJIeM, a.rel{eparop (yronJleH),
npr4MeHflercffu npu o6brrrHofi3oHTnrrHoilKoHcrpyKIIHHre-Heparopac ropu3oH-
ralrHnrruu 6anrauu BepxHefi KpecroBuHbl(cM. pI4c. 1-3). I4uemcq raK>KeMHo-
foqucJreHHbrenpHMepbr,KofAa BepxHgfl KpecToBLIHa feHepaTopac HaKJIoHHL'IMH
6alxauu 3HarriTerbHo Bo3Bbr[Iaercs HaA noJIoM Ma[II'IHI{oro 3aJIa (puc. 2-l).
3a rpaHurleft AoBoJrbHoqacro crarop reHeparopa HaxoAl4TcflBbIrIe rlod'Ia
Mailrr{HHoro3aJra HJrHJrr{tub c oAHofi cropoHbl BAoJIb3aJIa ycrpoeH cKBo3HolT
npoxoA Ha ypoBHe HH3aBo36yAHTeJreft reHeparopoB, noAXoAbIK I(oropblM o6ec-
nequBarorcs c noMou{b}o JrerKHx MocrHKoB (pprc. 2-4). Taxoe pacnoJlo>KeHue
reHepaTopoBno oTHolrreHr{ro K noJly MaUHHHO|O3aJIaHa3bIBaIOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO
(ocTpoBrrblM) H (noJIyocTpoBHbIM).
 ) ES e:gQg;:i
6dssEKi : i f r : t u u
o
* Eng;=ii3
H r * nisfiU:.ts
? -" -i , 'g E3- F f € E Q t " e
i l"=p itg'=l)EF
sgn-:
- EgI:;tgs.
iE:: :iFFFE;i rg=xX3qf
uH ,i |c)
S o . - l h l l H S ; K
- F A
\!
: d )
\iorv-rc.tr
N !

\
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3*
 B saeucHMocrt{or o6uleft KoMnoHoBt<v, u ra6apLIToBarperaroB IIoMeu{eHI'Ie
11oAMa1gHHHbIM 3a,'IOMycTpaHBaeTcsoAHoSTa>KHbIM H,'IHAByXgTaxHbIM' B ne-
Koropbrx cJryqaflx ABa gra>Kapa3MerrlarcTcff ToJIbKoco cropoHbl HH)KHero6leQa,
cO cTopOHbI1I1eBepxHero 6r-eQa, r1e ryp6HHHaq KaMepa HMeeT6Onr'urY0 eot-
cory, gra)K
no,ryqaercr roJlrlKooAr.rH H,'IHnpoxol noo6uie orcyrcrByer (plrc. 2-3).
" <Doprrla
v ra6apuTbr orcacbrBaroulr4xrpy6 TaK)Ke oKa3blBalor Becbi'Ia 3a-
Ho rI
MerHoe BJpIsHHeHa KoMnoHoBKyHe roJIbKo HH>KHefiMaccHBHoliuactH,
Ha BepxHeecrpoeHl{e 3AaHLIsf3C. BcrpeqaloTcl rpI'IMepbI, KorAa npocrpaHcrBo
HaA OTcacblBaloulI4MH Tpy6aMH He ucnOJIb3yeTCs, u AnQQysopbl orcacblBaloil{Hx
rpt6 rBJrfltorcfl or1eninofi KoHcrpyKIII4efi, orp$aHHoii IIIB9M or nonBoAHoii
uu6t" fDC (puc. 2-4).Taxoe perreHr.re Bo3Mo>KHo npu rpocrofi cxeMe 3,'IeKrpH-
qecKnx coeAHHeHI.rfiu Ha.rruqHVB6Jrr4grr 31aHufl,f3C n,'rorqa.[,Kur.{r ycraHoBKI'I
rpaUcQOpMaTOpOB, r{TO IIO3BOJIfleT B npeAe,'Iax 3AaHHfl npeAycMoTpeTb
"IIIIIIb
xa6ernsttfi KopHAop AJIa reHeparopHblx BbIBoAoB'
B orerrecrBe"nbfi npaKrurre crpoure.trrcrBa pycJIoBbIX f3C rpaucQopua-
Topbr qaule Bcefo ycTaHaBJIHBaIoTcs y HH3oBofrcreult MaIrIHHHoro3a,'Ia Ha,[
oTcacbrBaIouILIMI.{ Tpy6aMIi. 3saqure.ubHoe npgcTpaHqTtsoHaA OTcacblBaOIqI{MH
pflAolvt
rpy6aMr.r HH>KeMecra ycraHoBKH rpaucQopMaropoB I'I pacnoJloxeHHble
qacTbro HcnoJlb3ytoTcff
c rrHMLrnoMeuleHgfl noA noJIoMMaIrILlHHoro3aJIa6onr'uefi
ycrpoficrB (cM. pric. 1-5 u 2-1). llptl raroli. KoMnoHoBKe
AJrfi eJreKrpHr{ecKHX
noMeuleHgsHaA no.rroMMa[rHHHoro3a/Ia co cropoHbl BepxHero 6berQa orBoAflTcfl
BOAOIpOBOAHOH CeTI',I,BO3AyXOnpoBoAoB' a
I^Jrfl npoK,rIaAKHMaCJIOnpOBO.(OB,
TaK>KecBfl3aHHOfOC HI'iMUO6Opy,uoBaHI{fl'
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irIeHHe norpe6oea"'ro 6rr yBeJrr.iqeHLrfl.
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uMelorcs npuMepbr, KorAa aJreKTpHqecKHe ycrpoficrna B pyc!'roBoM3AaHHuf3C
noJlHocrblo pa3MeuleHbrco cropoHbr BepxHero 6reQa, ec.nu ra6apHTbrnoBbllrlarc-
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B IIeJ'I0M.flpoule Bcero 9Ta saAaqa peuraercq nyreM yAJrrrHeHHs6nlqxoe BoAo-
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He3aBr.icr.rMocrboKcnJryararluu coopyxeHufi, pasnuqHbrMuBeAoMcrBaMI.r. Taxoe
pelxeHue qe.rrecoo6pa3Hee npr.i MITKHX rpyHTax B ocHoBaHHH,KorAa eec 6utq-
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rofiqueocrr 3l^aHvs. B raxux cryqaflx N'rocroeofi nepexoA ycrpauBaercs Ha
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qecxofi qacru, ycraHoBKa noBbrrxarculr4xrpanc$opMaropoB, BbrBoAbrBblcoKoro
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TpaHsr4THbrx xeJre3HoAopoxHux nyrefi K sAaHr{rof3C u yc,'roBufl npoKJIaAKH
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JIHtIHoro Ha3HarreHuR.Tax, HanpuMep, ilpoAoJrbHbreraJleper.rB nepxonoli ua-
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c b l B a r c I q r . r px y 6 u c n r 4 p a J r b H bKr xa M e pc M . B U I . 3 , 1 1 u 2 l l .

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fOC, .Iro6rt cAe.Ilarb raJrepeu 3HarruTerbHofinponycxHofi cnoco6Hocrra,norpe-
6oeanocr pe3Ko yBerurrHrb AJruHy BaJraarperara. Ha l4pxyrcxofi fOC 6.naro-
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rrecKu ue norpe6oBaJrocb.
Conlteulennsre fOC no cpaBHeHI{Ioc fOC o6rrqHofo pycJroBoro rufla HMe}or
cJleAyrcrque flper.rMyrqecrBa: a) coKpaqaercrr AJTHHa6erouuux coopyxeHufi
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c 6o.ururefi Anusofi 6erouHrrx coopyx<eHufi,uacrr Koropbrx Mox(er nonacrb Ha
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poft ouepeAl{ crponTeJrbcrBa;r) aa crrer coKpairleHurrAJrHHbreoAocnueHofiuo-
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B rreJIoMrro ruApov3Jrv
-e H coorBercrBeHHocronMocrb na 8-10%.
Kporr,rearorb, nepuoa naBo.[KoB 6.naro4apa aSQexry ax(eKql{u cyulecr-
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HbIx BoAoc6pocHrrxra"rlepeftno3Borqer raKxe ucno.rrb3oBarbHx lrrr nponycKa
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pu6u.1
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l3C ucxnrcrlaer Heo6xoAuMocrbcoopyxeHuq BoAocfllrsHoirrrJrornHbr,KaK 9To
fiMeJIoN{ecro Ha I4pxyrcr<ofi f3C. flpu gror{ gKoHoMHs,no,'ryqaeMaflHa crDo-
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AoHHbrxnogoc6pocoBcoB-
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crBo), 1962, Ilb l.
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6yerca Bbrrro,''rHrirbHecKo,rIbKo6o"'IourHIio6telt t\,IoHTa>xnbrx pa6or v 6o,ree
fpoMo3AKHMcraHoBr.trcgulr.rroBoexogsficrgo, qro llecKo"rrbKoyc"no>KHfler3I{c-
nd'ryaTar{urc3IaHus f3C; n) Bcd'IeAcTBLIe yBe,'IHqeHuqy,ne"'IbHbIXpacxoiloB y
3AaHHsf3C rpe6yercrr yur,'reHuoeKpenJIeHHe B Hlrlxnerr6rerle (cvr. pHc.6-l );
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nuq fOC, noflBJltercfl AonoJlHure,ruusllitxyM I'r r. A.

3 - 3 . B O A O C J I H B H b I Ef 3 L

XapaxrepHaq oco6eHHocrb 3Tofo runa f3C B Tor\I, r{To Har, HX MauIHHHbIIvl

JIOTKOB'ycTpOeHbI nOBepX-
3aJIOM,Ha BCeM npoTs)KeHvld VJrrr B BHAe OTAed'IbHbIX

Puc.3-5. HsexosanopHaflBoAocJrHBHas gepenoneqxaqf3C Ha p. IIIexcHe c KarIcyJIb-

- H b r M Ha r p e f a r a r { HH p : t l t L , Q r : ? ? 0 - n s l c e r c ,D t : 5,5 tt, N."n : 20 Mem,
n: 93,7 o6(nun
I - nag aBapHfiHo-peMoHTHoro 3arBopa; 2 - nas pe[reToK; 3 - na3 copooqucrliTe.tlbHoll MaIrrHHbI;
4 - p e r u e r K i ; S - i a r n o p s o g o c 6 p o c a ; 6 - M o H r a x H b r e J T I o K HB e p x H e r o n e p e x p b l r l l f l M a I r r H H H o r o 3 a J I a ;
7 - na3 PeMoHTHoro 3arpaxAeHllt

HocTHbreBoAocJlHBbr,r{oropbre no3Bodrfllor coKparHTb_ QpoHr BoAoc6pocHbIx

coopyxeHufi ruapoysJra. flocrpoeHHbre BoAocJIHBHbIe f3C oxearblBalor lriupo-
xufi Auana3ogHanopoB (npHMepHoor 8 Ao 125 u) u npu HaAe)KHbIxreoJlorl'Iqe-
cKr{x ycJroBIIflXMoryT 6ttrl nocTpoeHbl.lIJIfleqe 6onuuux HanopoB.
flpu uanopax, He npeBbruarcurux 20 14, Ha BoAoCJII'IBHbIX f3C Hau6onee
rleJrecoo6pa3HaycraHoBKa ropH3oHTaJIbHbIxarperaroB IiancyJIbHoro TI4na,
Koropbre xoporuo BnllcbrBalorcs B TeJIo 6eroHHofo MaccHBa,nper,craBJlflIourero
BoAocJrHBc HecKor'rbKopacrufipeHHblMrloporoM. llpuuepont Moxer c"'Iy)KHTb
- Ha-
HepenoeerrKas fOC (pti.. 3-5). HeAocraror rIoAo6HbIx KoHCrpyKI{ufi
Jllrque cbeMHbtx KpbrueK HaA ,'rroKaMll,qepeS KoTopble IlpoI'I3BOAHTCflMOHTaX{
arperaroB. Anq npeAorBpauleHnq npocaqliBaHvfl BoAbL'IloKH HaAe>KHo 3aKpbl-
Barorcfl, BnJrorbAo npr.rBapvBaHun KpbI[IeK, KaK 3To Ha
cAeJIaHo KaMcKoft fOC,
BoAocrHBHoro
Koropafl sBJrflercfl n-epnoiiB Mrrpe rHApoa,TeI(TpocraHI{HeI? runa
c Beprr.rKaJrbHbrMH arperaraMH. P Aannsefiureu aHaJIoruqHafl KoHcrpyKIrHq
6sr,rraocyilIecrB;eHa Ha Kafipax-Kyrr,rcr<ofifAC Ha p. Cup-Aapse.
Eo.nlurue ra6apr.rrbr BepiuKarbHbrx arperaroB IIo Bblcore, oco6eHHo npH
o6ttqgolr, a He I{oHHoMBo36yxAeHLIH,orpaHHr{uBa}orBo3tvlo>KHocrb lix ilpuMe-

.1h
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arperaToB C O,lHOBpeMeHHbtM yMeHbue-
HHeMAHaMerparyp6aH I-I Hx MouIIIocrtI.CqHTaercfl,qro rrauMeHbtunilHanop,
nplr KoropoM Moryr 6url ycraHoB,rleHbr BeprHKaJrbHbrearperarbr ua f3C no-
,4ocd'II'iBHoforHlla, AoJrxeH nprrMepHoBTpoe npeBbruarb ntral,rerpryp6uusr.
Hall6o,ree palruoAa,tlluofi caeAyer npi.r3HarbBonocJrHBnyro' f3C, ManrrH-
..
ttltli safl Koropoli o6cnyxraeaercs MocroBbrMKpaHoM, nepeNreuarourfix,rcfl Bsy-

32,30

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Pac' 3-6. cpe,qHenanopHBa ro{A o c J r H B Hl laaqe n o a c x a sf o c u a p . v r } e . H o : Jr x,

'
D1 : 5,5 Jil, Nres: 40 Mem, h: 88,2 o'6l,uuH
/-nasrpeft@epa;2-naepeMoHTHoro3arBopar-rperuerKlr;J-naspeMoHTHofo3arBopa;4_na3sa-
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no.nocrb; 8 - Apeuaxcrrrfi xaHa.n; 9 - nylrr ynpaBneglrs; ,10 - norueqenuq PV; /,1 - norreuteHuq ApeHa)KHat
6lr-
crpoAerlcrByroulux 3arBopoBi l2 - rr{AponoAteusux; ^lJ - r{eMeHrar{soHHasraJreper; 74 _-4eveHri_
r { r i o H H a r3 a B e c a ;/ 5 - e o n o n p u e M u a rr a , ' r e p e t

TpI'l 3aMKHyTofo6erousoro MaccLIBa,He HMerou{erod'rroKoB B BepxHer\rnepeKpbr-

THH. B raKoM cryqae ycrpaHffercfl onacHocrb nporerrKn BoAbr r.r ueyao6crBa,
cBs3aHHbIec oTKpblBaHLIeM JIIoKoBLI IrX 3aAeJIKofi.llo raxouy Tnny nocTpoeHbr
f l a n n o e c x a r f O C H a p . V Q " ( p u c . 3 - 6 ) , I 4 p u K r r H H c K af f3l C u a p . V p a n e r . r
flannuHcxafl fOC Ha p. Layraee.
CooreercrBylollluM o6paeorvrnoAo6paHHaflQopMa rr orMerKa HocKa BoAo-
CJILIBaBO BCeXBblIXepaccMoTpeHHbIX BaprraHTaxBoAocJrHBHbrx f3c noeeod'rflr,or
HCnOJrb3OBarb SQQeKTe)KeKuHH.
flpu 6o"rreeBbrcoKr{xHarropax 3AaHHfl BoAocJrHBHbrx fOC B 6oflbr.xuHcrBe
cflyqaeB pa3MeLqarcTcq 3a aporrHo-fpaBr.iTarlHoHHofi HJrHpexe 3a rpaBHTauHoH-
I{ofi nJIorHHoI} (petc. 3-7). floror BoAbr, nepeJruBarou{eficflr{epe3 BoAocJruBbr,

57
KOTOpbIe pacnoJlox{eHbl Ha BepxHeMycH/reHHoMnepeKpbrTHH MarxHHHofo3aJra,
oT6pacL,rBaeTcfl oT coopyx(eHHfl c rroMorllbro KoHcoJIbHbIxLIJIHTpaMnJTLIHHbIX
BoAoc6pocoB,qro HcKJlroqaerBo3Mox(HocrbHcnoJrb3oBaHVfl eQQexra 3xeKqr{[
r.r rpe6yer Hailu'ur4flB pycJre peKr{ npor{Hbrx cKaJrbHbrxnopoA.
BoAocnue Ha Kpbrrueghalvfl. AJIrrnponycKa naBorKoBbrxpacxoAoB6o,rrurefi
qacrblo ycrpalaBaercr B BHAeo,{Horo r{JrHAByx JrorKoB,ocr.rKoropbrx Moryr 6urn
[apaJIJIeJIbHbIMLI rlJnr cxortlquMucfl , ecJrH >KeJIareJrbHo
cJrHflHHe o6oux noroKoB
3a JIorKaMa. fny6orHe Bo.[,ocJrHBHbIe orBepcrHrr JrorKoB co3Aaror Bo3MoxHocrb

Puc. 3-7. Cpe4ueHanopHaq BoAocJrr.rBHas f3C Cnana ua p. Bnraaa (I{e-xoc.nosaxun).

H p : 5 6 M , Q r : 1 0 0 n s l c e r cD, t : 3 , 7 tt, Nre": 50 Mem, n:231 o6/nun
/ - gErHocuar copoyAep)KHBarou{arpeurerKa; 2 - anapnfr,uo-peuonrnrrfi3arBop; 3 - 6ucrpogeficrBylo'
rqnfi sarnop, o6c.nyxxnaelrsrft rn4ponoAteMunKoM; 4 - a3par{[orrHoeorBepcrre; 5 - KoHTyp no4oc,nxnal
6 - noueqeHrq pacnpeAeJrETe,'IbHoro ycrpoftcraa; 7 - KoMneHcarop

nponycKa 6onrurux yAeJrbHbrxpacxoAoB Bo.[,bi,Aocrnrarcr{Hx 100 n2lcerc. O^t-

BepcTus nepeKpbrBarorcffo6rrquo cefMeHTHbrMH 3arBopaMH.
ps,ua BbrcoKoHanopHIIX
Kax noxa3brBaeroflbrr aKc[Jryara:g.:g-v Bo,uocJII.{BHbIx
nJrorHHBo OpaHrIW,- 3rns, Lllacran, Eop r{ Apyrux rI{Apoy3JIoB[,II.17l,-
faueHr4e or6pacbrBaeMbrxnoroKoB BoAbrHacroJlbKo cyqecrBeHHo, rITo yfpo>Ka-
rorr{Hxpa3MbrBoBAHa He Ha6JrroAaercfl. Oco6eHHoaQ@r<runHofarxeHHesHepfHI{
3a cxoAfluluMHcrr KoHcoJrflMHBoAoc6pocoB 6.rraro,uapr coyAapeHHro c6pacbr-
BaeMbrxrroToKoBBoAbrri ux r,rHTeHcHBHoft aepaquu.
MoxHo ocyqecrBuTb nepeJrr.rBBoAbr rr qepee Becb r{Jrr.rnoqrll Becb QpoHT
3AaHHs fOC nyreM ycrpoficrBa JrorKoB, pacnoJrolKeHHbrx psAoM JIH6o Ha He-
KOTOpOMpaCCTOffHHH Apyr Or Apyfa. flpuuep TaKofi KoHcrpyKIIrIH- BoAO-
cJrr.rBHafffOC Ca.rruMeB Vcnauuu, Ha Koropoft npuMeHeHo raueHl-Ie 3HeprHI{
c iloMoulbro BoAo6ofiHoro KorroAqa [fI. 441.
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rHHL,r,npuMepaMu qeMy cnyx(ar Kaucxas u tlepenoBerrKar f3C. flpuMeHeHue
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coopyxeHufi HacronbKo crecHeH, qro Mecra AJrfl pa3Merr{eHnqao4oc6pocon He
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rpe6yer 6o.nlurux 3arpar.
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xo,{oB Bo,rlbr. uas fOC MonreftHap (OpaHuna). Ho : 123 ,r,
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Hofo cBoAa H creH. Kporr.reroro, ycrpanBaercq noABecHofinoroloK H3 MeraJI-
Jrr{qecKr.rxceToK, noKpbrTbrx TopKpeToM wJIII TOHKLIMC,rIOeMUrnpHq6erOUa.
Ha fOC XapcnpoHter B [UeeqtIH aHKepoBKacBoAanpol'i3BoAgJlacb ua rny6uuy
3-5 n c HarHeraHLIeMlreMeHrHoro pacrBopa [,il. 42]. B cpeaHeM oAI'IH aHKep
npuxoAr.i,{cflHa | .uz nosepxHocrr.{.Foxonste creHbl He o6fiLlqoBaHblH orAeJleHbl
or Ma[rHHHofo 3a,rlaroJIbKo 6apteporraue6o,rsuroli estcorlt.

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/ - MexaHr.recKar MacrepcKas; 2 - urcrpyrrneHTa,'IbHaq; 3 - seHrllrsuHoHHaq xanrepa; !4 -
Bo3AyxooxraAuret[ regeparopa; 5 - no4narugr; d - Hu,Ixa Anq x(ene3soAopox(Hofo rpaHc-
nopr'epa; 7 - rpanc$oprrlaropHaa rMa; 8 - KoHTyp pa6ouero Koncca; 9 - xonryp KpbIIlrKH
ryfOnHri; 10 - xoHryp poropa feHeparopa; I1 - t t t o t <s H u x ( H H f i g r a t < ; I 2 - e a n r y p 6 n n u ;
/J-- ulrlru ynpaBJreHnr n 3au{r{Tbr arperara; 14 -MHVi ,15- soHlt o6c.nyx<ueauxt r!'IaBHoFo
( 2 5 0 f ) g e c n 6 N t 6 r a r e J r b H o 1 . (o3 0 ? ) r p r c x o B K p a H a ; . 1 6 - q u r r r u o H H o r o e o s 6 y r x g e H n a r e H e p a r o p a ;
^ l Z - u l u r u c o 6 c r s e H H r , r xH y ) K A a r p e r a r a ; I 8 - r r a H A o p H a f i r a n e p e q ; / 9 - o r K a r H b l e B o p o r a
TpaHcnoprHoro ryHnenr; 20 - ocb x(ene3HoAopoxHoro noA'r,e3Aa

O.qHaxo npr.r He6JraronpurrHbrx ycJroBuffx KpenJIeHHecBoAa LI creH o6fi-

3ATCJIbHO.
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qacTo ycTaHaB.rIHBaJILICb
Ha rroBepxHocTH SJIeKTpH-
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SeMJIr.t,
qecKue ycrporicrBa. Taxoe perrleHHerrpHHuMarorr.r renepb, KorAa MaITILIHHbIfi
3aJr Haxo.[prrcs Ha He6oJrbruorlr,'Iy6HHeH nporq>KeHHocrbBblBoAoBor feHepa-
TOpoB HeBedrIHKa.
Ha psae f3C ans ycraHoBKH rpaHcQopMaropoBcAeJIaHbIorAeJIFrHbIe noA-
3eMHbtenoMeuleHr.{q.B HeKoTopbtxclyqaffx rrapaJld'Ie,'rbHo MaUIHHHOMy 3aJIy
ycrpaHBarcr raJreperc AJrff ycTaHoBr{Hr.r npoKarKH rpaHcSopuaropoB Ha MoH-
Tax(Hyro nJrorqaAKy.3ru faJrepeu o6brqHoHcnoJrb3yroTcq TaK>KeAJIfl yCTaHOBKH
noAbeMHbrxMexaHH3MoB, o6ecneqHsaloulHx oneparlHHc uaH,[opHbIM3arpaxAe-
n.+
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craror{Ho 6o,rtruofi cxanrurrfi I{ed'IHK Mexqy MaIIHHHF,IM 3aJrot\{lr ranepeeii.
Ha uuorux ApyrHX f3C rpaucQopr',raropbrHaxorqrcfl rro,{ o6unrrr cBoAoM
c MaITIHHHbIM 3aJIoM(prc. 3-14), Ho HHofAaorAeJreHr,r or Hefo co6creeuHbrM Bepx-
HHM nepeKpblTlleMu 6oKoerrMu creHKaMHHJIHycraHoBJleHbrB HHIrIax, cAe,'raH-
Hbrx B ripoAoJrbHsrx crdnax MalruHHoro 3aJra (puc.3-10). B aeyx nocJ'reAHHX
cd'Iyqaflx !'JIfl,TpaHCnoprHpoBKH rpaucQopMaropoB npH HX nepeuurroii ycra-
HoBKe u n o6parHoM HatrpaBr'IeHHH Ha MoHTa>KHyro nJrou{aAKyucflo,qb3yercq
KpaH MatrtnHHOIO 3a,'ra. B rex c,'ryqaflx, KofAa rpaHcQopMaropbrycraHaBrr{-

Psc. 3-12. flonepeuuue pa3pe3brnoAser\aHofi

f9C CynHru (faHuea)c ycraHoBKoftrpaHc-
clopruaropoa Me)KAyanperaraNu; a - no. arperaTy;-q - no rp-qqcQopuaropy.Hp :
: 165 il, Qr: 85 nslceK, N.en : 120 Mem, n: 187 o6/nuu
,l - MocroBofi xpaH cnequaltnoft nognecHofi KoHcrpyxr{Hu; 2.- uluru ynpaBxeHr-rr; J - xa6e,,rr,nue
K O p L I A O p 4b -l ;n o l t e u { e H H s 3 , 1 c K T p H q e c K I l x y C r p O f i C r a ; 5 - r u a C n o n a n O p H a r y c r a H o6B-KKao;, ' r o H K a
y n p a B n e H x t ; 7 - n o s r r r u a r c u l u fri p a n c @ o p r ' l a r o p ; 8- n o u e u l e n n eH a c o c n o f tg . n ao r x a v r r 4 o r c a c b r B a r o u { H x
rpy6, cnupa.nunoii xar'repbru ApeHa>KHbrx BoA; 9 - gpenax<Haflra,qepsq

BaIOTCqB OTAeJIbHbIXnOA3eMHbIXrroMerrleHr{gx, pe[reHlre STofo Bonpoca ocJro>K-

H n e r c q ( p u c. 3 -1 3 ).
I'lHrepecHbrM npuMepoMsBJrsercsf3C Cynuru, Ha KoropofirpaHcQopMa-
lopbl ycraHoBJreHbr Mex<Ay
reHeparopaMu noAnoJroM
Maurr.tHHofo
3aJra(pac. B_12).
Taroe perxeHr.re paspa6amrBaJrocb
raKxe B noA3eMHbrx BapHaHTtxCaqHo-
IllyureHcxor?H Hypexcxofi f3C.
B. uexoroptrx ycJroBuflx Mo)Ker oKa3arbcff uelecoo6pa3HbrM ycraHoBKy
rpaHc$opMaropoB qacru rpaHcnoprHoro
ocyuecrBurbB pacluupeHHori ryHHerrr,
ecJrHefo nporTrer npH sToMHe craHer cJrHtxKoM
6o,ryruruu(pHc.3-15).
.. Taxuna o6pasona,noBblrualoxrue rpaHcQoprnraropsrH 3reKTpurrecKr.ie
ycr-
poficrna feHeparopHoroHanpfl)KeHuflTenepbqacro rroaHocrbrococpeAororru-
Balorcs loA geunefi. BnreoAsl BblcoKoto Hanpflx(eHVfl Ha noBepxHocrb 3eMr'1I

5 3n,,u, rV 1359 65
 BbINOJIHflTOTCS O6bIIIHO C NOMOUIbIO BbICOKOBOJIbTIIbIX MAC.IOHANO!'IHCHHbIX IiA-
6enefi. flocxo,rrxy Mecro pa3Meur,errur
rpaHcQopvaropoB oKa3brsaer6onoluoe
BJrrr.rHHeHa BcIo KoMnoHoBKyH KoHcrpyKunlonoA3eMHoiif3C, nsr6opBapr{anra
Ao,'I>KeHnpolr3BoAHTbcq Ha ocHoBaHHHTexHHKo-oKoHoMHqecKHX conocraB/'Ieulrii.
B no.x,3eMHbrx BbrcoKoHanopHL,rx
f3C npurtreHflercflpa3Meu{eHueryp6uu-
HbIX 3ATBOPOBI4JIH H.CNOCPCACTBCHHO B MAIUIIHHOM3A,IC, H,'ITI HA HCKOTOPOM
paccToflHHH oT Helo B oTAe,'IbHbrxnpoAodrlbHbrxfaJrepeflx, B KoTopbrx A,Tfl Nlorr-
TalKa 3arBopoB H IIpon3BoAcrBa Hx peMoHTa ycraHaBd'rHBalorcnrenu$epbr tr.'ut
MocroBbre KpaHbr ue6onturoro ttpod'Iera.

P u c . 3 - 1 3 . l l o 4 : e u H u f i s a p u a H r C a l u o - l l l y u e n c x o i i f 3 C H a p . E H u c e ec p a 3 M e -
il{eHlierurpaHcQoprrlaropoBB orAe,'rbHoilra,repee. Hp : l98 ,u, Q' : 300 n3lcerc,
Dt: 6,5 .r,t, N."" : 525 Mom, n : 136,4 o6l.ttuu
/-MocroBbreKpaHbr2X5007;Z-raneperur.rHonpoBoAos;.9_noEblluarcu{Herpaucoop-
Maropbl; 4 - BbrcoKoBoJrbrHbreMacroHanorHeHHue xa6e,nbHbreBbrBorx 500 xa; 5 - HacocHaq
c la3oM B orcacbrBaroulyrcrpy6y; u -rr[H;l:;.p ao:6yx<nenuev u nsroft Ha KpbrlttKe
ijiifi"r]

flpH cpaBHHreJrbHoHe6o/rbtxux -pacxoAax BoAbr orcacbrBatou{uerpy6lr

BbrBoAflTCrB O6UyrO rpOAOJrbHyrO
faJreperc, nepexoAflulyrc B orBoAqulHfi TyH-
HeJIb. B Apy."* cryqasx orBoA BoAbr or AByx-rpex ryp6HH npoH3BoAHrcq
I{HAI'BH,qYAJIbHbIMH TYHHCJISMI{, TITO ONPCACJIflCTCSBCJIHqHHOfi TYP6ITHHO|O PAC-
xoAa, o6quuH KoMnoHoBotIHbrMH coo6pa)KeHusMti pt feo,'rofuqecKuMl.tyuio-
BI.itMH. Hueercs HHTepecHbrfinpHMep pa3MerrleHHr noA3eMHoro N{aIUHHHofo
3aJIa B BepxHeM6l@e raK, rrro orBoA BoAbrH3 orcacbrBarolltix rpy6 npou3Bo-
AHTCfl KOpOTKHMH TyHHed'rgMH nOA 6erOHsOr?apOqHO-rpaBHTaqHOHHOfi nr'rOTH-
HoIl, co3Aatouefi Hanop. Taxoe perreHue npuHflro ua f3C Kapu6a s 3au6uu.
Kax noKa3brBaer onbrr crpouTeJrbcrBa, ycraHoBKa Ha norseMHbrx fOC
roptt3oHTaJlbHblx arperaroB (puc. 3-15) c KoHr.iqecKHMH orcacL,rBaroulHMnTpy-
6auu Moxer rrHorAa Aarb Har{6olee 3KoHoMr.IqHoe peureHHe.
lloAa,{a fpy3oB u nepeBo3KanepcoHaJraB [oA3eMHbrfivaruusHr,ni sa.rrnpo-
H3BoAltrcff qepe3 Beprr{KaJlbHbreuJrrr HaKJroHHbre[raxrbr. B ureeAcxori crpoi.r-
re.nrsofi trpaKTuKe, KofAa rro3BoJrflr.or
ycdroBux pe.uteQa, npeAiloqlrraror ycr-
policrBo HaKd'roHHbrx rpaHcnoprHbrx ra.nepefi, AorrycKas yKJroH HX Ao | '. 7,
a HHorAa H Kpyrre. fIpH neprHKaJrbHbrxuaxrax .[Jrff noAaqrr rpy3oB Ha MoH-
Tax{HyIo nJloilraAKyl{cnoJrb3yrorneperpy3oqHbreKpaHbrr.rnoAbeMHHrH.Bo ecex
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lxHHHoMy 3aJIy crpeMflTcff l{cnoJlb3oBarb AJrfl nocroqHHori axcnnyararruri B Ka-
rlecrBe rpaHcrroprHbrx, rrruHHbrx H BeHTr,rJrflur.roHHbrx
ra.nepefi H rrraxr.

66
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B o n H o M H 3 T o p u o B M a l r H H H o r o3 a r ' r a( p u c . 3 - l l ) . O A n a x o B H e K o r o p L , rcxJ r y _
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TI{Ka/'IbHafl rpy3OBafl l-JJa/.Ta c noBepxHocTH3eMJIH.flpH ycrpoiicree HoHHoro
eos6yxAeHut, KorAa B MauIuHHoM3a,'IeBepxHtfl qacrb arpefara noqrq BoBce
He Bo3Bbllllaerct HaA no.rroM,rIeHTpaJrbHoepacnoJroxerrHe MoHTax{Horinno-
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3 - n o r u e u l e H H r p a c n p e A e J r H T e J r b H o r o -y c r p o f t c r n a ; 4 - B e H T H r r r l n o H H a r r u a x r a ; 3 - r y u r r e , r u
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lIoHHOfo Bo36yxAeHHs, MoX<eT6brTb no/'ryr{eHo 3a crreT: a) oco6lix KoHcTpyK-
IrHI? KpaHoB (puc. 3-12); 6) paspa6arbrBaeMbrx HoBbrx cnoco6oB MoHrax(a reHe-
paropa B Kparepe(cu. $ l-3); e) ycraHoBKH
arperaroBc rrflrortHa xpsrruKe
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B noA3eMHoMMaIxI{HHoM3aJre AoJI>KHa6rnl o6ecneqeua HaAexHafl BeH-
TUJTflI\HflnyTeM nOAaqH Bo3Ayxa no cnerlHaJrbHbrM uaxTaM uJrH HaKJroHHbrM
raJlepeflM.B uexoropblx cJlyqarx noAaqa Bo3Ayxa uJrHero oTBoAnpoH3BoAHTcff
no noA3eMHblMBblpa6orKaM, uMeIouILrMApyroe Ha3HarreHr.re (.4nn e.rrexrpr.rqe-
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3aJra,a TaKxe ocyuecTBr-rTb riepeAar{yqacTHAaBIeHuq BoAbrB HanopHbIXBoAo-
BoAax Ha cKaJry, qeM Aocruraercr yMeHbureHuepacxoAa MeraJIJIa;e) uerrrureli
Anuuofi noA3eMHofi.4eprlearrunH ryp6r.rnHsrx BoAoBo,[,o8,qro yMeHbuaer no-
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goHraJrbHbrMH afperaraMH H rpaHcSopMaropaMH, pa3Me-
I I I e H H b I M T ie p a c u u p e H H o i i qacrH rpaHcnoprHofo ryH-
HeJIfl. Hp:32 n, ffreu: 20 Mem, n:176 o1lnun
/_- reneparop; 2 - nos6y44re.ns; ,f - nonreuleHueMHV s perynrropa ryp6un; 4 - nror Anfl noAaqr{
o 6 o p y g o n a u n A ] ' 5 - r q u r u 4 0 0 a c o 6 c r s e u H l r x u y x r A ; 6 - c n 1 i > x e 6 H r r e ' n o n r e ' e n i l f l i 7 s_ a n a i H o f i B b l x o A
q e p e 3T y H H e n b ;8 - r o p l . r 3 o H T a n b H ar ay p 6 x H a ; 9 - c n u p a n b H a qK a N t e p a1; 0 - n o B b r r u a t o q u e rpancSop-
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.

pa6oTbr MofyT rrpoBoAHTbcsBecb foA, a IIpH gKcn,'ryaTauHHnpeAoT-

TeJrbHL,Ie
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IrHJrUUla,He rroABepfaeTcflox"'ra)KAeHr{ro
B npeAe,lax HanopHbrx TpaKToB.
V.rurlreas oTH npeuMyulecrBa Bo Bcex BapHaHT
cJryqaflx, KorAa noA3eMHbrri
rcC Bo3r{o}KeH,Heo6xoAHMonpou3Becrr.rrexHr.rKo-aKoHoMuqecKue conocraB-
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JroxeHLIecoopyxeHHfi noxer AaTb He ToJrbKo Har.r6oJree SKoHoMHsHoe,Ho H
eAHHCTBeHHO npHeMJreMOe pe[reHue.
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pa3oM oco6eHHocTflMH3Kcn,'ryaTaL\Htt. 3ru oco6eHHocTH3aK,'rrcqaruTcfB He-
o6xoAr.rMocrr.i
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npelqrcrBneM AJrfl 6o.neelxnpoKofo crpouTe,rrbcrBanoA3eMHbIX
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poA Ao cHx nop pacqeHrrBaeTcf B HecKo!,rbKopa3 Aopo)Ke,rreMHa3eMHafi.
B cKaH-
AHHaBCKITXCTpaHaX l]ptr 6O,'rbrXHXCeqeHI4sXBbTJTOMOK
H npH AJIHTeJIbHOM 3HM-
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no crouMocrH.
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fyT 6brTb nocTpoeHbr B pa3JrHqHbrxBapHaHTax.

68
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ee nporouHoli qacrH, rITo yMel{b[Iaer o6ten,l 6eroHa sa cr{er HcnodTb3oBaHVfl
Hecyulefi cnoco6Hocru cKaJrbr{ofoMaccHBav ero TIeJIHKoB, a rerreparop ycra-
HaBJIHBaeTCflHa ypOBHenOBepXrrOCTH UnU e6nU3UOT lree. Taxoe peue-
3eMd'IH
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qacTb cocpeAoroqHBaJlacb
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2. Maruunurrii 3a,'r Bbrno,'rHeH
B BHAe rpaurueriHoli cxa.rosoft Bbr,[oMKH,
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Mem, n'- I87 o6l.ttun
1 - KoHnqecKaq orcacbrBalou1ar rpy6a;2 - noucqeHue HacocHoft;3 -
nucxonrri.i garBop; 4 - Ka5eilb-
Hsrrr 5 - rpascnoi',i?;;JJ#J,:"*1"1iiiil"1,]#'"t,;li3lli,i?x
xop';tsop; - 'I(paH
'4nao6c'rvx<u-
i?"'l;,t

BblMLi KpaHaMH, nepelueulaloulHMHcfl Ha noBepxHocTri3eM,'IH,npotI3BOAHTCfl

qepe3 JIToKH B cBoJ,e,3aKpbrBaeMbre KpbnxKaMu.OAHaxo 6onee pacnpocrpaHeHa
ycraHoBKa BHyrpeHHLrxMocroBbrxr{paHoBnoA cBo,qor,l,Koropbrri uHofAa ycu-
/TlIBaeTcsgacltnxoii H3 rpyHTa H/rr4KaMeHHoiiHa6pocKli.BapuaHr rro,rl)'noA3eM-
Hoii ruApooJleKrpocraHrrr-ru6es ceoAa noKa3aH Ha pHc. 3-16.
3. B [ensx o6opourr MauuHFrbrfisar co cBoArrarbrMnepeKpbrrrreM3arqu-
ulaercfl MouIHbrMcJIoeN{r.rcKyccrBeHHoiisacbrnKrl. f]oAo6nsrrrrpeAKriM npuMe-
porr sBJrflercq HASC Koru,rnuq s Vranuu In. 441.
I4uercrcs H Apyrue Mar'ropacnpocrpaHeHHbre runbr f3C. HanpurnrepHa
frlApoy3Jle.fl,xaru.ryxyp a HHAoHesHH
c HanopoM80 .u crpourcfl npeAn,'rornrr-
nas f3C MoulHocrbro150 Mem. LUecrr arperaroB erofi f3C BcrpoeHbrB reJro
69
 uuJrHH.tpHqecKofi6eroHHoii KoHcrpyKIIHH, HaxoAqu{etics nepe.l n"qotHltori ll3
MecrHbrx MareprJaJroB H qenqoqeiicq oAHoBpeMeHHo trlaxrt{btrl BoIoc,'IHBoM
IJI. 221,
HecouHerrHo, rtro HoBbrerHnbr f3C 6yayr nosBJ'Iqrbcfl H Bnpe.lb, t{ K"rIaccH-
yroqHeHnfl.
Qnxauria cner{Ha,rlbHbrxrHnoe fOC norpe6yer

TJIABA ITETBEPTAfl

3AAHHfl HACOCHO-AKKyMyJIHPyrcI{HXt4 IIPI,IJIHBHbIX

UHII
3JIEKTPOCTAH
U H H H O C O B E HH O C T I ' IH X
K K Y M Y J I H P Y T O I I I HE S J I E K T P O C T A H
4. I. HACOCHO-A
o6oPyAoBAHHfl
1 e nepHoA tloHtl-
Hacocgo-aKKyMy,'InpyOUIafl eJIeKrpocraHUIlfl (HA3C)
)KeHHbrx Harpy3oK 3Hepreruqecrofi cucreMbt nepeKaqHBaer BoJ,)' n eepxHnil
6acceftu, .Ae'ior.qaercfl 3anac BoAbr.B eru nepHoAbrHA3C norpe6"naersHep-
rr4rocgcreurr. B qacbr nHK Harpy3KH HAAC cpa6artteaer HaKor.teHHytoeoAY,
reHepgpyer 3.[eKrpHr{ecKyroaHeprHFoI-I orAaer ee B cHcreNry.HacocHoe aKKy-
MydrrHpoBaHr{e pe>Kece3oH-
aHeprlll o6lrquo 6nteaer cyroqHblM H 3Haql'ITeJIbHo
HbIM.
Oco6eHHocrbroHAOC flBJrflercflHaJlnque,KaK npaBli"[o, AByx 6acceiinoe
pa6oru nonepeMeHHo
t{ Bo3Mo>KHocrb ro e ryp6unuoM, To B HacocHoMpe}KHMe.
B Hexoroptrx c,ryqax eN,recrb6accefiHos ltcno,'Ib3yercfl pyc,lo peKI'I li co6cr-
BeHHOe BOAOXpaHI'Ir'IHIqe.
PasnuqarcT c,'re,qyrcilIuertrnbr HacocHo-aKKyMy,'IHpyroulHX 3'rIeKTpocraH-
quir:
1) HA3C, Koropbte esrpa6arr,rBalorgHeprHlo ro/'Ibl(o 3a cqer nep_exaquBae-
uofi noAtr; HeKoroplilunpurbK BoAblK HHX(I{SMy pe3epByapyraKtlx HA3C pac-
xoAyercs JII{trIb Ha Lic[apeHl'Iell Qunlrpauurc;
2) HA3C, Koropbre nupa6aruBaror eHeprHlo KaK 3a cqer npllroKa Bonbl
K BepxHeMy 6acceriHy, TaK H 3a CqeTnep_eKaq_H_B.aeuoii BoAbI;
b; ^otni6"ngpoBaHHbreycraHoBKH fOC-HA3C, npeAcraB.rlfiIourue co6ofr
ftrApo3r'reKTpocTaHqLrv,
'.' Ha KOTOpbIX I.iMeroTcflcneIIHaJIbHble HacocHble afp_efaTbl.
liepesre HASC 6,snu nocfpoenu B eBponeficxtlx crpaHa_xcBhIIre 50 ner
ToMy nutu1. 3HaqurenbHoe pacflpocrpaHeHueHx^Har{a,'Iocb30-35 ,'Ier roMy
Ha3aA f.lraBHbrrlr o6pasou n Ancrprlu, kIrailuti, @Pf, llleeilqapltil. flocneAHHe
l0-lb,rer uau6o,norue"qHc,'roHASC rocrpoeHo II crpoHrcq s CIIIA u flnouutt.
Ha nyro 6onee triupoKoro crpoHTe,r'rbcrea HA3C n nocneAHliero.]L'lraK>Kecra.rlLi
Aur,rirs, l4cnauus, Bpaettntza, KasaAa I{ ApyrIIe clp.alll B CCpP nepeoii
xpynHoii ycraHoBKofibyaer crporu{aflcg Krreecliat{ HA3C (puc' 4-l). O6uree
uirino HAOC B rvrupe,ec,rH yqecrb crpotiliuecfl tt npoelirllp)'eNlble o6beKtut,
npu6,'luxaercti K cra.
Hanoplr, Hcrro.rrb3yeMbre Ha HA3_C, xapaKTepH3yrorctr,fl'Iana3oHolll or
7 n u-ai,A3C Tpairxao (Bpaaunun) ao 1070 nB HacocHoM pexul{e+ra |3C-HA3C
peiiccex (Aecipun). Hau6onee MorrlHofi oKcn,rlyarupyellofi HAAC qBrflercfl
BuauAen (,ihoxcerur6ypr),c noA3eruHblM MaIILIHHbII{3a,rlol\'I,B l(oropoN'lycraHoB-
Jrer{o9 arperaroB rro 100 Mem; Bo BTopoMMatuuHHolu3ad'IeHaNleqaercqycra-
HoBKa noc,,reAyIOUIIX arpefaroB. Crpoaicn KpynHble gA?9, Ile-;rQaii-(Kana.qa)
- 1200 l\lorni Kopuyon"'t
MoruHocrbro tbOO Memi llox-,rlonascafil (Aurnun)
(CIIIA) - 2000 Ment.
'
B' ra6n. 4-l npr.iBeAerrbr napaMerpbr arp€raroB HoBbIX KpynHblx HA3C
I

i H r.IHrepecsoiixotr,t6lznHponaHHoil ycratloBKlr fOC-HA3C PetlcceK'

Croururocrt HAOC o6sr.iHo 3Haqr.ireJlbHoMeHbIIIe crollNlocrl{ o6stqHstx
fl.rApoSd'IeKTpocraHrluft H Aa>xeMeHb[re crouMocrl{ Ten,'IoBbIXI{oHAeHcaUI{oHHbIX
rl
Ia I{
1 B c l e u u a , r s H o f t n H r e p a r y p e q a c r o n p s N l e H e e r c q r e p N I I I H( l ' H A p O a K K y M y J I H p y l o u l a f l
t! 3 ! ' I e K r p O c r a H U H s )c' o K p a [ e H H o f A 3 C '

70
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O c H o s H b r en a p a u e r p H H o s e f i u x x H A 3 C M o u l H o c r b r c6 o , ' r e e200 Mam

T y p 6 u Hr r n f i H acocHbrtl
pe)KH M pcxnM
Cxo-
9 sc,ro pocTb
I-laHMeHoBaHI-I(j foA npoH3- Bpau{e-
CrpaHa nycKa arpc- nou{-
HA3C rATOB HOCTT, BOAH- HHg,
Hanop, H an o p ,
arpc- ^l
TC,'Ib- o6 ir+tuH
Jll
faTa, HOCTb,
Msrn n3 fcerc

I. PasAerrHble qerHpexMaulHHHble arperarbl

22,82 7502
P e r i c c e x- Aecrpur I955 t767 I 070 0,15
Kpofiuexl 5,6 l 500

ll. Hacoco-ryp6nxHueT p e x M a u HH H H C a r p e r a T b l
,rIrcHepseel Aecrpun 1956 5 840-978 47 896 4,1 750
TupQe,ri ll-leefiuapun 1964 574 80 5,0 I 000
3exxuuresl oPf r967 ^
a 405 85 411 r6,l 600
1 9 5 2 328 318 10,5 500
'1'
A
PolyHnr
O e c r us n o r
Aecrpun
Aur,rug 1963 aA
a

282-3tr
295
D
90
50
U
,3 428
428
3puxayseHl oPf 1964 aA
B n auAesr Jlrcxcerr-
6 yp r 1964 9 288 100 280 2T,B 428
f eeuraxrr oPf 1958 6 6I 35 214

O 6 p a r n m u eAByxMau HHHble arperaTbl

K p 1 ' ax a u LUor.rauAus 1966 332-362 1 0 0 336-366 32,5 5003
KopHyon,r CIIIA 1969 8 305-345 250 3ll 7 9 2 275
Ka6nH-Kpux CIXA 1967 2 268-328 l16 323 3 6 , 4 300
Tou Cor CIiIA l 963 2 233-253 235 o 2 Q O ( Q
LOV-LUV
7 9 n 200
f p.rc-Kpux CIIIA I 965 r) 200-213 106 223 4 0, 6 225
1-rr-^oaro
fl nouHq r965 A
T 124-181 65 r 3 3 - 1 8 6 4 4 , l 300
O poeu,r,r CIIIA l 96B l(9 89 180 52,6 225
An:yrru f no:g-us, l 9 6 B 6 l4l 107 82 90,0 93,7
TaxaxaI flnonns l968 A
T 136 d5 1J9 7 5 , 0 225
Mal.,l.u-Pan CIIIA r966 B 130 !03 107 6 5 , 5 200
l-4xexapaIa f noslts l 964 2 90- I 29 80 95- I 3l 8 0, 0 1 8 0
frurzasa fnouun I 965 3 53-l I I 87 113 t00 150
CaH-"II1'nq CIXA 1966 8 60-98 oo l0l o1,D 150
Haraso flnosus. 1968
q
96 li0 1 0'67 c , ll3 150
B a,tr,qexaHac Irjcnasvts. r965 49-75 BI trl 67,0 150
Alan Eax II CIIIA 1957 6 t2-26 tB-27 il3 92,3
CIIIA r96l t2 23 2l 26 9 5 , 2 lt2
"rlrroucron

V c r a u o s r r e H 5 l r o p n 3 o H T a J I b H b I ea f p e r a r b l .
B q H c . n n r e J l eA a H H b I er u A p o r y p 6 u H , B 3 H a \ t e H a r e J l e- r r a c o c H b r xa l p e r a T o B .
Lna arperara Hrlelor cxopocrb 600 o6ltttuu.
a B o I i O u e p e 4 s y C T a H a B ! ' r H B a e T C fel l l l e A B a a r p e r a T a IIo 110 I'Iem, npoH3BoAH'
r e , r r b H o c r b l o , O O ^n a l c e k x a x A l t i i , co cKopocrblo Bpauenns 1 5 0 o 6 ln u u .

OJIeKrpocraHUIIii, TaK IiaK HASC MoryT cTpol'Irbcf He B -pyc,'IepeKH H He Tpe-

6yror coopyxeHrrs .noporr.rxrrJroruH ri Bo4oc6pocoB. Hali6onee 3KoHoMHtIHbI
BbIcoKoHaropHL,Ie HAOC c HaropoM 100-500 ,t.
Eo,rrsrurincrBorrocrpoeHHbrxBL,rcoKoHanopHbIx HAAC He HNIeIor3HaqHTeJIb-
Horo npr.rroKaBonbrK BepXHeMy6accefiHyH paccquTaHblHa cyToqHoeaKKyMy-
,'rHpOBaHrie 3Heprtrrl npH AJILITed'IbHOcTlIreHepaTOpHOrOpeX(liMa ilpH6"Iu3H-
TeJrbHo 3-4 tt Yt HacocHoro - 6'-7 Lt.
O6ufufi K. n. A. HAOC 6es yuera norepb B d'IuHHsxnepe,[aqH Moxer .4o-
crufarb 70-800/0. IeficrnHTeJrbHbrii K. rr. A. Mox(er 6ltrr' eule BL,Iue, raK KaK
HAOC BbrpaBHr.rBalor Harpy3Ky rerr,'roBbrxgJIeKTpocraHIIHfi,B pe3yd'Ibrareqefo
cHHx(aercfl yAe,'IbHbIIlpacxo.[ TonJILIBa.
72
 O6opyaonaHne HASC ao.nxHo no3Bo./rrrbpa6orarl craHrrxu B rpex pe-
xHMax: ryp6ttHHotr,t,HacocHoM,cHI{xpoIrHbIMKoMneHcaroporu.nnn BbrrroJlHe-
Hun QyHxqufi npaqalouerocff pe3epBa gHeprocHcreMbrHASC ,rlod'rx{Hbr o6na-
Aarb Aocraroqsoil aKcnJryaraquoHsoiiMaHeBpeHHocrbro, qro6u Mo>xHo6urno
npeAeJlbHo6slcrpo nepeBoAHTtHX arpefarbl H3 rro6oro pexr{Ma n ryp6uHHsrfi
pexuM.
Arperarrr HAOC ,(eJrsrcs Ha rpr4 ocHoBHbrxruna:
l) lnyxrt,tatrIHHHbIe
BepruKaJIbHbleo6paruunre afpefarbr, Koropbre npH-
MeHsrorcs Arq Hanopoe .u,o400 *t; MoulHocrb Hx Aocrnraer 250 Mem;
2) ropusoHTaJlbHbre HJIHBeprHKaJIbHbrerpexMarxuHHbre Hacoco-Typ6uuurre
arpefaTbl, KOTOpblenpHMeHsIOTCs Ad'IqBbICOKHX -
HanOpOB .[O 2000 .tt; MOrrI-
Hocrb raKrx MauHH .[ocrr{rr'ra 100 Mem',

Puc. 4-2. Seonrcq,q rr.rApoafperarosHAOC: a - qerbrpexr\ra-

II]I{HHAg KOMTIOHOBKA (CICNA - HACOC C 3J'IEKTPO,(BI'IIATE,IICM.
c f l p a . B a- r y p 6 u H a c f e H e p a r o p o i r r ) ;6 - r p e x M a r u u u H r ' i a r p e -
rar (4syxcKopocrHaq greKTpu-rrecKaq c H H x p o H H a r M a r r r u H a ,n o A
u e f i r n 4 p o r y p 6 n u a , H r i x e - u a c o c ); a - ^ o 6 p a r u M a s , [ B y x c K o _
pocrHas SneKTpuqecKas cHHXpoHHafltr{a[rHHa, o6paruuaa pa-
AuaJrbHo-oceBaq f l a u H H a ; e _ o 6 p a r u N { a qo A H o _
r r . r A p a B r u q e c K a .M
c K o p o c r H a f l 3 r e K T p H r l e c K a gc H H X p O H H a fM l auI{Ha, A}raroHaJ'tbHaq
o6paruuar rHApaBr'r{ecKafl rtlaunHa; d - o6parulraa oAHocKo-
p o c r H a q 3 r e K T p H q e C K a sc H H X p o H H a qM a l r r r r H a o, 6 p a r u : u a a p a -
A r . r a J r b H o - o c e B aBs b r c o K o H a n o p H a sr u , q p a B r , r r { q e c K a r, , r a u r r H a

3) pasae,rrbHble
ryp6uuHtre w HacocHbrearperarbr, npriMeHflerubrepeAKo,
KorAa MoIIIHocrbHacocoB3HaquTerbHoMeHbrueMou1Hocruryp6rrHHbrxarpera-
TOB HJrr4KOfAa BbrcoTa [oAKaqKr.I BOAbr HarvrHofo MeHbue Hanopa ryp6uH
(Hanpuuep, f3C-HA3C peficcex).
Hau6o"rreecoBepueHHr,reo6parr.rMbreAByxMauHHHbreafperarbr, o6,raAarc-
ulue HeocnopHMbIMHnpel{MyulecrBaMH I.nfl crpoHTed'rbcrBaLr 3KCn,'ryarar\LtT,
flBJIflIOTCS pe3yJlbraroM A J I H T e J T b H O f O3 B O J T T O U H O H H O f O
npOUeCCa, xapaKTepU-
3yeMoro nocreneHHbIM nepexoAoM oT nepBoHarra,rtuoli rrerbrpexMauzsHorl
K TpexMarulruHofi,a 3areM K AByXMaUrnUsOli KOMnOHOBt<e. 3rOr frpouecc Ha-
rJrflAHo noKa3aHna puc. 4-2.
O6paruurre AByxMauriHHbre arperarbr cocrosr H3 rlrApaBJrlrqecxoriMa-
ITIHHbI
..(noeoporHoaonacrHofi, Arzarona,rrHoii uJrH pa[LraJrbHo-oceeoli),HcnoJrb-
eyenaofiro e ryp6HHHoM,To B HacocHoMpelKHMar, H cHrrxpoHHoriaJ-reKTpuqe-
cxofi IuaIUHHbI,pa6orarorqefi coorBercrBer{Ho ro B xaqecrBe reHeparopa, To
I
'72
B Kar{ecrBeABr{rare.rrr,c H3MeHeHHeM HanpaBJIeHHfl Bpau{eHHq(r. e. peBep-
cHnustx).
x b r c o K t I Xg H a q e u H I lK . n . A .
A n n o 6 e c n e q e H H fnl p H M e p H op a B n o q e H H b r B
B o6oux pex(HMax pa6o'rsrfHApoMauHHblcKopocrb BpaUeHHf AoJIx{Ha6utru
npu6nn3nre.rrbHomu 200t66o"nnue npn pa6ore HacocoM,qeM npn pa6ore ryp-
6uHoir. C aroft qeJrbronpr,rMeHnrorcn AByxcKopocrHbtecHHXpoHHbte MaurnHb,t,
ycrporicrBo
HMer.ou{r{e AJrfl nepeKJIIoqeHHq qHcJIa no.,'IrccoB poropa.
Tax, H?npruv{ep, HA3C O"neraripoH (CIIIA) o6opyAoBaHa AByxcKopocrHbIMH
cHHXpoHHbrMrr MauHHaMHMourHocrbtono l0 Mom, 257 1300o6lttun (pnc. 4-3).

PHc. 4-3. KoNrnouoexa HA3C @nerafipoH (CIIIA) c AByxruaurlHHbIIu

afpefaToNr

J";-i1".i"13'JL1,T",,;:n"o'"#ffi]ii?"JH'.?:.,? -I:-'.u0"?,i.l'i'f ':;'3;lt',f,?"iif"'i,?'i-

x p o r { H a q N r a r u H H a ;5 - u 4 u r y n p a B n e H H q H p e f y J t H p o B a H H r r ; 6 - o 6 p a r u u a n
flatrrtrFra; 7 -
r l r A p a B , r r I { r { r - c K aM gvcwosrrii 3arBop D: l,85,u; 8 -,,rexaxgsIii
a f p e r a r A " ' r q o r K a q K r r B o A b rH 3 H a n o p u o r o r p y 6 o n p o B o A a

flocxo"rybKyoAHocr(opocrHL,re cHHXpoHHbre MatuIIHbIB nonropa pa3a AeueB,'Ie

AByxcKopocrHbrx,ro Ha 6o.rynruHHcrBe HAOC ycrar{aBJluBarorcfloAHocKopocr-
Irbrearperarsl c pa6oroii B HacocHbrxpe>KHMax npr{ HecKoJIbKoMeHb[rHXK. n. A.
Ha pnc. 4-4 npwBeAeH pa3pe3no o6parr{MoMyarperary HASC Xalinoccu,
a Ha puc. 4-5 noKa3aHopa6ouee Ko/recoAHaMerpoM6,65 tt o6paruuofi fHApo-
MarrnHbrarofi HA3C. Ha HASC Cruur-MayHreHsotxoAHoliAHaMerp pa6ouero
KoJrecao6parurtaoftrHApoMarrrHHbI cocraBJlfler 8,1 .u.
3Haqurennusrft HHTepecnpeAcraBJrflr.or AByxMa[Ir{HHbIeo6parHMbrearpe-
f arL,rHA3C Alarur Eex s CIIA (u'r. puc. 4-8) , Koropble cocroflr H3 o6paruuntx
AHaTOHaJIbHL,IX rl{ApOMa[IHH, HMeFOU{HX BbIcOKHeK. II. A. KaK B Typ-
AOCTaTOTIHO
6usuortr, TaK H B HacocHoM pelKHMax, H cHHXpoHHbIXoAHocKopocrHbtx MauHH.
flp" HcnoJrb3oBaHHHAuaroHaJrbHbrx rHApoMa[rHH B KaqecrBe HacocoB Mo)KHo
noBoporoM nonacrefi H3MeHrrb pacqerHstft AHaMerp pa6oqefo KoJreca, qro Aaer

74
tso3Mox{r{ocrb npn rrocrorHHoMr{Hc,'re o6oporoB pery.rilrpotsarr, rrariop H pacxoA,
coxpaHflr BbtcoKne3HaI{eHHfl K. n. A. flepexoA H3 r{acocHoroB ryp6uHuslr.rpe-
x(HMocyu{ecrB/tflercn H3MeHeH neM Han paBJreHHfl Bpauer{rrr r{ rraK/rrorra
ronacre ii
AHaroHannHoftfHApoMauHHbr.TaxHvr o6paaorr,r,npnMerreFrrre AaaroHa/rbHbrx
o6paruMbtx rHApoMauttt rro3BoJrflerH3foraBJrHBarb o6paruuure rHApoarpetarbr
c oAliocKopocrHblMH peBepcHBHbrMr-r cHHXpoHHbrMr.r MauHrJaMr{.
Ans 3anycKa o6paruusrx arperaroB B HacocHoMpelKHMerrpHMerrflrorcfl
o6stqttutecxeMbtnycKa cHHXpoHrIbrx a HMeHHo:
ABnfare"rreir, acHHXpoHHi,rr.i nycri,
nycK noA noHHX(eHHbrM HanpslKe-
H H e M ,c H H x p o H n u f in y c K .
B nocJreAH He rorbr Boue/r
B npaKruKy cnoco6 rycKa c no-
Aa,{efi B noAnsrHHK MacJra rto.u,
AaB/IeHHeM, 6,naroAapflr{eMy nyc-
xoeofi MoMeHT arperara cHH-
x(aeTcf oqeHb pe3Ko, cocraBilfl,fl
L-2% or HoMHHaJrbHoro Bparqa-
Iorrlefo MoMeHTa cHHXpoHHOfO ABr{-
farer q .
tlpn cHHXpoHHoM nycKe oAHH
r43arperaroB HASC HcnoJrb3yercq
nl/rfl pa3Bopora H 3arycKa Apyfr.{x
af pef aT oB K a K C H H X p O H H b T X L B r4-
rarenerl.
MuoroqHcJreHHbre oKcnepu-
MeHTbI nO CO3AaHHTO BL,ICOKOHa-
nopHbrx o6paruutrx arpef aroB
npHBeJIIl K BbIBOAy, r{TO rHApO-
MarrrHHbr,paccr{HTaHHbre n.iln pa-
6oru B Kar{ecrBeHacocon,o6rrqHo
xopotuo pa6oram B Kar{ecrBe
ryp6r.iu. Or,uaxo rHApouaLrrHHbr, P u c . 4 - 4 . O 6 p a r u r , r u uai r p e r a r I { A 3 C X a i i -
Boccu (CllIA)
co3AaHHbre AIrfl pa6ortr ryp6H-
HaM I I , K a K n p a BH J IO, OK a 3 b tBa FOTC fl
MaJronpHroAHbrMH 4.Jrr pa6orur
B Kar{ecrBeHacocoB.MaKcHMa,'Ib-
Hbre3Har{eHHflK. lt. A. npu pa6ore
ruApoMaruuHe ryp6uHHoMpex{HMe
HMeroTMecTo rlpH pacxoAax, ilpe-
Bbrruarcu{Hx Ha l5-30 % coo'rBer-
cTByroul.He pacxoAbr r{acocHofo
pex{HMa.
TpexruraurirHrrbreHacoco-Typ-
6Hriusre afpefarL,r, paHee HMeB-
rulre 3HaqHTe,'IbHoepacnpocTparje-
P H c . 4 - 5 . P a 6 o q e e r ( o , r e c op a A I ' t a . r t b H o - o c e e o i i
HHe, Tenepb nptllvteHfl tOTCfl TO",'IbI{O
o 6 p a r u r r r o i ir u g p a e . r H q e c x o i i r t a u r t i H b ri l A S C
rra BbrcoKoHanopHbrx HASC (catr- X aiisocur
rrre 400 .nt\.
fopII3oHraJIbHbterpexMauuHHbrearpefarbr o6srqso cocroflr H3 o6paruuorl
ctlHxpottuofi MaluI{HbI,KaK npaBuJropeBepcueHorl,}KecrKo coeAHHeuHolic oA-
Hofi cropoHbrBaJrac fHAporyp6uuofi (pa4raa,rnHo-oceeoriHJ:Hqau{e KoBruoBoli),
-
a c ApyroPI c MHorocryneHrrarbrM HacocoMnpu6,rrH3areJrouo raxoir x(e Moq-
I{ocrH (pac. 4-6). Hacoc [pucoeAuHflercfl K BaJry arperara vJrH orr("rrroqaercfl
or Hero rtpH noMou{Hsy6uarorl r4JrHrnApaerH.recxofi nryQrsr, a 3aBr.icHMocru
or pex{l]Mapa6orur arperara. BepruxaJrbHbrerpexMarruHHbreafperarbr cocrorr
H3 o6parurvrofi peBepcHeHoiicrrHXpoHuofiMarrruHbr,ryp6uHsl, noA xoropoft
pacnoJlox{eHafuApoMySra, u Hacoca, fioAxJrroqaeMoro K BaJryro,rrbKonpH Ha-
cocr{oM pe>KHMe pa6orrr afperara (crrl. pHc. 4-12).

75
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h >,,i
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 Pucyltox 4-7 Aaer npencraBd'IeFIue o cr{H}KetrHr.I ra6apuroa v 3Ko}roMrrrr
o6teNtos pa6or B cJlyqae npuMelreHufl coBpeMeFrrrofotsepruKaJrbHofoAByx-
MaIrIHH]loro6parHrnloro ( p u c . 4 - 7, 6 ) a r p e r a r a , B M e c r op a r r e en p H M e r { f l B r x H X c r
r p e x M a u H H r r b r xa r p e r a r o B ( R i u _ c4. - 7 , a ) . A r p e r a r s r H A 3 C , K a r r r r p a B r r r r o ,
Tfl>KeJree arperaroB. o6srqnrrx f3C:
o o p a T H r \ { b roeA H o c r { o p o c T H b rpee B e p c t r B r r b r a
e n p e f a T b tc A H a f o -
Ha"'rbHbrNrH typ6HHarru ua 29'o
o 6 p a r a n n e A B y x c K o p o c r H b r ea f p e r a r b r c p a A n a J r b r r o - o c e B b r r r f t
HJrH noBoporHo,'ronacrHbil\rH ryp6uuanrn Ha l0-159'i,
H a c o c o - T y p 6 a g H u e o A H o c r { o p o c r H b r ea f p e f a r b l c p a A U a , ' r b H o -
o c e B b r M HH K o B t l o B b t l u l r y p 6 u u a u u ) 40-6096

B sacrogu{ee BpeMfl parzralrbilo-oceBbre

ryp6uHbr Bbrrro,'rrrflrorcfl
Ha rranopbr
Ao 550 tr4.,a y MHorocryneHrlarblxHacocoBBbrcoKoHattopHbrx HASC HaH6oJrb-
IxHii Hanop Ha oAHy cryneHb llMeer BeJrHqHHy npaKTHrrecKH BABoeMeHb[ryrc.

ho=0,65
ha

P u c . 4 - 7 . C o n o c r a s r e H a e K o M n o H o B o K3 , q a H u f iH A 3 C c r p e x M a r x r { H H b r M nH c o B p e M e H H b r r { r . i
A B y x M a I u H H H b I M IaI r p e r a r a M u : a - r p e x r r a u r x H H u f t a r p e r a r ; 6 - A B y x M a r x H H u t r f ta r p e r a r
, l - o 6 p a r u u a t S J I e K T p H q e c K a rc n H x p o H H a r M a r u H u a ; 2 - p a 6 o u e e K o n e c o x o s u r o e o f t r y p 6 g u r , r ; J - n o . 1 -
lullnHHK u rvyQra cqenneHur; 4 - Hacoc;5 - ecacbrgaroulal rpy6a Hacoca; 6 - o6parnruarr rHApoMaurHHa;
7 - orcacbrBarou{ar rpy6a ryp6uHbl H BcacbrBarou{as rpy6a Hacoca

'
MuorocryneHrrarbre Hacocbr AJrfl HASC Moryr 6rrrr co3AaHbr Ha Jrrc6bre
Harropbl, Burorb Ao 1070 Jyt. KoaQQuqr.reHT6brcrpoxoAHocrT LJIA oAHoii cry-
neHH Hacoca Bbrpaxaercfl QopMyflofi

3 , 6 5 nl , Q n
,na s (4-l)
4f
"
V Hi",
rAe 11- cKopocrbBpaqeHHs,o6lauu;
Qn - pacxoA, aslcerc;
- A I { H a M H q e c K H I lH a n o p , p a 3 B L I B a e M boI rAi H o r l c r y n e H b r c H a c o c a , , { 1 .
lj,n
liprl err6ope Hacoca cJreAyeryquTbrBarb, rrro ec,/ruy r.vp6r.iHbrKaBHTar{Hq
rlpoflB.rlfleTctB ocHoBHoMy Bbtxo.4HofiKpoMKHJronacTH,To y Hacoca - Heno-
cpeAcrBeHHoHa BXoAe BoAbI B pa6oqee KoJIeco, qro cyu1ecrBeHHoBJrHrer Ha
BcIo xapaKTepllcrHKyHacoca.C erori ToIIKH3peHHsBa>KHonpaBu,rrbrro elr6pars
lIIicJIo o6oporoe a-rperara LI Ter\{caMbrMonpeAed'ruTb Aonycrr.rMytoBbrcory BCa-
cbrBaHr.rs Hacoca Hs. Ee eerHquHa paBHa:
ff, : 10,33- (h* { aH ^) [*t], (4-2)
rAe h. - norepu Hanopa Bo BcacbrBar.ouefi Tpy6e or BXoAa B Hee Ao pa6o-
IICrO KOJICCA;
H ^ -.u.rHaMuqecKr.rrl Haflop pa6oqero Ko.rreca.

77
 3naqeuue xoatb$uqueura KaBIITaIIHH i LJtfl, HacocoB onpe,lerqercfl Bbrpa-
]*{CHI{EM:

z - (177-: 220).
rc'V 4 , (43)
rre ns - xoacfQuquerlr 6stcrpoxoAllocrll olHofi cryileHH Hacoca, onpeAe.irne-
rrsrfi no Qopuy"re(4-l)
Hacoco-ryp6ttHurre arperarbl HAOC ueo6xo,rrrNro 3auruu{arbor onacHoro
noRbrluenHfl.[aBJIeI{vIflB rpy6onpoBoAe npH ruApae,'IHqecKorlr yAape (e cn1'uae
Blre3anHofo npeKpalqeHHs trHTaHHn3JIeKTpoABHfare/'rq euepruefi) v nporrrB
o6parnoro BpaueHLIrr(e c,'Iyqae nporLiBono,[o]KHofoHopMaJrbHoMyreqerrufl
Borbr noA 6onsruHu Hanoporr,l).Hacoco-ryp6HHHrrearperarbr o6uqno Hr\,reror
uaxoeofi N,roNIeHT,
3lraquTed'rbnurri noAAep)KnBarcu{Hfi s reqeHue ueKoroporo Bpe-
r\,reHiipa6ory Hacoca Ir rroc.{e npeKpaul.eHHtrilvraHrIfl 3/'IeKTpoABIirare/'Ifl
a}rep-
rueii. Ec"ru 3arBop Ha HanopHoitnuuuu Hacoca3aKpbiBaercqcrHurxona6srcrpo,
3a 3arBopoi\I Mo>Ker6rtrl BbI3BaHocHar{a!'Iape3Koe cHH)KeHIre .IaB"'reHliflH no-
CJ-IeAyOqee onaCHOe [oBblIIIeHIIe AaB,IIeHI{fl .
Pery"nupoBaHue MoiqHocruqeurpo6exHoroHacocaHepery-
norpe6nxeMor?
MOXeT OCyUIeCTB"TIqTLCq
;lLIpleMbIM 3,'IeKTpOnpl'lBOAOIV1 Ha
ApOCCe/'IIIpOBaHI'ieM
H3
Bbrxo.u,e Hacoca, Ho 3To pe3Ko cHHxaeT K. n. A. HacocHofo pe>KHN{a afpefaTa.
3apy6exuofi npaKrllKori 3KcnJlyarar\HI4 BbrcoKoHanopHbrx HASC Bbrpa-
6orasa cucreMa peryJrupoBaHr4fl,, rrpH Koropoii sacoc Aaer nod'rHyronpoll3Bo.[,I{-
TeJrbHocrb, Ho He Bcr BoAa rrocrynaer B BepxHuii pesepayap, qacrb ee lro,[Bo-
AHTcq x ryp6uue roro >xe 1 vJrn Apyroro arperara. Sror cnoco6 cessaH TaK)Ke
noreprrMuHanopa, oco6eHuoB o6,'racrr.r,6nuzroft x no,rsofi
co 3narIHTeJrbHbrMH
Harpy3Ke. OAriaxo 3a rpaHr.r[eficqurar,or, qro npu TaKonacnoco6e peryr'Ilipo-
BaHHfl (orpHqare"nlHofi MouIHocrH) cucreMbr, rrorepH Hattopa ilo.flyqalorcq
MeHbLUe,He)KeJrHrrpH Apocce,THpoBaHIiLr B Hanopuoir ilvHr4Lt.

4 - 2 . K O M N O H O B K A3 . I I A H H f i H A C O C H O - A K K Y M Y J I H P Y T O I U H X
!sJIEKTPOCTAHUH rI
bonlurofi AHana3oHHanopoB, pacxoAoBH MoulHocrefiarperaroB, a raKx{e
rnlnoroo6pa3Heux KoHcTpyKrtlifie AByx- n TpexMauHHHoM I{cnoJIHeHnHc Bep-
Tr{KaJrbHofiu ropu3oHTaJrbHofiocuo BpauIeHHfl npeAonpeAeJlstoru pasHoo6-
pa3r.reKoMnoHoBoK3,[aHr.tfiHA3C.
Ha coBpeMeHHbrxHr{3KoHanopHbrxHAOC uau6onee np4eMJIeMbIMLI cra-
HOBflTCSfopIt3OHTaJIbHbreKancyJrbHbIe afpefaTbl c noBopoTHoJIonacTHbIMlI
o6parurtauMurIlApoMauI{HaMH,TI{na Cen-Ma,ro (o*,r.puc. 4-17).
flpu ycraHoBKe na HAOC noBoporHoJlonacrHblx,AI{aroHaJIbHbIXH panl{-
ad'rbHo-oceBbix o6paruMbrx rr{ApoMarur.rH Ha o6ulerr,tBeprHKaJIbHoMBaJIy c cI{H-
xpoHHoft o,lnocxopocrsofi oJreKrpr.{qecKofi MaurHHofiKor\ttIoHoBKatI IglcrpJK-
uus slauus HA3C 6nuer<aK sAaHHqM pyc,'roBbrx H npI.in,'IorHHHbIxfOC. llptl
aroM rpe6yercn roJrbKo HecKoJrbKo6onruree sarly6JleHHe 3.[aHufl HASC B
cBrr3u c reM. uro pa6ora arperara B HacocHoMpe>Kl{r'ae rpe6yer MeHb[Iefi srI-
corbr BcacbrBaHns, rIeM A,'rs ryp6r.rHbl 14 6onee cJIo)KHar cucreMa 3arBopoB
AJI' o6ecneqesun o6paruuofi pa6orbl arperaroB.
B KaqecrBe npuMepa, xapaKTepHoroAJrr anepuraHcxofi ilpaKTi.IKI{, H2
pric. 4-8 npuneAeH nonepeuHrrrlpaspe3 HAOC Alarnl Eex, nocrpoeHHoftno-
lo6no npHnd'rorHHHbrM fOC. llo raKoMy x<e ru[y nocrpoeHo HecKor'IbKoaMepu-
KaHcKrrxHA3C, B qacrHocrs IluroucroH. 3AaHue HAAC Ha 3TLtx ycraHoBKax
ocyu,ecTBJreHoc rroHuxeHHbrMMarrrHHHbrM 3aJIoM B BepxHeM nepeKpbITHHKO-
Toporo c.{eJraHbrJrr.oKHco cbeMHbrMHKpbrr.xKaMH.06c,ryxuBaHL{e arpefaroB
n p O L I 3 B O A H T C S y c T a H O B J I e H H b I M l l C H a p y X { U K O 3 J I O B b I I v I HK p a H a M H , H a K O T O -
pbrx r{Meercrr KpaH-yKocHHa, npe,qHa3HaqeuHurl AJIfl BbIIIoJIHeHHfl onepauHil

I B sroNr CJ!ezt€ 3a rpaHHuefi ycranonNJrct reprlxH (pe>xnM rHApaBrHqecKoro Ko-

poTKoro 3aMbrKaHIlt>.

7B
 6 0 , c- - - -
H!7lv191,0

YM0t183,0

_-- 1
| /5,0
f--l.t-r
| -l,! M a n ci / 1 , 0

t0 20 30
. M
t 5t,3
v 143,5

Puc. 4-8. flo,ryorxpuroe 3,qaHaeHAOC Alalr 6ex (CIIJA)

/ - o 6 p a r u v a g g J r e K T p E q e c K a . qo A H o c K o p o c r H a , c g H x p o H H a ,
t\JarrHHa; -
r r A p a B n r . r q e c K a s M a r r r ' H a M O u { H O C T b r 2o g , g M e m n r y p 6 u H H o u p e x ( u N r e 2 Vnarona.llHat o6parulraa
v, 37 Mem B HacocHoi,r ire)KnMe

I
Hnv 313,9

O . O

P u c . 4 - 9 . l l p u n . n o r u H H o3
e , q a H u eH A A C B a n r , g e x a u a c( l 4 c n a .
Hrlfl)
,l - copoygepxnBarou{ar peruerKa; 2 - nas 3arBopoB HHxrHero 6lesa;
3 - o6parnvaa rugpovadHra: 4 _ o6paruva, 3reKTpHqecKa, cr.rHxpoH-
Haq Ma''r'nHa;5 - MOCTonufi xpaH vauinHxoro
3ana; 6 - noBbrruarou{ur]
rpaHcQoplraropi 7 - BbrBoAbr BbrcoKoro Hanprx(eHHr; g _ noMer{efilre
3arBopoB BepxHero 6teea; 9 _ BoAonpueMHHK
c uaHAopHbrMr.r3arpax(AeHnflMHorcacblBaourux Tpy6. Mexay 3AaHI,IeMcraH-
1IHH H ulHroeoii cresrofl pa3MeuleHbr
npoH3BoAcrBerrHbre
[oMeuIeHuq H ycra-
I{OBJIel{bl ld'IaBIlL'le nOBbllIIarO-
uIHe rpaHcQopnaaropur.
THnHquoe npHnaoruHHoe
3AaHue crpol{rcs Ha HASC
Ba.ulAexaHac,(puc. 4-9), xoro-
poe pa3Meu{aercfl3a apouHofi
n,norusoii esrcorofi oKo,Iro100,u
c opHrr{HaJrbHbrM BoAonpueM-
HbrM coopylKeHHeM H 6arueu-
HL,rM nOMerr{eHI4eM AJrg 3aTBO-
p o e . 3 a a H H ec r a H u H H ,B c B f l 3 H
c 6o,rsruofi r,ry6uuofi srrxsero
6leQa, orAe,'Iflercg or noc,tleA-
Hero lroursofi 6eroHuorl creH-
A
Koft. TpaHcQopMaropbrn npo-
t l H3BOACTBeHHbIenOMeUIeHHq Ha-
q
xoAsrcfl B npocrpaHcrBe Me)KAy
MAIIHHHbIM 3AJIOM LI APOqHOiI
n.roruuofi.
tlpH 6onr r unx Hanopax ,
KorAa nepxHuri6accefiscoeAz-
P H c . 4 - 1 0 . O r x p u r o e 3 A a H H eH A 3 C T o r v rC o x Hflercq co 3AaHueM cTaHLIHH
(crirA) rpy6onpoBoAaMH(pexe rurod'Ib-
,l - o6parnlran n r - r A p a B n r r q e c K a qM a u r H H a ; 2 - u a p o B o i i
3arBop rpy6onpoeo4oa; 3- noAnsrsrx; 4 - noBblura- HflM14 LlilLt npO,'IOXeHHbIMH B
rcu1ufi rpanc@opnarop; 5 - eoa6ygure'rt,; 6- rycKoBoil xouno-
HHx rpy6oilpoBoAattau),
,{Bgnare!'rb Morr{Hocrbr{l 0,1 Mam; Z - o6paranafl 3JleKT-
p
- uqecKafl cHHxpoHHaq rlraurlrHa; 8
- nonyKo:.nonufi xpaH; HOBKa H KOHCTpyKI{LIfl 3AaHLiq
9 - 3arBop orcacblBalou{efi rPY6u
c ycraHoexofi o6paruultx ar-
peraroB Ma,ro or,rlIiqaercfl or AepLIBarIr4oHHbIx fOC, 3a I{cKJIrcqeHI'IeM
gecronrxo 6onrruero 3aray6,'reHuff ero B ocHoBaHHe. llpurr.tepou raKoii ycra-

18.3-t-8,3,

q r y 2 ! 30n

PNc. 4-11. 3Aasne no.nyno4aeuHoii HASC I(opuyo,rn (CllIA) c rloHHlKeHHbrM a-

IIIHHHbIM 3A,'IOM
- o6'
/ - c r a , r s u o f t r p y 6 o n p o a o A A H a M e r p o u 3 , 0 5 x ; , 2 - n t . a- p b toop A H a M e r p o M 2 , 4 5 . t t ; 3
r ,ot osuoqf iu3oacrrB
parfiMaq rHApaB,,rHrrecKaq NtauruHa c norpe6,rReuoii B HacoctioM pe>xnlte N" :
: 258 M|mi.l - o 6 p a r n n r a q 3 J ' r e K T p r { q e c K a f l C H H X p O H H a q M a l u f i H a M O q H o C T b I O B p e ) K } t N t ef e -
:25b IlIem:5 - r c o s f l o s b r f i K p a H ;6 - n o B b r l r l a r c u l u f t r p a H c S o p r l l a r o l ) ; Z - O P y
""pitopi-Llie

HoBKH c rioJryorKpbrrbrMMauHHHbrM3aJroMqBrsercfl HA3C @,'rerafipoH(crr'r.

puc. 4-3), ? c orKpblrblM - HAOC Tolt Cox, Ha Koropol _y-.l11oBrleHbl noKa
KpynHefiur{e no MourHocru arperarbr (puc. 4-10). Ha erofi HA3C reHeparopbl
JrHlrrbrerKHMH MeTaJrJrHrrecKHMI-i
3aKpbITF,t lr c6clyxlt-
Kox(yXaMH(I<o"nnaxavru)
80
BarcTCqnepeMeuaK)u-(HNlHcq yKO3!'IOBbIML{
r{aA HI.IMHTIOJI KpaHaMr.r.3Ta r(oHcrpyK-
u,l.rqKpaHa ilo3BoJrH/rarpbcTefiul{M nyreM ocyulecrBr.rrbBbrBoAbror feHepaTo-
poB K pacnor'rolKeHHbrM B6ilH3H noBbnrlaFou{uM TpaHcoopMaTopaM.3arnoprr
orcacbrBarculaxrpy6 o6-
c,'IyxuBaroTcq C KOHCoJIH
KpaHa,uapoBbreeafaoprr
r{anopHbrx rpy6onpoeo-
A O B , H a X O A T I U { U e C qB n O A -
BA,TIbHbIX NOMCUICHI.IflX,
TaKx{e AOCrynHbr sTOMy
KpaHy q epe3 d'IroKa B ne-
peKpbtrunX araxeft 3La-
HUfl,.
B noAseN,rurrx
HAOC,
qro6rt He yBe,'IHrILIBarb
npor'IeT BbIJIOMKI.i Ma-
III]HHHO|O 3AJra, 3aTBOpbr
rpy6onpoBoAoB rrpeArro-
qHTaroTpa3MeulaTbB oT-
Aenlsor? faJrepee, na-
pan"re,nr,HoliMalIIHHHOMy
3a,'ry. Has6onee MouIHat
B MHpe HAOC KopHyo.trn
6yaer noJryroA3eusofi
(puc. 4-ll). Ha Heri ura-
poBbre3aTBopbr HanopHbrx
rp y6onpoBoAoeHaMerraer-
cfl pa3MecTHTb B TpaHUIee,
npurvlrtxarcqefi K rroHr4- P u c . 4 - 1 2 . K o M n o H o e x a s A a H H f l .H A S C c r p e x N , r a n u H H b r \ r
X(eHHoMy MamHFTHOMy BepTHKa,IrbHbII\t arperaToN{
.l - o6parulraq 3!'reKTpgqecKaq cltuxpoHHafl MarrrHHa; 2-urapoarre
3AaHHI.O,KOTOpOeKaK I4 3 a r B - o p b r ; 3 - H a c o c ; 4 - g u c r a n q u o H H o y n p a B i l e e M a g . M y Q r a ; -
5
Ha o6r,tqubrx ilo,'IyorKpbl- r y p 6 u u a ; 6 - B o 3 A y x o n o 4 e o 4 a n l u f i x a u a r ; Z - r x 4 p o r i o 4 6 e l r H u K
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rpexNraurrHHbrruu
af peraraNrrr

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ryp6HHaun BbIcoKoHanopHbIX HAOC npHMeHsrcrcs arperarbr Kari c Beprrr-
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o6lqeM BaJIy ycraHaBJlHBaercfi Typ6HHa, a eu-(enH)Ke- rracoc,KCTopoMyno yc-
r'IoBI'IflM
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6use. Orcacsrearoil{aqrpy6a ryp6uHbr H BcacbrBa}ouafl,pyAu Hacoca pa3N{e-
u{arorcr o.4HaHaA Apyfori r.tAoJrxHbrr.rMerborAeJrbHbre rpy6onpoBoAbr c 3arBo_
paMHt a raK)Ke caMocrorre/'rbHbre 3arBopbrB HHxHeM6neQe (puc. 4-12).
fopasoura,'IbHblerpexMarxuHHL,re arpefarbl Moryr ycraHaB!,rHBarbcfl Kari
ilo[epeK Ma[IHI{Horo sa/'ra, TaK H BAod']buero (puc. 4-13). lloc"ryeAuufinapuaut
Mo)Ker oKa3arbcq uau6o,ree gKoHoMHqHbrM peueHr.reMB no43eMHbrxHA3C,
6"raro4apn MHHHMaJIbHL,IM pa3MepaMnpoJleTacBoAa MauriHHofo 3a",ra.

4 - 3 . N P I , I J I I , I BbH
IE SJIEKTPOCTAHqHH

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ofpoMHofi eHepru14npvJrr4BoB,I{crrHc"[qeruori
ilo MouIHocTLi B HeCKOJIbKOMI4JIJIHapAOBKHJOBaTT, HaTaJIKpTBaIOTCfi Ha prn
TpyAHocrefi, nbI3naHHbIX r,'IaBHbIM o6pasorr,r tta,rol? BeJrHr{HHofiu HepaBHoMep-
Hocrblo B TerreHue cyroK u Mecqqa HanopoB, Koropbre Moryr 6r,trl ucno,'rb3oBaHbr
npn.uunuoli or'IeKrpocranIluefi(rcC). Buecre c reM npr.r,[r.rBHar
3Hepruq or-
JIHqaeTcfloT 3HeprHI{ peK nOcTOflHcTBOM BeJII'ttIHHbI
cpeAHeMecq.rHofi r!{oU{HOcTu
B foAoBoM r.r MHofo,rreTHeM pa3pe3e.
Hau6o,rrruiaq aM[,'II4TyAanpuJtprBa1n orxprlToM oKeaHecocraBr'IfleroKo,rro
2 n", yoenuqllBascb Ao 15 ,u u 6onee B HeKoropblx rrpoJrr4Bax H V3Kr4x3aJrHBax,
KoropbreMoryr r4cnoJrb3oBarbcfl Arq crpolire,TbcrBa flSC (crv. ra6n.4-2). Maxcu-
nt_a,lnustfinpLIJILIBorMerlaercfl,B galraee <DaHAIiHa Ar"naHTHrrecKoM no6epexne
KanaAu r.1Aocrr{raer 19,6 .u.
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I Harteqae]]cs coBMecrHan pa6ora c pacnoJraraeMr,rMu nS,rHsv rISC KapnuHr-rfopg-,rlox lr

HA3C Pocrpenop.
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3,II.rHHa 6acceilna 40,8 rctt.
{ flo noclegHeMy npoeKTy HaMeqaercl
4ea 6acceiiHa nnox{aAbto 262 u 107 l ; , ' u : , a r a K ) l i e c o o p y -
:reHre Ha nepenaAe Me)KAy6accefiuatrr nayx egauuft ll3C, uoulHocrsrc no 500 M a m .
5 l l p e g n o . n a r a J r a c by c r a H o B K a p a s J r u q H b r xn o M o r q u o c r n a n p e n a r o B .

H a 6o.rrnu r.iHcrBe no6epex{Hri, n p eAcraB,'rq rculltx HHTepec,{Jr t cTp o LiTe,'IbcTBa

nOC, [pLrJrHBbrHMercTnpaBr.rJrbHbrrt rroJrycyroqHbrii xapaKTep c MaKcuMyMoM

r B o r n H q H e o r r e p M L I H o J ' I o r u ur o n e 6 a r e J r b H b r x n p o q e c c o B , B ! ' r u T e p a r y p e , f i o c B f l -
q e u n o t i n p u n n e u o r i g H e p f e r u K e , n o A a M r r J r u r y , 4 o frtr p u . r r r { B an o H n M a e r c f l H e [ o J r y p a 3 M a x ,
a noJIHar (AsoftHaa) aMnJruryAa, xapaKrepl.r3yroqar BeJrriqlHy xone6auuii yponueii eo,qlr
MOpff B I{eJrOM3a neprroA npr{JrHBa H orr'rHBa.

82
 II MHHHMyMoM qepe3 KalKAbte6 { 12 ttun. il,ns npoeKrr4poBa}rr.rfl
nOC H pacqe-
TOB perynHpoBaHHflOCHOBHbIM HCXOAHbIM MarepHaJrOM qBrqercfl xpoHoJrofH-
qecxltfi
- fPaqHK xole6aHufi ypoBHfl Mopq, Ha3breael,{slftr\{apeorpan,1r,aoii
(p1. . 4-14). flpaxrHqecKu \rrfl pacqeroB AocraroqHo^pacnorrararbMapeorpaM-
uofi 3a cuHoAn.uecxufy Mecflu, panusrt?29,53 cyror{. SQQerrHBHocrF,ucnoJrb3o-
BaHHflSHeptnv fipH,'rHBoBHMeerreu 6olbtrlue Bo3Mox{Hocrn,qeu 6o,rlb[recpe,u,-
I{ee 3llaqeHueaM[JrHTyAbrnpt4JrngaH, cJreAoBareJrbHo, HcnoJrb3yeMofo Ha nAC
i i : l I I O I l i t . r t r i I : i ; . ' r ' r j r ' : i o T i t o c l i t ' i . . t i r i i i f)i i - 1 . - i t , t iIi)-.,t o t i \ L i . { tc;o 3 A a B a e M o f o6 a c c e f i u a
I I O o T l i o i l l c H l l t o K r i J r r r r r ec T B o p a c o o p y l K C I I t l l i , t . e . q e N r6 . n a r o l l p H f l T H e eT o f l o r p a -
cpuuecxue ycJroBttr ganrkrBa,6yxru, [IcKyccrBer]Horo 6acceliu a HJ:H 3cryapufl -
)/cTbeBofo yqacTKa AO,'IHlrbl peKH
ira n_o6epe>xne Mopff. a)
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2..- nonsoryH r{ e;
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Hau6onbul{e ycnexu B orHorueHunpeaJrbHoroHcloJrb3oBaHHfl npHJrHeHor?
sHeprHH AocrHrHyrbl Bo Qpauquu, fAe B 1966 f . BBeAeHbrB aKcuryaraquro
arperarbl AoBoJrbHoKpynHor?nOC Pauc MourHocrrrc 240 Mem.
B uexflx anpo6l'rpoBarlllsarperaroR, nprro6pererrrrflonbrra crpouTeJrbcrBa
B VC'rioililtlxi\lopcxoii cpctrbr II orpa(iolxu Apyf rrx cnequQuqecKHxBonpocoB
IlpoeKrilpoBalll{fiII crpoltreJlbcrBaIl CCCP s 1962 r. }rar{arbrnoAroroBgTeJrbHbre
pa6orsr IIa onstrttoli n3C B Krrcnoli lv6e, Haxolnnleiicn ceBepHeef. Myp-
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pacno']oxicilrroii iloc'Totlllcc)'cri,l p. l'lotiairrlr tra }(orocxo* noJryocrpoBe,H
ilpe.ltsapllreJlbllblcpa3pa6orxti Bt'.nortopcrioii f]3C n6.':l13rroT ycrbr p. MeseHH.
ilo o,tltollv u3 cap iiairron ile.roriopcrioir fl3c rrpH AJTHHe nJrorgHbr
(.ri.u"iJ i 00 A,1r ti iJbicolc Ao 50 .ti, Rbrl)itOoT.I.ia 3irepfHH oIIeHrIBaercfl B
9U -rl.lyli. t';dnt'ti. i-rc.'ut oi'i)arurqi{T';, ijl;icoT\, Ir.:io'ririi:,r 20 Jfl 14 HcnoJIb3oBarb
. t I i l l l i , r i i l r . l l ' l >: l a . l ; l I l 3 , 1 ' O l i l ) i l ) a 5 O l i t i l 3 i l L ' l )i ' l j I i C L ) C Ttl; : l i I J O M J fp A . K B m . q B f O A

0+ 83
H Ee.nouopcxan fl3C sce >re oKa3brBaercqxpynrrefiureii B lltHpe H3 qt{cr'ia
ycraHoeox (ra6n. 4-2).
BbrsBJreflHbIX
Eonr,ruue- gKcflepHMeHTaJrbHbte pa6orst, npoBoAI.rBt-Irtiecq Bo Qparrqult
B TerIeHHe MHofHx Jrer, a raK)Ke ycralloBKa c arofi qe,'IbtopflAa onblTltblx afpe-
paepa6orarl xancyaonlrfi o6paruusrtl
raroB no3Bo,'rr4Jrn arperar rtfia Ceu-Mano.
Arperartr ororo rr4na co3AaJrHBo3Mo>KHocrb coBMecruTbLIAeIoHCIio,tb3oBaHrlfl
npIIJIuBo-or!'IHBHbIXqe,'IeHI,IIic oAHoBpeMeHHbrM npHMeHeHHet\{ npHHqlrna IIa-
cocHoro aKKyMyr'rr.{poBaHuq. flpu eron o6ecnequBaercfl TaK}Ke AByxcropoHHqfl
pa6ora peBepcaBHrrxo6parHMbrxarperaroB To B pe)Kurrreryp6nHbl, 1'o B pe-

6)
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I - B b l , q a q a 3 r r e-p6raHcrc{ eBf i ncar . r c r e M y ; 2 - n o , r y u e x l r e S H e p t I l H I { 3 c u c r e M b r ; J - g s t r -
)KeHHe BoAbr H3 B Mope;4 - ABHxeHHe BoAbI H3 Mopq e 6accefiH; 5 -
ryp6nHur'Ifi pexuM; 6 - sacocsrril pex(uM.

>Kr{MeHacoca, qro AaeTlo 20o/oyBeaHqeHHanupa6orKl.r 3HeprHH no cpaBHeIiHIo

c oAHocropoHHefipa6oroir roJIbKo B pe>KIrMeryp6HHbI.
B erorr,tcryr{ae prcKJrioqaercqHeo6xoAuMocrb co3AaHnfi HecKoJIbKux6ac-
cefiuon, Ir cxeMa ll3C no"rryqaercflnpocrer?ueil: creop coopy)KeHuil orropax<u-
BaeT oT MOpff qacTb HcnoJrb3yeMofo3a,'rr{BaHJIII ycTbs peKH, KOTOpbIe cJIy>KaT
6accefiHou, a o6paruMbre arperarbr o6ecne,ruealor AByxcropoHHeeAeficrBl{e u,
KpoMe Tofo, ucnoJrb3yroTcf KaK xo,'IocTble BoAonponycKHble oTBepcTLIfl
(puc. 4-15, a). Pe>xurlrpa6orsr raKorlr ll3C c KancyrlbHblMno6parHMbIMHarpe-
raraMlr Moxer 6lrrt pa3AeJreHrra uecrb xapaKTepHblx IIHKJIoB(orMeqeHHbIX
Ha pr.rc. 4-15,6 quQpar\.rnB KpyxKax), HaquHafl, HanpuMep, c MoMeHra, xa-
paKTepH3yeMofoBbrcoKHMypoBHeMe 6accefiue H OTJIHBOM B Mope.
l. Arperarnr pa6oraror B npffMoM ryp6uHuoM pe>KHMe or 6acceitHaK Moplo
H BbTAaFOT SHeprHrOB CHCTeMy ,[,OTeX riop, rroKa ypoBHH e 6accefiue co3AaIoT
no oTHoIrIeHHro K ypoBHIo B Mope npH OTJIHBe nepenaA He MeHbue Hr. nnu".

84
 2. Pa6o'aufi rranop t"rrn pa6orbr arperaroB B ryp6HuuoM pex<llMeHeAocra-
TorIeH,T. €. MeHbue Hr. *rr. B eror neplroAHeo6xoAHMo ycKopr{TbBbrpaBHHBa-
HHe ypoBHefi BoAbIe 6acceriHeLI B Mope Arq nocreAyrcrqero co3AaHHflnepenaAa
or Mopq x 6acceliuy. Brrpanuueatne ttpoucxoAr.rrcHaqaJracaMoreKoM c Hc-
noJIb3oBaHlIeMarperaroB KaK xoJrocrbrx eo.4oc6pocoBoAHoBpeMeHHo c BoAo-
npo[ycKHbrMr.rorBepcrHrrMr4nJrorr4Hbr.flpu uanux nepeflaAax HHorAa rrpou3-
BoALITcflTaKxe orKaqKa BoAbr us 6accefiHa arperaraMu, pa6oraroullzNrrls o6-
parHoM HacocHoMpexl4rue, T. e. or 6acceriHa K Mopro, B pe3yJrbrare qero
Aocrl4raercs ycKopeHHoe onopo)KHeHHe6accefiHa.
3. Baccelin o[opo]KHeH,Haqr.rHaercfl npHJrHB,Ho pa6ora afpefaroB B Typ-
6usHol,r pexlrMe npu He6oJrbrrruxHanopax HeBbrroAHa,nooroMy oHH ocraHaB-

a)

P u c . 4 - 1 6 . C x e u a s B o J I I o u H I .ar r p e r a r o B f l S C P a n c : a - c B e p r u K a r ' r b H b r MnHo B o p o r H o , ' r o -

n a c r H b r \ r nr y p 6 u u a u n N : B M6m, n:85,7 o6l.uuu; 6-c o n b r r H b t M Hf o p H 3 o H r a , r b H b r M u
arperararll[ Kau6eftpar N : 8 Mem, n: 8 5 , 7 o 6 ln u r u ; 6 - c o r r b r r H b r M H K a n c y J r b H b r M n
a f p e f a r a M r . Ir u n a M o H o 6 n o x N : 9 Mem, n: BB,2 o1lttun

JII.IBalorctIAo Aocrlt>KeHtlfl3a cqer npLIJrHBaAocraror{Ho 6ontruoro Hanopa.

4. flpunuB co3Aaer Heo6xoAutr,tulisanop A,'rfl pa6orbr arperaroB B ryp6r.rH-
HoM pe)KuN{eB HanpaB,'reHHH or Mopq x 6acceliHy, T. e. B o6parHorr,rno orHo-
[IeHLI[o K nepBoMy nepuo,uy. Taxaq pa6ora arperaroB npoAor'rxaercr Ao rex
nop, noKa 6accetiH He, HanoJIHIrrcs Hacro.rrbKo,qro nepenaA MexAy MopeM lr
HM yrueHbluuTcflAo Hr.
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6onr,urufi Hanop. B aror nepl{oA HanoJrHeHue6acceirHa nponcxoAuT cHarraJra
qepe3 BoAoilponycKHbreorBepcTHfl uroTr.rHblIr qepe3 afpefarbl c Hcnod'rb3oBa-
HHet\,Iux B KaqecrBe xoJlocrbrx BoAoc6pocoe.3arer,{ HHorAa arperarbr ucnoJrL,-
3yIOTCflAJII nOAKaqKr.r BO,(brnpu pa6ore ux B npsMoru HacocHoMpex{HMe,T. e.
ABHxeHLIeBoAbtnpoacxoAr.rrB HarrpaBJreHr.Ipr, o6parHorr,tno orHoureHuloKo BTo-
poMy nepr{oAy.
6. Arperarbr He pa6orarcr, ox<uAaercfl ,(ocruxeHr{e AocraroqHoro Hanopa
H, npv orJIItBe Arq nepexoAa Ha ryp6llHHbrr?pexuu H roryqeHr{rr Bbrpa6otir.r
3Hepfr{H, T. e. K noBTopeHHroIIHKJTa.

85
 Baxueriruuu cJreAcrBHeMcoqeraHIlr AByxcropouueii pa6orsr afpetaroB,
a raKxe HacocHofo u ryp6HHHofo pexHMoB qBd'IflercqHd'rHyBe"ruqer{I{eBblpa-
6orxu 3HepfHH, HJ'rH Bo3MoxHocrbnpHypor{HTbno,'ryqeHHe 3Hepfrrlr K nepHoAy
rrlrKoB rpaQuxa Harpy3KH gHeprocncreMbt.
llpuueHeHr.reKa[cyJrbHbrxarperaroB B KopHe H3MeHHJro BCtoKoMnoHoBKy
g1a*vtr fl3c, Koropoe craJro 3Harrure,'rbrroMeHbuIux ra6apuroB, a o6'neu pa-

Puc. 4-17. I(ancynrustfi o6parHuufi arperat rnna Ceu-

Ma,ro npu.nueuoii3,'IeKrpocrauquu Pasc. llapauerpu ar-
perara: N: l 0 M e m , H a r l p s x ( e H uree H e p a r o p a3 , 5 r e ;
AHaN{erppa6overo Ko,'Iecaryp6l*ru D1 : 5,35 il; n:
93.75 o6lnuu
^ l - p a 6 o v e e K o J r e c o ;2 - c e p a o u o r o p p a 6 o v e n o K o n e c a ; 3 - x o n H -
'{ecKuil ocegoii HanpaB.rrrrcquii annapar ryp6I.rHlr; 4 - onopa an-
perara - crarop ryp6lrHu; 5 - ynoputlfi nonruznHnK; 6 - acHH-
xpoHHrrii reHeparop; 7 - noI.utunHuK; 8 - uraxra Arq KoMMJTHU'
xaqufi u o6c.rryrxuaauwtr: 9 - nepxonofi xouyc-o6rexarena; l0 -
oceeoft BeHTHJrrrop; 11 - rpy6tarat onopa noAIrrHnHI-IKa

Ha pHc.4-16 noxasaHa gBo,TrcIrufl

6or u cror.rMocrbpe3Ko yMeHr,ur.{Jrucb. KoM-
noHoBKH H KOHCTpyKT{Hr.r ska1vP'.flSc PaHc or Bapr{aHToBc BepTHKaJIbHbIMH
afpefaTaMH, 3aTeM c oIIbITHbIMH fopLI3OHTaJIbHbIMH H, HaKoHeIL C KOMIIaKTHbIMH

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ruaJrbreHHAyxrHsirbre conpoTt{BJreHHr.
3aulurHoe 3a3eMJIeHLre craHHH, KopnycoB H Ko>KyxoB3,rrer(TpHqecKofo
o6opyloearutt H annaparoB, a rar{)Ke Bcex MeraJrJrHr{ecKHx xoucrpyNqrrii t4
orpaxlenu fi pacn peAer'ILITeJIbHbrx ycrpofi cre BbrrroJr
Hflrorcfl Ar'rr 6esonacHocrlr
nepcoHara, oKcnJryarnpyrorqeroycraHoBKy trrl. 631
["ra ornoAa roKoB uo.tsufi npLlMeHserctrpo3o3al].tHTHoe 3a3eM,'reHHe crep]K-
rreBbrx MOJTHHeoTBoAOB, 3aU{UTHbrX TpOCOBU pa3pqAHHKOB.
Ha erexrpLrqecKux craHrrutx Bce BHAbr3a3eMJreHHii o6teAlruflrorcfl e o6-
u{yrc cHcreMy, MHofoKpaTHocBfl3aHHy}O C pacno.[ararcrlfiMcflB fpyrrTe r{oHTy-
poI\'I3a3eMJIeHItff.flo xonrypy ea6r-rnarcTcfl 3a3eMJrHTed'rHB BltAe MeraJr,'rilqecKux
rpy6 HJrucrep>Kuefirpyrnofi unu QacoHHofi(us orxotoe) cranu, Koropbrenpu-
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JrHqecKHerracrq o6opyaoea1r1fl,f3C, o6nH[oBKI'I, rpy6onpoBoAbl, IxnyHroBble
psAbr rrepeMbrqex,o6ia,qnsre rpy6sr cKBax{HH,corlpuKacarcuruecnc eoloft 6e-
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flnaHoeoepacrroJroxeHne
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u penteQa MecrHocruH Ao/rlKuo6urr HafifiyqruuMo6pa3oMyBfl3aHoc p a c n o -
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ApyrHx COOpyx{eHufi.
rulpOy3,'Ia.

PHc. 6-1. Pacno"noxe'He 3AaHHsH,sKoHanopuoii foc Ha nofiue

1 - epeMeHHnllcyAoxoqunfi xara.n; 2 - gevlsrtafl fir'IoraHaMe)KAyrrr,rrro3oM
n
3 - u r r o 3 ; 4 - n p a n o 6 e p e x H a s 3 e M J r r ' a q n n o r ' H a ; s - p a a , t e i i i ' a q q a v 6 u ; sgaHnen f3C:
?--'Hngosoii
KaHar ulJIIo3a; 7 - oroogauluft_xana.n l3C; 8^-_ crpyeHanpaa.lxroulaa'jrar,,r6a; -
pe)KHar 3eMrqHas nJrorHrra; I0 - egauue l?c; I I - nognoAaulnft 9 ,reso6e-
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flpu Bbl6ope MecronoJlox(eHuq srallfr fOC Heo6xoAuMo o6ecneqaearr

nJIaBHbIIInoAXoA BoAbI K Typ6HHaM f3C H no Bo3Mo>KHocrr.r nJraBr{brftoTBoA
oTpa6oraBulefiBoAbror 3AaHr.rq.B sanucilMocru or KonKperHbrxycJroBurl6r,reaer
IreJlecoo6pa3HopacnoJlararb 3AaHHfl f3C pycnoBoro rr trp[rrJroTgHr]oforgna
Ha nofiMe riilw B pycJre peKH.
PasneuleHne 3AaHHflHu3KoHanopHorif3C Ha nofiMe norpe6yer pacqncroK
B BepxHeM6re0e H ycrpoftcrBa BoAoorBoAffrrleroKaHarra (p"b. O_1;.'npu pac-
rIoJIoxeHHH3AaHHfff3C e pycrle peKH (puc. 6-2) npnxoAr.rrcsAeJrarbpacqgcrKr.{
B HHx<HeM6ueQe, a r.rnorAa rr B Bepxnbu 6teQe. !,na nprrnJrorunutrx fOC
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troealuir MoAeJrHruApoy3Jra co 3AaHHer',t13C.1
K sAaHHIo f3C ao,rxeu 6srrs ycrpoeH y,uo6HsrriroAbe3A nr'rfl Aoc'raBKH
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BaHHx, npeAbqBrqeMbreK x<eJle3HoAopox<llbrM H aBTovo6Hnr,nsrMnoAbe3AHbrM
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naTb OT TaKOfO paCnOr'IOX{eHHt, KOTOpOe tBJIffeTCfl HaH.IIyqUUM A!'Ifl 3!.AHVfl.,
HO 3arpyAHfler pa3MeueHtreApyfHX coopyxeHHri ru4poy3rrau rpe6yer yBeJII{-
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ts pe3yJrbTaTe TexHHKo-SKoHoMHqecKofo cpaBHeHHflBapHaHToBKoIvIfioIloBKH lI
fuApaBJrHqecKofoHccJreAoBaHHfl lvroAeneitfri.{poy3JIa. Blr6pae v o6ocHoeae
Hauflyr{ruHfieapr.raHTKoMnouoBKHflrApoy3Jla, }vIbITeM caMbrMonpeAer'IteMnJIa-
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poy3Jra.
I O x p e n , r e H H up y c n a B B e p x H e r \ 6
{ l e ( i e c u . $ 6 - 2 H [ , I I . 3 ] . f u a p a n r ' t u q e c K l . I ey c d ' I o -
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p y c J r a B H H x ( H e M6 l e $ e c v . n $ 6 - 3 .

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f3C cpeaHefo Hanopa o6sruriopa3Me-
Irlalor nepneHAHKy,'rrrpHoK rpacce ryp6uHHoro rpy6orpoBoAa (cvt. puc. 2-9
u 2-10) B BbrcoKoHarropHbrx ycraHoBKax, c rreJrbro3aurHrbr3AaHAflfOC or paa-
pyueHHq B cJlyqae pa3pbrBarpy6onpoBoAa, crpeMqrcs pacno.Ilararb 3AaHHe
napaJrJreJrsHorpy6onpoBoAy (puc. 6-5), a B oco6slx cr'ryqatx - pa3rleurarb
3naHHeHa Apyrona6epery peKH.

1,

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l3C
, / - i t o A o c " q r I B H a gn r o r l r t a ; 2 - qllroBar creHKa (craHqlroHual rLrornrta); J -
3 A a H H e l 3 C ; 4 - r , q y x a t n , ' I o r H I { a ; , t - O P y I l 0 r a ; 6 - c - v - ' g o x o n t l t ' t iui t l r o :

B TexHHKO-3IiOHOIUHTIeCKTHX paCqeTaXno O60CHoSaHHto r\{ecrono/'Iox{eHrrq

31aHufl f3C yuurbiBaercr H3MeneHHe 3arpar no BCeMcoopyxeuuqNl craHI-(HoH-
Horo y3Jra- HanopHoMy 6acceliny HJIH ypaBHHre,'IbHoMy pe3epByapy, ryp-
6uuuouy rpy6onpoeoAy, 3AaHHrof3C, orBoAqu-(eMyKaHa/'Iy r4JrLrryuHe.[ro,
noBbruarcuefi noAcraHuuu, noAbe3AHbrM nyrsNr H T.A., a raKx{e I4 IIo KoHIre-
BoMy yqacrKy noABoAru{eli4epunauHu, ec.IrHoH H3Mer{flercfl.flpH H3N,reHeHltu
.urHHbr rroABoArulefi unu orBo.(flu{efi AepHBauuH H\rr'r ryp6HHHoro rpy6onpo-
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nopa, MorrlHocrrrH Bbrpa6orKH3HeprrlH f3C. CyurecrBeHHoe BJILTIHHe Ha I(oM-
noHoBKy cTaHTIHoHHOfO y3Jra OKa3brBaroT fapa {THu pefy,'rHpoBaHl.rfl
afpefaToB,
orpaHr4rruBarouluxAJrr.rHyryp6HHHororpy6onpoBoAa. B npelnapHreJIbHbIX pac-
qeTax cqHTalor, qro cyMr\ranpol.{3BeAesufi A.nuu Ha cKopocrb rer{eHHs BoAbI Afiq
105
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pI'raHTa pa3MeuleH4fl' MaurLrHHofo gaila: I o d'Io B H o e - KorAa rvtaurallHsui
3a.rl pacnoraraercq s6nusu no4oaa6opHofocoopy)KeHHfl(puc. 6-6, a); K o H -
Ir e B o e - KorAa MaII[iHHbIfigan pacnoJraraercqB KoHrreryHHe,Tq(pHc. 6-6, e);
npoMex<yroqHoe ( p u c . 6 - 6 , 6 , a ) . H a e o r 6 o pB a p H a H rcay u { e c r B e H r { o e

5
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f3C c 6esuanopuofigepnoaunefi
.I --AepHBar{uoHsrrft KaHan; 2 - HartopHbrft 6accefiu; J - BoAonpEeuHHK; 4 _
ryp6ruurrft rpy6onpoaog; 5 -,anxepHaq onopa; 6 - Kopnyc ynpaBneHiltr) 7 _
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BJIHffHHe OKa3bIBaOT LIHIKeHepHO-reOJIOfHrIecKHe yc,'IoBHf, Ad'IHHa TyI{Hed'Iff rI

KoJIe6aHHsypoBHrr HHx{Hero 6reQa.
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108
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uoir nnorranrr. B csgsu c 3Tr.iMr{acro 3a pacrreruslfi npuxoAuTcq npHHHMarb
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122
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H pa3MepoB nJrHT, o6ecneqfisalouux llx ycrofiqllBocrb.
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npeAcraB,'reH Ha puc. 6-16. KuneruqecKatt 3Hepruq noroKa, AocrHrarculaqMaK-
a:
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126
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olnorl Hs BorxcKux_,fl{ApocraHquli 3a KoporKIafi npoue}Kyrol( BpeMeHItB pe-
3y,'rbrare BbrHyxAeHHoronponycKa 6onnuoro crpoHTeJ'rr,Horo pacxoAa Ha or-
HocuredrrbHo y3KoM yr{acrKe foroBbrx oreepcruii tJI. 7ll.

TJIABA CENbMAfl
ycrorl r{HBocrb 3AAHHq f3c
3,iIAHI,Ifl T3C HA CABI,If
7-1. PACTIETYCTOfTqUNOCTU

OcnoeHofi cABlrrarculefi cunofi,sBr'rqercflAaB,'Ier{ueBoAbIco cropoHbl Bepx-

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fOC, Koropoe BXoAr.rrB cocraB HanopHoro $poura H Ha coorBercrBylouleM
yrracrKe 3aMeHfler nJroruHy. Ha eAaHHenpllnJloruHsofi f3C, or,u,eneHuofior
rrJrornHbrKoHcrpyKTI.iBHbrM rrrBoM,AaBJIeHI.Ie BoAbr.aeficrayer roJIbKo IIo nJIo-
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Bocrr.r snaHtr B Tex cJryqaflx, KorAa Ha rpy6onpoBo,[e Mex(ry 3AaHHeMH nJIo-
rusoir (u1uronofi creuxoli) ycraHoBJreHbrKoMrreHcaropbr,He BocnpuHHMaIoilII4e
pacrsfl,rBalour4x ycunufi.. B auanorur{Ht,rxyc,'IoBuqx HaxoAurcq 3AaHI{eAepI{-
eauHoHHorifOC.
flpu saxpbrrbrx 3arBopax u nycrbrx rpy6onpoBoAax uuroBaff creHKa npu-
rrJrorrlHHbrxf3C o6rrqgo BocnpuHllMaer BecL,Hanop, a gAaHLrecraHIrIlH BoBce
He BocnpHHHMaerHanopa. B or,qenr,ubrxcd'ryqaqxyriuTblBaercffcoBMecrHaflpa-
6ora ua cABHr qnronofi creHKH rr. s,.aHvfl.craHrIHH. flpu :rou Ao,'Ix{Hoo6ecne-
rruBarbcq nJrorHoe npHMbrKaHrle3AaHHq f3C K TIJIoTLIHe (uanpuruep, nyreM
rreMeHTar{uuurna), a caMo 3AaHr4eAoJIx(Ho6um paccr{HTaHoHa ycLtJrLtr,nepe-
AaBaeMbreor nJrorr.rHtr.3ru ycLrJrvn Moryr nepeAaBarbcq KaK qepe3 rloBepx-
Hocrb npHMbIKaHt4ff, TaK H rlepe3 cra.ntHrui MaccHB,ec,'IH 3AaHI-leaar"ny6,'IeHo
HHx(e noAotxBbt nd'rornHbr.BerH,{l{Ha ycunufi, Mox{er onpeAe,'IflTbcq pacqeraMll
c npuMeHeHr.reM MeroAoB Teoprlu ynpyfocru, nu6o s pe3y"'Ibrare MoAe,'IbHbIX
HccJreAoBasuir.B KaqecrBe npaMepa Mo>KHonpl4Becru KpacuoapcKylo u Vcrn-
KaueuoropcKyro f3C.
B Aantsefiruepr paccMarpuBarorcs Bonpocbr ycrofivueocru Ha cABHr 3Aa-
HHfl pycrroBbrx f3C.
flpra xopo[reM cKaJrbHoMocHoBaHHuc xoeQQuq]ieHroMrpeHl4t 0,60-0,75
ycrofiuueocrb Ha cABHr 3AaHHff pyc.iroeofi f3C o6uqHoro runa IIoqrI{ Bcer.(a
o6ecnequeaercfl c HaAJrex{aulr4M 3anacoM H ue rpe6yer npHHflTHtIcneql{aJlbHblx
nep. flpu necr{aHoMu oco6eHuo npu rnusucrolr ocHoBaHHL{, BcJIeAcrBIIeMaJIbIX
xoeQ$uqueHToB cABHfa, o6ecne,reHueycrorluueocru 3AaHLIs pycJloBoro runa
r.rHofAa rpe6yer Ao[o,'rHr]Tenlsofi npHrpy3Kn orAeJIL'HbIXgJIeMeHToB3rarufl.
BoAoli HJrLIrpyHToM, ycrpofictea aHKepHoro noHypa H T. iI.
flpoeepxa ycrofivueocru snarnfl, craHr{r.ru Ha cABI,Ir AoJI}KHa npol.{3Bo-
Ar.rrbcs A.nq 6rora arperara B qeJroM,uo AeficrByroul,uecHJIbIyAo6HeeonpeAe-
Jrsrb KaK cpeAHr-reHa I nor. .ilt uJHpuHn 6,roxa. Ha sAaHue qeficrnylor cI4JIL'I
(puc. 7-l) aae.treHr.rfl
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co6crnesur,rfi nec s1alufl, c o6opyaoeauueu G, Bec BoAbIB npoTotlHofi qacru
typ6un G" v nporHBoAaBJreHI{e U. flpu sauy6neuvr 34alnufl B rpyHr H npu
Hailuqr4r HaHocoBBo3HHKaerraKxe AaBJreHr{erpyHTa. B c.nyuae Bo3I\.{ox{Ho-
cTH notBJleHlrq IeAqHofo noKpoBa, 3HaqHTeJrbHbrx BoJrH14T. n. yqHTbIBaeTct
rlx sos,ueficrBue Ha 3.[aHr.re.
OcHogHbIN{H ropHgoHTad'Ib}IbtN.{H cLIJTaMH flBd'IfiForcfi pa3Hocrb AaBJIeHHg
BoAbrco cropoHbrBepxHeroH rrralKuero6leSon T,-TH u aKTHBHoe AaBJIeHHe
(pacuop) rpyHra co cropoHbrBepxHero6ueQa.flpenarcrBylor cABHrycl{ablTpe-
r28
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Hlrfl, L1 CUenJIeHHflnO noBepXHOCTH Bbtnopy
rpyHra co cropoHbr HH)KHero6ueQa (ornop).
flpu HecKaJrbHoM ocHoBaHHHcABHr MoxHo cxeMaruqecKu npeAcraBnTb
npoucxoAsurr.rM no noBepxHocrHABCL (puc. 7-2, a), fAe AB - noBepxHocrb
o6pyrueHua, a C,4,.- noBepxHocrb Bbrnopa c HaLIMeHbulHM conporuBJreHHeM.

P n c . 7 - 1 . C x e u a c N n , A e i i c r B y r o u l r x H a 3 A a H L r ep y c n o a o f t f 3 C e c , ' I y q a er o p n 3 o H r a J l b H o f o
O C H O B A H HS
Tuu T, - clinbl AaBneHuq nogu; .Er" Eun - crrnbr AaBneHr{q HaHocoB; U - nporteo4aeneHNe; Uo-
"
83Berrr[Baroulee AaB.nenr{ei IJ, - $u.nrrpaquouHoe nporr{BoAaBneHne; G - eec 3AaHI{fi u o6opy4oeauul;
C" - eec BoAbr rIaA greMeHTaMIr 3AaHufl; R"- cyuua npoexqnft Ha pacqerHylo nJlocKocrb cABura Bcex
aKrrrBubrx cnn; RN - cyMMa npoexrluft Ha HopMaJIb K nrocKocrn cABIlra Bcex cHJt (sxrloqaq nporHBoAaB-
.neHue); R - paBHoAeficrnyrcr4ax Bcex cur; e - 3KcqeuTplrqurer

Cn.lyer yqnTbrBarb, qro conporHBJIeHHe(peaxuur) rpyHTa Aocruraer

rrPeAe,nnuofo3HaqeHHfl,T. e. BerHrrHHbtoTnopd ErH JrHrrIbnpl-{ cMeuIeHHHcO-
opyxeHr.rr B cropoHy Hr{>K-
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fAA YIIUTbIBACTCfi HCNOJIHO.
cTbto, a c HeKoTopbrM yMeHb-
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npr{Bo,[HMoftHr{xe Qopuy.ne
(7-l). I-lpr orcyrcrBnn ro-
p H3OHTaJIbHO|O CMetrIeHHfl Ha
b c d e
coopyxeHHe AeftcrByer aK-
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P n c . 7 - 2 . f l n o c x o c r s c K o J r b > K e Hf lH
sy6les; 6 - npu HaJIHqHH sy6nea
cTopoHbr BepxHefo 6reQa Euu
H HHx{Hefo6reQa EuH. B pacqerax ycrofiquBocru AJrflBer'rr{qnHbr E us npHHr.rMaercfl
M a K c I . I M a J I b H o B o 3 M o x ( H o ea, A , ' I f lE ^ m - M I . t H H M a i I b H o B o 3 l v l o x H o e

I B r a x u x c n y q a { x c n e A y e r o r r e H u T b B e n H q H H y B o 3 r t { o x n b r x f o p H 3 o H T a J r b H b r cx M e -
uresNfi coopyx(eHHff r.{ npeAycMorperb Meponpnqrns, yMeHbula}ourfie 3rr{ cMeuleHur (ru1a-
r e J l b H o e y l . t l o r n e n u e r p y H r a n p n s a c b r n K e n a 3 y x K o r . r r o B a u a ,y c r p o f t c r s o 6 e r o H u b r x y n o -
poB, yAarrenue rpyHra c HapyueHHoft crpyKryporl n ap.).

9 3"*", N, l95g 129

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qaCTO npeHe6pef aror.
H E ^tt OKa3bIBaIoTCfl OTHOCHTeJIbHOHe6OJIbtxHMH Ll UMH
flpu cranbHoM ocHoBaHIlHHapyueHHe ycToI?uHoocrH, IranpI'IMep cpe3 no
KOHTaKTaMeX,U,yCOOpy)KeHlreM
JrLlHr4Lr v cKaJIofi, npoucxoAHT npH croJlb Ma-
Jrbrx AeQopMauHrrx, g{o Bbr3brBaeMaflHMH peaKIIIrfl_fpyHTa co cropoHbl HIrx-
Hero 6beQa 6yaer r,rMerbBecbMa Ma,'ryrcBeJIHqHHy. B erou cryqae co cropoHbl
HHxHero-6teQa Mox<er yquTbrBarbcflTo,'IbKoaKTLIBHoe rpyHTa EaH,
AaB,'IeHLIe
Koropoe o6nrqso noJryqaercs se6o.nrultM Lt no3ToMy He HMeer cyilIecrBeHHoro
3HAIICHHg.
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MOrO BecoM COOpyX<eHI{fl,yMeHbueHHbIM Ha BeflnqllHy npOTHBOAaBT'IeHun U,
a ranKe 3a crier cqenJreHgs. Bec coopyx(eHlrs cocroltr H3 Beca gAaHHr c 060-
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gnauus,. nns y.{o6crBa pacrrera nporHBoAaBJIeHHffU o6r,Iqso pacqJleHqercs
Ha B3BeurlrBalouleeAaBJIeHHe Uo, onpeAeJlffeMoe rny6nHofi norpy)KeHuq pacqeT-
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npoTHBoAaBJreHLre onpeAeJrseTcq c yqeToM HaMeqeHHbIxMepo[punrufi, no efo
cHr{xeHr.{rc npornnoQu.nlrpaql{oHHble3aBecbl, iloHyp, ApeHax I'I T. n. (crra.
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nJrorqaAbocHoBaHHt.l
Vcrofiqueocrb 3AaHufl.Ha cABHf no ropll3osrantsoil n,'IocKocrll xapaKTe-
pu3yercfl KoaQQr.rqileHroM3arraca ft,_gq:oprtft couacso crpoHreJIbHbIMHopMaM
u npananar'atn. 110, rnana CHnfl II-E 3-621 onpele.nflercs no QopMyIe

(P-U)flcB*E.,n (7-t)
ft- '
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rAe P- cyMMa Bcex BeprHKa,'IbHbIxcun 6es nporllBoAaBneHLrfl;

U- nporI,IBoAaBJIeHLIe;
s- xoeQ$Hql{eHr rpeHnq;
I
c- roarffiuufieHT cqenJleHHff rpyHTa (y,u,e,'rrHoecqefrnenue);
B - Iuupr.lHa no,{olxBbl 3AaHI'Ifl B HanpaBJIeHHHCABHTa;
E"e ri Euu - aKTT.IBHOe AaBJIeHHefpyHTa cooTBeTcTBeHHO CO CTOpOHbI
BepxHefo LI HI.IX(Hefo6leQa;
Enn - BeJII{q[Ha ornopa rpyHra co cropoHbl HI{xHero 6leQa
npH Ko3osHULIeHTe 6orosoro AaB,'IeHI4q,paBHOMe,[HHI',I(e
l J r .1 1 0 1 .
(7-l) nr'lecroEn*r npu-
B 3aBLIcI{Mocru
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oTrropa rpyHra no Mepe cMeUIeHI-Iq coopy)KeHufl B cTopoHy HH>KHero6beQa'
CAe.naHusreBblixe 3aMerlaHuflorHocHTeJIbHoaKTLlBHoro.{aBJIeHHfiI{ pa3-
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cru coopyx-eur.rfi Ha cABr{f no roplr3oHra,nlHofi nJlocKocrl'l flBJIrIorcfl B HeKo-
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rlacrb, upfi6nuxeuHo oueHH-
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I I A J I t I I e c K a J ' I b l { b l xT' ' e .
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r30
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cKoJIb)KeHufl,\Jtfl xoropofi xoeQ$nqueHr k noJlyqaercfl HaHMeHburr.rM. 3ro
Moxer 6rtrr KaK nJrocKocrb KoHTaKTaMexAy 3AaHI.IeMH ocHoBaHHeM,TaK H
Hrafl, sar.ny6.neHHasrroBepxHocrb (n.nocran HJ'IHKptlBo,ruuetisaa). llpu Hailr4-
qvtlr AByx sy6ren, b.u,Horo co cropoHbl BepxHero, a Apyroro co cropoHbr
Hltx{Hefo 6reQa, 3a oAHy rI3 rrJrocKocrerlcrorbxeHuq qacro npuHHMaercfl fiJroc-
xocrb abcdef (puc. 7-2,6). !.ns ynpoqeHHt pacqeroB aar.ty6nenHyrc KpH-
nonuHefiHyro noBepxHocrb cKoJrb>reHHs qacro cqHrar.or KpyrJIouHJrr.iHApH-
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llponepxa ycrofiuunocrH no sar"ny6.neuHbrM rroBepxHocrsMo6uqso 6rreaer
l-tsruruuefiB Tex cryqaqx, KorAa npund4eHHaflBbrcora Harpysxu h:3
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I

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6o.nuuofi Hanop, gro' orHoueHHe noqru BcerAa oKa3brBaercr 3HarrHTeJTbHo
MeHb[ie eAHHLIIIbI,rITo B 6o.nrurIlncrBe cryqaeB no3BoJlter ofpaHllrluTbcfl npo-
nepxofi Ha cABHr Jrurrrbno ropu3ourarrsofi nJlocKocrH (pHc. 7-2). llpu Hanru-
III,IH B OCHOBAHI.IUNPOCJIOCKC MAJIbITTAN
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paarHofi KaMepbrH orcacbrBaroqefi rpy6u orKarraHau o6opyaoBaHue (reneparop
u ryp6uHa) AeMoHrHpoBaHo; n) [.irff qpe3Bbrqafisux yc.noeufi aKcnJryararlr{H
(oco6lrx co.reraHr.rfi
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3anaca ycroftunnocru noJryrraercffHaI{MeHbur{M.
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t.II. 110I ocroBaHus.
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AHa KOTnOBaHa

B ocraJrbHoM pacrrer ocaAKr{ c yqeroM BnrLrslrrfl 6oxosHx ae$oprrlaqufi

rpyHTa aHaJIorItqeHpaccMorpeHHoMyBbrrueMeroAy pacqera 6es 6oroeoro pac-
uHpeHnff rpyHTa.
Cttaayat orMeruTb, tITo o6brqHo pacqer ocaAKH c Bo3Moxuocrbro 6orosoro
pacuupeHut rpyHTa Aaer BeJrr{qHHyocaAKa HecKoJrbKo6onturyrc, qeM Ha-
6nrcAaercq B AeficrBnre.qbHocru u nogToMy B 6o.nnuruscrne cryrraeB Mox{Ho
ofpaHHrrr.rrbcr onpeAeJreHr4eM ocaAKH 6e3 yqera Bo3MoxHocrr.r6oKoBofo pac-
IxHpeHHfl rpyuTa. flpu onpeleJIeHHHHecra6unusr.tpoBaHHbrx ocaAoK npeAcraB-
r qercq Heo6xoAHMbIM accJleAoBarbHanpflxeHHoe cocrorH ue BoAoHacbruleHHoro
fpyHTa ocHoBaHHq B OTAeJIbHbreXapaKTepHbreMoMeHTbrBpeMeHu c yqeToM
nporeKaloqero Bo BpeMeHu npoqecca ynJrorHeHufl rpyHra. Bepruxa.uruoe
cx{IlMaloqee Hanpflx(eHue B cKeJrereynJrorHflr.oulerocs rpyHTa e flro6ofi MoMeHT
BpeMeHLre nrc6or1ToqKe ocHoBaHr{flonpeAeJrflercr 3aBHcHMocrb}o

ot: a- Pt, (7-8)

rAe o - cra6uJrH3HpoBaHHoe BepruKaJrbHoecxHMaroulee Hanpgx(eHHe;
pt - HS6brrorrHoeAaBJreHHeB nopoBofi BoAe B paccMarpr4Baeutrrlrvroueur
BpeMeHH.
Onpe4eneHue nopoBoro .uaBJIeHufl,Bo3Hr.rKaroureroB BoAoHacbrqerrHoM
rpyHTe BcJIeAcrBHeero ynaorHeHur, Moxer 6brrb npor.r3BeAeHo
B coorBercrBun
c peIxeHHtMH AByxpa3MepHofisaAa,IH Teopr{H ynJroTHeHr{egeunnuofi cpeAbr,
paapa6oraHHofiB. A. @.nopHuur'atJI. 781.

136
 H g u e s e s N e B e J r r , r q n HA
bar B J I e H H fnl n o p o o o f i B o A e B o B p e r r e H HB n p o u e c c e y [ J r o r H e H H ,
B c n y q a e M o A e J I Hr p y H r a B B H A er p e x o a s u o f i c H c r e M b r( c x e l e r r p y H r a , B o A a H r a 3 B n o p a x
r p y H r a ) , c y q e r o M n o c r e n e H H o c r HB o 3 B e . [ e H L Icso o p y x e H H f i H H e H 3 M e H H b rBx o n c e l i o 6 ; l a -
C T Ho c H O B a H H *f l1B o B p e M e H Ic. Ip e A H H xs H a . { e u H ipl a c q e T H b l xx a p a K r e p H c r H K r p y H r a , o n p e -
AeJtercq guQQepeHuHaJIbHbtM y p a B H e H H e My [ J I o r H e H u q , K o r o p o e A v ' r r ry c J r o B H f ln n o c { o f t
3a.qaqlr LrMeer creAyrcufift ella:

+d t - + 2+a .d t , ( r - "' p ) fr t: 0 , (7-e)

ayisa

rAe p - nz6rtror{Hoe(cnepxrN4pocraruuecxoe)AaBreHr.ren noposori noqe;

r'r - KO3QQI{qfieHr, yrILITblBaIOqufi sn:'/.glHue3auIe]\{JreHHOro ra3a;
B- cytulra rJIaBHbrx uanprxeHnli n cKeJrere rpyHra B npeAnoJroxeHl,tq
M f H o B e H H o f o I I o J I H o r o e r o y l J I o r H e H H g o r r r p H J I o l K e s g o f iK o c H o B a -
H H r OB H e r U H e f Ht arpy3KH;
k, ay, ecp c p e A H e e s H a q e H H ex o e S Q n q n e H r o a $ n . n l r p a u H H , y n J r o r H e H H s H n o p u -
C T O C T HH a A H a r I a 3 O H eA e i i C r e y r c x { H x H a n p q x e H H f i n c x e . n e r e r p y H T a ;
'lB - Bec eAuHr.rubro6reua BoAbr.
3 s a q e H n e x o a Q Q u u r a e H r at o H a x o , q L I MI . I s B b r p a x e H u f l

, o : t . + 'P ( l * ta. p ) . '

xoropoM xoeQ0Nqgesro6reuuoro cxarnq p onpe4e;raercrno Qoprr,ry;re:

o I i- lrrio - rro Eo
'
p'-Po l-Feo

fAe eo - H a q a . n l H n f t x o s $ Q u u n e H r n o p n c r o c r n r p y H r a A o n p t l n o x e H n f l Harpy3Kr.r
K oc-
HOBAHHIO:
p - x o s Q Q n q l i e H r p a c r B o p u M o c r l , If a 3 a , A J I n c M e c n B o 3 A y x a H n a p o B BoAbr npH reM-
neparype 0o C aror xoaQQnuueHr paBeH 0,0245;
'rl0- Haqarluuft xoeQQnuuenr BoAoHacbIIqeHHsrpyura;
p' - wau6oJrbrrleecpeAHee ng6uroqHoe AaBJIeHHeB BoAe;
p e - H a u a J r b H o e' n 3 6 s I r o q g o e A a B J I e H H eB B O A e .
P e u r e u n e 4 n $ Q e p e n u u a J r b H o r oy p a B H e H H q ( 7 - 9 ) n p o u s B o A n r c t n p H B b r [ o J r H e H H H
cJre-
Ayrou{Hx Haqa./rbHbrxl.t rpaHur{Hux yc.noonft.
.I[,nn HauanbHofo MoMeHTaBpeMeHHIle6uroqHoe AaBJIeHI{eB BoAe onpeAeJltercfl Ba-
BI{CHMOCTbIO:

Pt : o (7-r0)
2at

fpaHNuuue ycJoBHq npuHHMalorcs cneAylolque:

a ) n a B o A o n p o H n q a e M b r xy q a c r K a x K o H r y p a u g 6 u r o q H o e A a B J ' r e H n eB B o A e p a B H o
H 3 E e C T H O Mryp a H H q H O M yA a B n e H H l O ;
6) Ha BoAoHenpoHnrraeMbrxyqacrKax KoHrypa BcJIeAcrBHeorcyrcrBufl Qu;rlrpaunu
AOnx(HO BbrnoJrHffrbcffycnoBne paBeHCrBa Hynro npoH3BoAHoft or rs6uroqHoro AaBJreHHs
r r o H o p M a Jn n K B o A o H e n p o H n q a e M o fnt o B e p x H o c r n , r . + : 0.
".
Y p a n u e H n e ( 7 - 9 ) r r , r o x e r6 u r l p e u e H o q H c J r e H H o K o H e q H b r xp a s n o c r e l i . E c n n
n p H H s r b H a u 6 o r e e p a c n p o c r p a H e H n y r o A n R A a H H o r o c" .JrroyoqKa s K B a A p a r u y r o c e r K y , K o o p A n -
H a T H y l o o c b . r H a n p a B H T b f o p H 3 o H T a J r b H o ,o c b z - B e p T I I K a J r b H oa, p a c c T o q H H f l M e x A y
y 3 n a M n c e r K n n p u H f f r b p a B H b r M HA / r n y s . n u c e r K l { o 6 o g s a q n r r B c o o r B e r c r B u r . rc p N c . 7 - 8 ,
r o y p a B H e n u e ( 7 - 9 ) A n f l y 3 J r a i , k s M o M e H r B p e M e H n t + I B K o H e q H L { xp a 3 H o c r s x H M e e r
BHA:
A Bt + ] ' t ' i ' h
P t + t ,t , k : + - ] - (\ P" t ,i + r , f t + P t ,i , n + t r P t , ; - r , l r , -P t ,i , n - ' ) , (7-ll)
2 a 4

rAe - A a B J I € H H €n n o p o a o r i B o A e B y e n e i , k
Pt+t, i, p
B M o M e H r B p e M e H HI - F l ;
A B r + t t, , i , k : 0 t + t ,i , n - 0 t ,i ,' h - I I p H p a I q e H H eC y M M b Ir J I a B H b l xC r a 6 N . [ l ' t s u -
poBaHHbrx HanpsxeHnfi or BHeuHeft Ha-
rpysKx B y3Jre i, k sa oAuH lpoMexyroK
npeueHn Al;
- AaB.IreHEea 6naxafturix K y3Jry i, k yz-
, , p 4 1 i p t , i , ft_t
Jrax cerKn B npeAbrAyurufi uoueHr Bpe-
lreHn l.

lo/
 H S 6 u t O q H o e A a B J I e H H en n O p O O O fBt O A e ' O n p e A e J l q e M o en o 3 a B U C H M O C T( I7' I- l l ) , c o -
B p e M e H H ,K p a r H b I M n p o M e x y r K a M B p e M e H w L
o T B e r c r B y e r p a 3 H b r MM O M e H T a M , t ' B E J I I , I q HH A
Koroptilx onpeAenflercfl no cxeAyloqeft Qoptrlyle:

J-. - looYu' Lh'. (7-r2)

M :
4 k(l -i ecp)

0 0/0 0 0

P s c . 7 - 8 . C e r r a A r s p a c q e r a y r I J I o r H e H H go c H o B a H H s
/ - nogonenpounqaeurtfinoHyp;2
-gpenax; 3 - pacqerHafl rpaHHqa;
4 - rpaHqlda BoAoBenpoHl{IlaeMoro rpyHTa

llpu orcyrcrBltH n p H p a u r e H H q e H e u r u e f i H a r p y s K H B e J I H i I H H a
I
-r- (7-13)
Pt+t. i, p. A
( P t , i + t ,k + p t , i - t , k * P t , i . & + l P t , i , r r - t )
a

B b r' p a l K a e r p e 3 y n b r a r o n e p a l { H H B b I p a B H H B a H H s .
3auleM'
D,nq rrable,rnrpyHra i efiae AByiQa3Hoft,cucrerran(npu orcyrcrBllH I'InHHeyqere
: 1,0'
neHHoro rasa) n ypanuenurx (7-9) - (7'12) npuHlluaercs or
TexHHKa Pacqera SaKJIloqaercg
B CJreAyIoqeM.
Paccrosnple MexAy y3.ltaMI.IKBaApar-
H o f t c e r K u L h r t-peH4H aHHu
Mna e r c q P a B H b I M
Llu _ tl, unpHHbI fgc. Cerra
H a H O C U T C qB n o [ e p e l { H o M p a 3 p $ e n o A
BCeMCOOpy)KeHIleMH pacnpocrpaHqercs
3a efo npeAenbl B fopII3OHTa.IIbHOM Ha-
[paBneHHH. Ec.rtu y3nbl cerKu He coBna-
A a I O T C r p a H H q H b I M H[ O B e p x H o c T g M H ' T o
[ocJreAHHe 3aMeHglorcg pacqerHblMlt-no-
BepxHocrgMLI, npoxoAflIIIHMH qepe3 oJIH'
xafiurue y3JIbI cerKl{. B paftoHax BoAoHe-
rrpoHHuaeMbIx nonepxuocreft HaHocI4Tcn
p qA AononHLIreJIbHbIx(SuxrneH ux) ye.noe'
pacnonoxeHHblx 3a rIpeAedraMI-IBOAOHe-
PHc. 7-9. Ka.nenAapHuftrpaSnx rpoH3BoA' n p o H l . { u a e M b l xf l o B e p x u o c r e i l H a p a c c r o s '
crna pa6or : n u u L h . H a ( p n c . 7 - 8 ) n K a q e c r B en p n M e p a
tcl.p - npoAonxnre.trbHocrl' crponrenbHono neps- n o K a 3 a H a c e T K a , H a H e c e H H a gB O C H O B a H H I I
ona; l.t'. pacq - npoAon)r(HTeJlbHocrbpacqerHono 3,[AHI'Ifl CTAHUHI-I.
cTpoHTenbHoroneplloAa lloc.ne HaHeceHHqcerKlr ycraHaBJII{-
B a I O Tp a C q e T H b I e[ a p a M e T p b l f p y H T a H r l o
Al.
Qoprvryne (7-12) orpeAeJlflor pacr{erublft upor'loxyroK BpeMeHH
B cnyuae, ecJrII BHerrrHqflHarpy3Ka H3MeHflercfl B coorBercrBnH c KaJIeHAapHbIMnJIa'
HoM npor.r3BoAcrBapa6or, KaJreHAapHlrfinnas Mo)KHo npeAcraBl.{Tb B BI'IAe cryleHr{arofo
^ a 'Q u r a ( p n c . 7 - 9 ) .
rp
Becl'pacqer npor{3BoArircs Als xaxAofo pacqerHoronpoMe'
B ra6,rnqsoilQoprtre.
IIHC"TIO
xyrKa nperrieHn Al cocraersercf orAerbHaq ra6nuqa. KaxAag ta6.nuqa coAepxl{r
K.rreroK, paBHoe qncny y3noB cerKn. KaxAag KJIerKa coorBercrByer HeKoropoMy y3ny'
i, k; s Heb enucbr.Baercf pacqeruoe 3naqenr.reHs6blroquoro AaBneHnr B nopoBoft eoAe B AaH'
HoM y3JIe ceTKH.
lpaunuHue 3HaqeHr{fl Aono./rHureJrbHofonopoBoro AaBJIeHI{ff Ha BoAo[poHlIIraeMbIx
(apeuHiyrou,nx) nonepxnocrsx npr.rHrMatorcq HyneBblrrrn. A.ns BbIroJIHeHHs rpaHnqHoro
ycnonr.rn - orcyrcraun Qn.nmpaqng BoAbr rrepe3 BoAoHenpoHHIlaeMyIonoBepxnocrb' B Ao'

138
 n o , ' I H L r T e J r b H b( roxt t K T H B H b r x y) 3 n a x 3 H a q e H H f ln o p o B o f o A a B I e H H r r n p H H u M a r o T c rpl a B H b r M s
A a B J r e H K s M , B b I q H C J I e H H b TAMn g A e f t C T B U T e J T b H by I3X. n o B , p a C I I O I O X ( e H r { b rC Xr . I M M e r p H r { H O
S n r c r n n H u u y 3 n a M o r H o c H T e . r r b H op a c c M a r p H B a e u o f t B o A o H e n p o H u l r a e l r o i t I r o B e p x H o c r H .
flepnan ra6nwt\a cocraBJrfercq rto 3aBI,IcHMocrn (7-10) AJtfl HaqaJlbHoro MoMeHra
B p e M e H L It : 0 , K o r A a K o c H o B a H H n n p r . I J r o x ( e H aB H e [ I H f l f l H a r " p y 3 x a A g r . B t a 6 . n u q a x
A,[q n o c d ' r e A y ] o u l H xM o M e H T o Bn p e r r l e H ua l o [ p e A e n e H H e n o p o B o r o A a B J I e H H q n p o H 3 B o -
A f i r c q n o 3 a B n c n M o c r a ( 7 - 1 3 ) n p n B b I l o J r H e H H b r rxp a H H q H b I Xy c , ' I o B u s x . I I p u a o s p a c r a H l , I r l
H a f p y 3 K l . r 4 A n s . K a x A o f o M o M e H T aB p e M e H r .rIr p H n o x ( e H n q A o [ o n H L I r e J I b H b I X uarpyeox Aq
K noJryqeHHbrM n o 3 a B n c u M o c r n ( 7 - 1 3 ) A a n . n e H a r r MB B o . { e A o 6 a g , ' I q r c r c f lH a q a J I b H b I e
AaBJIe-
H H f l B B o A e o r 3 T I . r x H a r p y 3 o K , B b l q r { c , ' r e H H bnI eo 3 a B I , I c H M o c r u( 7 - 1 0 ) .

P H c . 7 - 1 0 . J l u s n n p a B H b I X l r s 6 l t r o q H l t x A a B J I e H H f ta n o p o e o f t
BoAe: a-BoAoHe[poHLIqaeMaq noAorxBa; 6 - Harurltle ApeHaxa
B OCHOBAHHH

B peaynr,rare [poBeAeHHoro pacqera Ans pa3Jrxr{HbrxMoMeHroB BpeMeHr.rnocJle npl,t-

.rroxeHlrfl yrrJrorHrrrou1er?HarpyeKu Moryr 6urg nocrpoeHbL'II{HHH paBHbIx l.tg6ltro.{ttux
(caepxrrl4pocrarHuecxux) AasreHnft a noponofi BoAe, xapaKrep KoropbIX AJIff cJlyqas
BOAOHenpOHHUaeMOH TTOAOUIBbI COOpy)KeHHf IIOKa3aH Ha
pac. 7-10, a., a ilprr Hailv.uvrApeHa)Ka- Ha pnc. 7-I0, 6.
Pacr{er ocaAKu coopy}Kegufl B Hecra6u.nuaupoeau-
H O l v {C O C T O f l H H H n p O H 3 B O A H T CCf l y q e T O M H e n O l U O f t n e p e -
AaqH c)KHMarorrIHx HanpRxeuuft Ha cKeJIer rpyHra.
B erona cJryqae H3 3rrlopbr cra1unneupoBaHHblx Harlp.sxe-
nufi o, BbrquTaercfl 3rrropa Hs6sIroqHtrx AaBJIeHHfia eoAe
p 1 , n o n j { e H H a q B p e 3 y J l b r a r e p a c q e T a y n J I o r H e H H qr p y H r a
( p r c . 7 - 1 1 ) . D , n s . n o r y q e H H f l c ) K l I M a I o I r I H xn a n p R > x e u u i i
e H e c r a 6 [ r u 3 r . r p o B a H H o Mc o c r o f l H l l H o n p e A e J l g e r c ga K T H B -
uan rry6uHa H ocaAKa coopyxeHus ro 3aBlicnltocrn (7-6)
nnu (7-7). flo uepe yrJIorHeHHs fpynra ug6ltto.{Hlte AaB-
.rreHHgB BoAe yMeHbrualoTcg, a HanprxeHng B cKe.neTe
rpyHTa H aKTHBHaa r.ny6rHa yBennrlnBatorcs, npu6lu-
x{aflcb K Lrx MaKcI{MaJIbHbIM3HalleHlltM, norytleHHbIM
Arq cra6uJrn3r.rpoBaHHorococroflHug rpyHra. Onpe4e.nnn
ocaAKy coopyxeHHg AJrf, pa3flI.ItIHbIx MoMeHroB BpeMeHH,
Moxno nocrpourb rpaQnxu nocreneHHoft ocaAxu coopy-
xeHr.r.s IIo BpeMeHH.
flpu 6onrurofi nrou1a,uuuoAotuBblcoopy)KeHufl
r{ cpaBHr{TeJrbHoHe6o.urruofiToJIulI{HeynJlorHfle-
Moro cJIofl rpyHTa Moryr 6ttrl c I{3BecTHbIMnpu- Puc. 7
Puc. 7-ll.
- l l . ffpaQnx * pac-
paQnx K
rlery ocaAoK coopylKeHHH !"9;
6nuxenueM IlcIIoJIb3oBaHbI 6o.uee npocrble peue-
a Hecra6unn;;;oBaHHolltco-
HHr oAHopa3MepHoft sapaqu ynJrorHeHgfl 3eMflq-
Hbrx Macc I.II. 7Bl. /
Kax noKa3brBaror pacrrerbru Ha6rrcAeHafl3a nocrpofiKofi coopyxeHl{fi,
yqeT ynroTHeHr.ifl fpyHTa Bo BpeMeHH r{eJrecoo6pasHo npoII3BoAHTb To,rIbKo npH
KooQQlrqueHraxQu.rrlrpaqr.rurpyHra, MeHbuILIxl0-5 cnlcerc. llpu 6onrurux
Koo$QrlrtueHraxQu,rrlrpauuuynJrorHeHLIe rpyHra nporeKaer 6ttcrpo u npaK-
THqecKH3aKaHrrHBaercfl B rreplroAcrpor{TeJrbcrBa llpu pacuere
coopyx(eHl.Iff.
ynJroTHeHnscpaBHr{TeJrbHo nJroTHbrxcTpyKTypHbrxTJIHHLICTbIXrpyHTOBMOX<HO
HarlarbHoro fpaAHeHTaQLIJIbrpatIliuH noJl3y-
yrrecrb HaJIIITIHe
,qorroJrHr.rreJlbHo
qecrr.r cKeJrera fpyHTa. Vqer HaqarbHoro rpaAHeHTa,npu KoropoM Bo3HI,IKaer
IBHX<eHr{eBOAbr B nopax fpyHTa, flpHBOAHTK CyqeCTBeHHOMyyMeHbIIreHI'Irc
x pacqreTHofi BeJrr{rrr{Hbr
ocaAKr{ coopy)KeHllff.
o .[nn onpeAeJrenr.{ffnepeKocoB coopyx(eHrm KaK B npoqecce Hapacrarl,rfl,
t- TaK H B cra6r{Jru3ripoBaHHoM cocrosHur{, Heo6xoALIMonpou3BoAurb pacqer
139
'l|
il
t1
ocaAKI{ AJrfi pa3JrHrrHbrx BepruKaJrerinoA noAoruBofi coopy)KeHLrq.O6srqHo Ao-
craroqHo onpeAeJrurbocaAKy no KpaqM coopyx(eHVAvt B rIeHTpenoAotuBbrQyH-
AaMeHTa.flpu sHauurenrHofi HepaBHoMepHocrr-r Harpy3KH ocaAKy cJre.4yeron-
peAeJIflTbAonoJrHHTeJrbHo no BeprHKaJrH,pacnoJroxeHHofi nol I{eHTpoMTr)Ke-
crl.r snlopbl HanpaxeHHft no noAouBe Qyu.u,ar'reHra.flpH arr6ope pacqerHbrx
tl
II
neprHxa.nefi TaKxe" ueo6xoArauo yrrHTbrBarbHeoAHopoAHocrbreoJrofHqecKoro
cTpoeHHflocHoBaHr.rq.
il; l Ans HexecrKoro coopy>xeHlrs 3nropa ocaAoK npHHuMaercs B coorBercr-
BHLI c pe3yJlbraraMr.rpacqera no nrr6paHunM Beprr.IKaJrrM.flpu x<ecrKoMco-
opyxeHzl4, KofAa rrJrocKocrbno,[otrrBbrQyulaueura npaKTHqecKHHe HcKpHB-
JIteTCs, noJryqeHHyroB pe3yJrbTaTepacrreTa9nropy ocaAKH JroMaHofooqepTa-
Hrlfl Heo6xoAurvroHcnpaBHTb nyreM rrpeBpaqeHut ee B r{erbrpexyroJrbHyr.o.
Op.u,uHarsIucnpaBJressofirrerbrpexyro.nruorignropbrocaAoKMoryr 6rrrl uariAesr,r
H3 ycJIoBHs, rrro nfloularr HJIHo6teuu anrop ocaAKLI He)KecrKoroH >KecrKoro
coopyx(eHllfl AoJr)KH[,r6rnr paBHbr
MexAy co6ofi, a rreHTpl,r rfl>Kecrrt
3nrop ocaAoK pacnoao)KeHbr Ha oA-
Hofi BeprHKaJIH.
Onpe4e.nue ocaAKr4 coceAHHX
6) coopyx(eHufi u yurn HX >KecrKocrb,
MOX(HOOnpeAeJIHTbB3aI4MHbIeBep-
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paccMarpuBarb KaK 6anxy Ha ynpyroM ocuoBaHHH.
Cneayer uMerb B BHLy, r{To HopMaJIbHbreH KacareJlbHbreHanpflxeHng,
BbIrIHcfleHHbIe no Qopuynau conporr{BJIeHHTMarepr{aJroB,sBrqrorcff yc/roB-
HbIMHH Aalor Jrr.nrrbHeKoropoe ocpeAHeHHoe3HarresueAeficrByroqux Hanpqx(e-
Hr.rfi. He Hy>KHosa6Hsarr, qTo ern QoprrayJrbr npHMeHHMbr roJrbKo x 6alxau,
y Koropblx AJIHHae 3-4 pasa 6onrue ux BbrcorbrH ToJrbKoB Tex ceqeHuflx,
KOTOpbreAOCTaTOT{HO yAaJreHbrOT MeCTa npHJIOX<eHr{rCOCpeAOTOqeHHbTX CI{JI
u pe3KHX lrstvreHeHHfinoneperiHofo cerleHHfl 6anru. ConepureHHoorIeBLIAHo,
qro o6a nocJleAHr{xycJIoBHsnpHMeHLIMocrH 3Tr{x Qopuy.u KaK B BepTHKaJrbHbrx,
TaK H B ropu3oHTa.rrbHbrx cer{eHusx noABoAHoroMaccHBa f3C He yAoBJrerBo-
pflIorcs. B arou H 3aKJrroqaercflycJroBHocrb[oryqeHHbrx pe3yr'rbraroe. KpoNre
Tofo, pa3pe3Ka noABoAHoroMaccr.rBaHa oqepenv H 6noxu 6erouupoBaHuff BHo-
cHT cepbe3HbreMecrHbreH3MeHeHHgHanpflxeHHoro cocroffHus MaccI{Ba.B or-
BeTcrBeHHbIx cflyIIaffX cJIe.(yeT peKoMeHAoBaTbSKcnepI.IMeHTaJIbHbIe cnoco6ol
Lrccr'reAoBaHlrfl
Hanpfl>r(eHHorococToqHHsnoABoAHofoMaccuBaf3c Ha MoAeJrrx.
Hs reopernqecKHx cnoco6oe ynoMflHymtfi esrure cuoco6 pacqera HopMaJrbHbrx
HanpnxeHufi no cxeMe 6arox, Jrex(auIHXHa yrpyroM ocHoBaHr.rn, Aaer pesyJrb-
Tarbl 6o.nee6nugxue x AeficrenreJlbHocrn, qeM 3JreMeHTapnrreQoprrlyJrblconpo-
THBJIeHHfl MaTepHaJIOB.

8 - 2 . I P O T | H O C T b3 A A H H q C T A H I I t l [ B n P O A O J I b H O MH A n P A B J I E H T , T H
( n o n E P E Kn o T o K A )

finr.rna L crauquu nonepeKnoroKa npu 6onruJoMqr{cJrearperaroB 3Haqpr-

TeJrbHonpeBocxoAr{Tee nonepeuuuft pa3Mep v qacro Aocruraer HecKoJrbKo
coreHMerpoB(ctrt.S 6-l). EcrecrBeHuo,rITonpu raxofi AJTHHe
H npn Bo3BeAeHHr-r
CTaHI{HHHa nOAaTJrHBbrX npyHTaX HeBO3MO)KHO CAeJIaTbee X(eCTKr.rM
UITaMnOM.
floAeoAurtfi tiaaccueoKa3brBaercsru6xrlM coopyx<eHueM,cnoco6ssrlaNsru6arocs
B 3aBLICLIMOCTHOT HeOAHOpOAHOCTHrpyHTOB nO AJTHHe CTaHTIHH H HeOAr{HaKO-
Boro Beca orAeJrbHbrxcexqufi, HanpuMep npu peMoHTearperaroB, KorAa r.r3
oAHofo 6noxa yAaJreuaBoAa r{ arperar AeMoHTr{poBaH. Kportaeroro, H 9To oco-
6esHo Bax(Ho, B coopyxeHuu 6o.unurofi AJrHHbrBo3HHKarorBecbMa 6o.ururue
HanpffxeHl{ff oT H3MeHeHHflTeMrrepaTypbr:pacTqfHBarcrquenpu oxJraxAeHHr.r
u clKuMaroulHenpH HafpeBaHHH.
Pacrqruearcuiue reMneparypHbre Hanpqx<eHuff Moryr npnBecrr{ K o6pa-
3oBaHLIrccKBo3HbrxreMneparypHbrx rperquH nonepeK 3ratufl.. 3ru rpequHsr
coBeplxeHHoHeAonycrHMbrno ycJroBrrnuQunrrpaquu. Osu coeAuHflrornepxuufi
6leQ c HHxHr{MH Moryr Aarb BbrxoABoAbrBo BHyrpeHHHenoMerqeunscraHrlr.ru,
3aHflrbre eJleKrpoo6opyaonaHneM.Hpeauepnan Qnnmpar{Hff BoAbr cepe3 rpe-
IqHHbI Moxer npuBecru K pa3pyxreHuro 6erona. Eopu6a c reMneparypHbrMu
TpeUIHHaMHB npoqecce oKcrrJryaraglavcoopyxeHr.rn conpflxeHa c 6onlulurrau
TpyAHocrflMH It He BcerAa oKa3brBaercs ycneuHofi scaeAcrBue nepuoAurrecKr{x
xone6auufi rertaneparypbr Bo3Ayxa r{ BoAbr.
144
 ..tlyuurHracpeAcrBoM 6opr,6sr c Bo3HuKrroBeHHeM
reN{neparypHbrx ycaAoqrrbrx
H ocanOql{L,IxTpeUIHH B HaCTOflqeeBpeMfl sBJIfleTCflpa3pe3Ka r\{accnBaf3C nO-
croflHHbIMH TeMneparypHbrMu IIBaMH. VcrpoficrBo nocroHr{r{brx rrrBoB r'IoKa"rrg-
3yer reMnepaTypHble Hanpfx(eHHfl B npeAe.[ax Me)Kny 3Tr{Mt{ ruBaMH tr rro3Bo-
nqer opfaHLI3oBarb B HHX HaAex(Hoe nporHaoSHr'IbrpaquoHHoe yn/'IorueHHe.
flocrosuHbre reMnepafypHsre uBbr ycrpaHBarcTcfl s ocHoeHsrx 6srqr<ax 3Aar{Hs.
ILIupuua6noxa 6 oAHoroarperara (c* $ 6-l) npH 6o,rruroHr ryp6rzH
AHaMerpe
AoxoAHTao 20-30 rr, qro H onpeAed'IflerpaccroflHHu Me>KAyrrocroflHHbrMaTeM-
neparypHL,rMH rrrBaMH3Aar{Hs fOC. Bcrpeuarorcs c/'ryqaH, KorAa reMfleparyp_
Hble ulBbr pacnoJrafaroTcflqepe3 aea ryp6HHHbrx6.noxa, T. e. KofAa nla 6loxa
coe,4l'IHqlorcsB ceKI-(Hto.PaccrosHue Mex(Ay nocroflHHbrMrlreMneparypHbrMn
[iBaMu Hexed'rare"rrbHo AeJrarb 6o.nlrue 40-50 u.
flocroqHnbre tuBbr Moryr vnrr4 Ha pa3Hyro r.rry6rzuyMa.ccHBa.Co cropounr
HHlKHero6leQa, HanpuMep,MolKHope3arb ocHoBHL,re 6lr,{xu (puc.8-2),ro rpyHra
I , Ao Bepxa nep_eKpbrrr.iff
orcacbrBaou{r4xrpy6 I I, lu HH3a repeKpbrrnfl orcacbr-
BaIoirIHXTpy6 III u Ao Bepxa nJrrzrbrccHoBaHrlsIV. Bo ecex 3Trlx c,'ryqaqx
x(ecrKocrb MaccHBa6yaer pa3Haq. KaxAaq H3 3rHX pa3pe3oKHMeer cBoH ro-
cToHHCTBa U HeAOCTaTKA.

III IV

tltt Etl"r---lnlj[]tl
Pnc. 8-2. Cxenru pa3pe3Kri noABoAHoro MaccHBa a4auun f3C
NOCTO'IHHbII\'IH IXBAMI,I

Paepesra no_cxeMe,I, r. e. pa3pe3KaocHoBHbrx 6srqxoeAo ocHoBaHHfl,t1peA-

craBJlflercs nau6onee x{er'Iare,rrHoti. Taxas pa3pe3Ka Mo>KerocyurecrBJrflTbcr
rlepe3 xaxAntfi 6,ror ryp6uHtr_H-[H r{epe3Aea 6roxa, B 3aBHcrrMocrHor r{x pa3-
MepoB. B arou c,ryqae aflq f3C Ha noAarJIHBoMocHoBaHr.{r4 qacrb noABonHoro
MaccHBaMe)KAyTeMnepaTypHblMH lrIBaMHMo>KHopaCCMaTpHBaTb B HanpaBJre-
HI4H nonepeK noroxa (e4o"rrt crauqr.ru) KaK >Kecrxufi ruraurr, TaK KaK AJTHHa
ero HeBeJII{Ka.TerrlneparypHbleleQoprr,{aqvwiloKaltr{3yrorcff Ha cpaBHHTeJrbHo
se6onturofi A.nuse. Ecnu IrBL,ITlrna 1 pacnonafa]orcfl rrepe3Ana 6,'Ioxa, To B npo-
MexyrKe cJleAyer npl{3Harb no.rIe3HbIM ycrpoficrao AonoJrHHTed'IbHofo lrrBa rro
TLIny I I l,nn coKpauleHut cBo6oAuoftA.nuulr HaAeoAHori qacru MaccHBa,rroA-
neprarcqefica sau6o.ntruuu xo.ne6auutM reMrreparypbr. Llloe no rurry t I He
yMeHbuaer npoAoJrrnofi xecrKocru MaccuBa.
llpu paape3Ke 3AaHIrs fOC cKBo3HbIMH reMneparypHbrMu rrrBaMHnoJre3Ho
B arHX ruBax ycrpaHBarl rurpa6ur: ropH3oHTaJrbHbre - A,'rfl ycrpaHeHHq pa3-
Hbtx ocaAoK orAeJIbHbIXceKr{w,tt- H BepTHKaJrbHbIe-Ar'rrr ycrpaHeHufl pa3Hbrx
foplt3oHTar'IbHblxcueuleHuti, Bo3Mo)KHbIX Bo BpeMfl peMoHTaoluofi He cexqHil,
KorAa Bec ee yMeHbluaercs 3a cqer oTKarrKr.IBoAbr H3 cnupannuofi KaMepbrH
orcacbrBarouqeft rpy6sr.
Paspesxa no THnaIvII I I u 17 r.irraeer cyulecrBeHHbreHeAocrarKa, xorfl Lr
Bcrpel{aercn B crponrennuofi [paKTr4Ke.Paspesxa no rr.rry I I I coElaer oqeHb
cna6oe Mecro B conpl>KeHxn lepeKpbrrufl orcacbrBarcrq[x rpy6 c 6srqrcauu.
flpu IIoHH)KeHHHreMneparypbl nepeKpbrrufl o6e nod'roBHHL,r 6srqxa pa6oraror
Ha cpe3 B pa3HblecropoHbr,B pe3yJrbrareqefo reMrreparypusrilrxoB nepexoAxT
B TpeuIHHy BAoJIb6nrqxa LrJrr{,r{To eue xyxe, repexoAHT B Kocyrc TpeuIHHy,
BblxoAflIrlyloB orcacblBarculyrorpy6y. flpn rarofi pa3pe3Kerepflercff >KecrKocrb
KoHcrpyKIIHH 6es yryqIxeHLIfl pa6ornr coopyx(eHHfl ilpt,l tr3MeHeHr4rxreMne-
parypbr.
Paspeexa no rriny IV, xors, H Aaer HeKmopyrc cao6oAy rer\,tneparypHbrx
AeQopMaqtfi Ans. nepeKpblrufl orcacrrnanulefi rpy6rr, Ho pe3Ko yNreHbrrraer
npoAoJlbHyroxecrKocrb MaccHBav, KpoMe roro, flcHo onpeAeJrfler ua n6o.nee
l0 3"nr. M l9J9 145
' I
I
i i

l cJra6oeMecro KoHcrpyKur.runo npoAo"rx(eHrlrc TeMneparypHoro[IBa. Paspesxa

no rHnaM III u IV nsro oc.[a6nqer KoHcrpyKIIHI,o noABo,tHoroMaccltBa,a no
orHoueHr.to K reruneparypHbrM.ueQoprrraulrsrrr qBJIflercfl nonyuepoti no cpaB-
HeHHloc pa3pe3Kofino runy I.
flpu ycrpoficree rIBoB co cropoHbr BepxHero 6reQa no rurly .I uHorAa eos-
uuxaei seo6xoAurtaoirr yro,'ru,eHl.rrrocHoBHbrx 6nrqxos BoAonpHeMHuKa,oco-
6eHso npu 6o.ntulofi elrcore BoAonoABoAqr,qux ycrporicre u orcyrcrBllil npoMe-
xyrovHofi rop r.r30Hra,rluoli,4uaQparurr.
flprr paspe3r{e ilo rrlny I I >xenated'rbHosarny6ut reNlneparypusrrtuoB Ao
nopofa BoAonoABoAsuefoTpaKTa,oAHaKo3TOHe BCefAaSKOHOMIIqHO, TaK I(aK
B ocHoBaHun6uqxa Hrueercfl,xorfl H 6ucrpo 3aryxaFoulltti, Ho guaqHre.ntsslli
IrerH6arcuufi n,torlregr.Llro6rt cnpaBl.rrbcs c orHM MoMeHTot\{ Ir He yBe,'ruquBarb
AJ'InHy CTaHIIHH, I.tHOfAa Iio"Ie3HO He AOBOAHTb IrIOB AO rIOpOfa, a 3aKOHqLITb efo
HecKoJIbKoBbr[re, qro6u 3acraBnTb pa6orarl Ha ugru6 B HHxHeM cer{eHHHTo,'I-
npoMexyroq-
uruHy Bcero ocHoBHoro6truxa, a He ero noJroBHHy.flpu Ha,'II{qHH

!
Puc. 8-3. Cxelraupa6oru n o A B o A H o r oM a c c n B aH a H s r u 6 : a , 6 -
B npoqeccenpoH3BoAcrBa p a 6 o r ; B , ? - s o g t u o x H b l f tn s r u 6 c r a H -
UHH B 3AB}ICHMOCTH OT I O 3 B e A e H UC
oqepeAHocTLB AO O p y X e U n f i

uofi ropu3oHraJrbHofiAua$parMbr Bo3Mox(Ho3aKoHrIHrbtxoB Ha ypoBHe noBepx-

HOcrH erofi .nuaopafMbr.
VcraHoeun nod'ro>KeHue nocroflHHblx reMneparypHblx lrIBoB, MoxHo ne-
pefiTlr K npoBepKe npor{HocTll noABoAHoro MaccLIBa. P_ uanpaoueHul'I BAo,'Ib
craHrtr{}r noABoAHbrfir,raccus f3C pa6oraer Ha usrLr6. Ha puc. B-3 noxagaHu
HeKoropbrecxeMbrpa6oru MaccHBaHa LI3ILI6.Cxeurt puc. 8-3, a u 6 Bo3MolKHbI
B npoqecce npoH3BoAcTBapa6oT, KorAa Aonyu{eua _QopcltpoBaHHafi- yKJIaAKa
6erosa u.rru nb KoHqaM, vrJrr4B cepeAlrHecraHULIH.Ha cxelte puc. 8-3, 6 H e
noKa3aH Bo3Mox(Hbtfi,ueru6 craHrlr,ru B saBHcI{MocrI{ or oqepeAHocru Bo3Be.[e-
Hns coceAHrrxcoopyxeHnfi (ur.nrcs,nJrornHa). Ha 3THX cxer{ax qHQPaMu I ri
I I noKa3aH nopflAoK Bo3BeAeHHfcoopyxenufi. Be.nuquua Ii3rI'I6arcuIHx Mo-
MeHToB Bo Bcex cJryqarrx cyulecrBeHHo 3aBHcHT or .UonyEeHHofi pa3HocrH
HafpysoK Ha ocHoBaHVL[, 14nepepbrBoBB cpoKax Bo3BeAeHHtcoceAHlrx coopy-
x<eHuri.TaxHu o6paaou, pa6ora noABoAHofo MaccHBaoKa3blBaercflTecHoyBfl-
saHHofi c nopfl,(KoMr{ KaJreHAapHbrMH cpoKaMLI[polr3BoAcrna pa6or no BceMcoo-
pyx(eHuflM fHApoy3Jra,a noroMy npoeKTcaMofi craHIIHtI,ttoJl>xeH 6rtrr recHo cBq-
3aH c npoeKToM npor-r3BoAcrna pa6or, qro6br B nepuo[, crponTeJlbcrBa H B ne-
pHoA aKcn.rryararrllu ugru6 noABoAHoro MaccHBa f3C 6tt"n MI'{HIIMaJIbHbIM.
flo.nnocrrrc ug6exart usrn6a craHqr.Iu, Bo3BoAHMofiHa iloAarJIHBbIxrpyHTax,
Hr{KorAaHe y.[aeTcfl, Ho MoxHo orpaHr.rqHTb BeJIHqHHy3Toro ttsru6a ,u,onycrHMbl-
uu 6egonacHbIMLI npeAeJIaMH.
nflasHoii xpunor?
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I4sorHyranocb (ynpyran .nuHua)Maccr.rBa
TaKKaKAonycruMaflpasHocrbocaAoK
ua.noiiKpHBI{3HbI, r{e}I(Ay MaC-
cepeAllHofi

146
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C H B A H C I O K O T I ( A M I I HeBeJrHKa.
B erou cliryqaeH3onryryro ocb np HO;'IIl)I(eHHO
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f - nau6oJlbuat pa3Hocrb nporu6oa cepeAr.rHbr Maccr.rBar.i KogrroB ero;

E - Mo.uyJrbynpyrocru 6eroua;
1 - uoueHT r.rHepr{HunonepeqHoro ceqeHr.rflMaccHBa;
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B Qopuy"rrax(8-4) ra(8-5) LI3BecrHbI
E, I u l, Lr, cilegoBare,rrbHo,AonycruMaq
pa3Hocrb nporu6on (ocaAox) cepeAHHbIH KoHrIoBMaccHBanoJrHocrbloonpeAe-
Jltercfl TeM uaru6arculuM MoMeHrou, xoropufi Mox(er 6esonacHo BbrAepxarb
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Aepxur, a 3areM no Qopr',ryne(8-5) orpeAeJrurb AonycruMyro pa3Hocrb ocaAoK.
Hyxno raK opraHr.r3oBarbnpolrssoAcrso pa6or, qro6tr' 4elicreureJrbHafl
pa3Hocrb ocaAoK, onpe,[eJlfleMaffHHBeJII{poBKoft, HHKorAa He rrpeBbrrxaJraAo-
nycTHMyroBerHrrHHy.
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Uuu nonepeqHoro cerleHHfl MaccHBa. llonepeuuoe ceqeHue 3AaHHs f3C oqeHo
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HaHMeHblriltlis ceqeHHHno ocll arperara H uan6o.nsurufi no ocu ocHoBHurx6uq-
xoe. OqeeHAHo, qro x(ecrKocrb MaccHBa,cJrox{eHHoroH3 oTAeJrbHbrx6.noxon,
BcefAa MeHbIue MoHoJIHTHoro,a nogroMy 6ylertr 6.nuxe F: AetlcreHTed,rbHocrH,
ecJIH npHMeMB STOMpacqeTe HaHMeHbrrree 3Har{eHLIe MoMeHTaHHepqHr{rrone-
perlHoro ceqeHHfl. 3auetutt, qro npH o[peAeJIeHHrl Hsru6aroqero MoMeHTa,
xoroprtrl Moxer BblAepxarb MaccHB, cJreAyer 3aAaBarbcq MHTTHN{aJrbHbrM npo-
lt9HToM apMupoBarufl u He AonycKarb pacxoAa apMarypbr 6onr,rue qelr g_
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To MoxHo peKoMeH.(oBarbycrpoficrno raK Ha3brBaeMbrxtrrBoB (pa3AeJrb-
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p e s ; 6 - B I , I Ac o c r o p o H b l B e p x H e f o 6 s e Q a

noBepxy 3a6paabHofi 6anroir, pasAenbHoficreHKoil, orAe.nsrcudelina3bl peue-

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1.18
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153
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155
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HbrXTpeUIHHor{eBHAIIoBce ycu"1l{r P, o6parnTcq B Hy,TIb 6eros 6yAer pa6o-
u
TaTb TOJIbKo Ha CX(aTHe B paAI,aJIbHONI HaIIpaBJIeHtIIl' nepeAaBafl AaB"IeHI'le oT
oAHOfO apNtarypHofo KoJibI{a Ha Apyfoe.

157
 B aroM cJIyqae, H3 paBHoBecug,'Irc6ofo Ko,rlblreBoroceKToDaBbrreKaror
c.neAyrorr[He
3aBHcHMocTH
:
Xrf , -- Xrrr;

lt' tz'
A2f
2:
Arfli (e-25)
X ^ r ^: X "r ,
o J 3 {

Il T. .n.
Pa,4ua"rrr,ubtecN{eu{eHHt Ko,'rbI{eBor?apNrarypbt H B 3TON1C/'ryqae onpe.le-
rrsr.orcsno SopMyrre(9-20).
PaAua,nr,Hoe
c)Kart4e6eroHHoroKoJrb[a n p L I H a . r I H r { H HB H e M p a , 4 H a / ' I b H b I X
TpeuIHHHarlneMno Qopnay,re:

b, (X', - X"i)
5bi:
9 tr-
(e-26)
- L O

PaAua.nr,uoe cMeuleHHe BHyTpeHHHXnonepxnocreii nro6oro 6eronHoro

KOr'IL,qa
6v.qer:

U"" t : o;lA;'J A,l , 1 , ,( x " -, X ' *, r )

' L O
l- (s-27)
flp llpaeu u Bafl p alvad'IbHoecMeureH He BHyrpeHHHX noBepxuocreii 6eroHur,rx
Kor'Ieq H paIVaJIbHbIx ctr,teuleuuiipacnoJlo)KeHHori3Aecb apMaTypbl, Mbr, coB-
MecrHo c ypaBHeHI,IflMLI (9-25), no,rlyql{MHeo6xoAr4MoeKoJruqecrBoypaBHeHr.rfi
I,[s onpeAeJ'IeHI'Is BceX CHJIngaLII\,IoAeIicTBHq MexAy KoJIbUaMr.r.
Vcunus B ap-
Mary!_e, KaK rr paHbrrre, onpe,qeJrflrorcrno Qoplryne (9-22).
i(o,rtqenoe ycHJrHee 6eroHe, onpeAeJrfleMoe ypaBHeHr.ieM(g-23), or{eBnrHo
Io"'IxHo o6pa:rurncs B HyJrb, a Qoprvlyna(9-2! npHMer BHA:

) S, : {rr. (e-28)
B xaqecrBe Hr'IJIIocrpauHH HepaBHoMepHocrupacnpeAeJreHnrHanpffx<eHufi
no roJIuIHHexeJre3o6eroHHororpy6onpoBoAa B Ta6,'r. 9-l npueoarrrcq pe3yflb-
rarbr pacqera xeJre3o6eroHHoro rpy6onpoBoAa. Tonuluua o6ruqoexu, KaK ri
roJIuHHa (npune,uennar) apuarypHbrx KoJreq, npr.tHffrbrno l0 an, a ro.rnr{HHa
oeroHHbrx KoJreq B3sra B AByx npeArroJrox(eHusx:l0 cn u 50 c.u. B pacuere
6nr.nonplrHflTo: orHo[reHue rrro4y.rrefi
ynpyrocrr.i 6eroHa r.i apMarypsr Eu I Eu:
: l0 H xoeQQuqueHr flyaccona : b,ZO.
r,
Ta6nu4a 9-I
Pacrsrnsanqne HaflpcxeHHcs xeneso6eroHnoMrpy6onponoAe,qnaMerpom
7 n npu Hanope!50 ,u
ToruluHa Kax(Aoro 6erosxoro Ko,'rbr{a

Hanpn- b:10 ctt b:50 cu

3 . n e n re H r )KEHIIg,
xf lc :tt2 6erou 6eron He 6eroH 6eroH He
p a6oraer p a6ora er pa6oraer pa6oraer

O6,ruuoexa ,ol 800 r400 415 1770

A p n r a r y p al - r on2 770 I 320 290 I 340
>> 2-s 740 r280 230 I 130
".8
> 3-q ot,4 7t5 r 250 ?00 l 0 t0
Eeros l-fi c.rrofi wl
7F. 0 35 0
>t 2-ft )) -Dz 74 0 25 0
) 3-ft -03 72 0 2l 0
 Onpene;rHBI.I3JroxeHHbrM Bbrue cnoco6ou Hanpq>KenusB 3/,'Ier\{eHTax npfl-
uonuuefiuoro xeJre3o6eroHHoro rpy6onpoBoAa,MoxHo yxe 6es 6o";iruoro rpyAa
uafiru Hanpflx<eHrrfl.Lr B 3JreMeHTax cnupanr,rioii xalrepbr no
x{e"'Ie3o6eroHr-roii
Sopl,ryne (9-16). OrMeruu, qro ecd'tI{creHKLIryp6uHuoro rpy6onponola H
cnupa,rsHorTKaMepbrHe flBrrroTcq npeABapI{TeJIbHo HanpsxeHHbrrvrH, To pa-
6ory 6eroHa Ha pacralxeHr{eHe cJreAyer yqurbrBarb. B roponoM HarrpaBJreHr{H
noroHHbre ycvJrr4fl,o6rrquo noryr{alorcfl B ABa pa3a lueHbue Ko,'tbr{eBt'rx.f]os-
ToMy npr.rHeyqere pa6orur 6erosa Ha pacrflx{eHHenpoIIeHTapMIIpoBaHI.iq B To-
poBoM HanpaBd'reHHH AoJr>KeHTaKxe cocTaBrlgTb npLi[4epHonoJIoBHIjy npouer{Ta
apMHpoBaHVfl B KOJIbIIeBOM
HanpaBJIeHHH.

9-3. OTIOPHbIfI KOHYC TYP6HHbI

OnopHtrfr KoHyc, Ha KoropoM paciloaafaercfl crarop ryp6ttHlt, npe.(craB-

nser co6ofi yceveuutrfi xouyc nepeMeHHoti ettcornt, o6yc,roe,reHuoli nocreneHHIIM
noAbeMoM norrra cnupa.ulHofi KaNrepbl, c KoHI{eHTpHqecKli pacno/'IoxeuHofi
pa6ouerluraxrofiryp6uHsr(pHc.9-10).Kouyc Hecer6o,uuuyro
unar-rHApr{qecKofi
BeprnKaJrbHyro Harpy3Ky P or Beca
ryp6uusr, reHeparopa n noroJlKa cttu-
panruoft KaMepbr,noAAepxuBafl craJlb-
Hbre Kor'roHHbr
craropa ryp6uuu. Kporr,le
TO|O, KOHyCLiCrrbrTbIBaeT
|HApOAHHaMH-
qecKoe AaBJIeHHeHa Hapyx{Hylo no-
BepxHocrb. OcHoeaHHeKoHyca MoxHo
CTIHTaTb IOJIHOCTbIO 3aAeJIaHHbIM B HH- i
x{eae}Kaulufit{accus. i
Pa6ora KoHyca cH,'rbHoHanoM14-
Haer pa6ory rru,'rHHApr4.recxoii
creHKr.i P H c . 9 - 1 0 . P a c , r e r H a sc x e r \ r ao n o p H o r o
cnltpa,rlHofi KaMepbr,ToJrbKorroABep- K o n y c ar y p 6 t i u u
xeHuofi He BHyrpeHHeMy, a HapyxHoMy
fLrApoAIlHaMI4qecKoMy AaBJIeHHIO, B pe3yJrbTaTer{efo fopu3oHTa,lbHbre KoJrbrla
KoHyca pa6orarct Ha eKarI.Ie. Taxzu o6pasolr, KoHyc HaxoAlrrcs B BecbMa6na-
ronpLIflTHbIxAJIn 6eroua ycJloBltsx pa6omr. Ou cxar rro BeprHKaJrrru c)Kar no
ropI.I3oHTaJIHrLIApoAIrHaMHqecKHM AaBJTeHHeM BoAbr. B arux yc./'roBr4sxKoHyc
ne rpe6yer apMHpoBaHHfl.Hexoropue asru6arou{ueMoMeHTbr noflBJrffrorcsB ro-
pH3OHTaJIbHbrX CeqeHI.IsX.KOHyCa B pe3yJrbTaTeTofo, rrTo Hir3 efo no,'IHocTblo
3aAeJIaHB MaccI{BLIJIHtueHpaAl{aJrbHbrx cMeureur.rfi.
Srrr ueru6arcu1r{eMoMeHTbr,
a raKlKe KoJIbIIeBbtecxHMaloulue ycvnvfl MoxiHo uaittLt, ecJrr{ paccMarpt{Barb
creHKy KoHyca KaK BeprHKaJIbHyIo6anxy, Jre>KaulyrcHa ynpyroM ocHoBarr4Lt,
KoropblM tBJlflIorcr ropusoHTaJrbHbre KoJrbrraKoHyca. 3,uect nprrMeHr.rr\r ror >xe
MeroA pacrlera, qro Ir AJIfl creHKH cnrlpaJlbuofi rauepbr, €c.,'rr{
ToJrbKo3a pacqer-
IIyIo roJIulHHy creHKLInpuHqrb HeKoropyrc cpeAHroroee rorrurr.rHyE (puc.9-10).
flocrosHunre HHTerpHpoBaHuq oilpeAeaflrcTcfl Lrs c,'reAylotquxycnoeuli
onHpaHHff 6ant<*t. B ocHoeaHuH KoHyca paAr{aJlbHrrre cMerrleHusrr yroJr noBo-
pora 6a.uxu paBHbrHyJrro,T. e.

da
U : 0 u dx _ n

Vcnoeltg o[ilpaHllrl 6anxu B ee BepxHeMKoHrre3aBHcflT or KoHcrpyKrIaH

craropa ryp6uuu. Ec,ru crarop npeAcraBr'Iserco6ofi orAe!'rbHbrecraJrbHbreKo-
JIOHHbI' He CBfi3aHHble OnOpHbIM KOJITTIIOM,TO MO}KHO CqIITaTb, qTO Ha BepXHeM
KoJIbI{e6a.nxu usnu6arculne MoMeHTbrH nepepe3brBapuluecltdrrbrpaBHbt HyJrro,
T. e.

dra * ' - 0 .
dStt
:0 H
dxz

r59
 flpu Halruqrrl4 craJrbr{ofo onopHofo KoJIbr{a craropa Moxno nor'roxnTb,
rrro B BepxHeM Kor{qe 6ant<u paAHaJIbHbrecMeuIeHHrI paBHbI HyJIIo u ltefH6aro-
uqrzfi tnrotrleHTpaBeH Hy,rlro, T. e.
:o uffi:0.
f,anrueiiuruil pacqer coBepueHHo aFra,'rofuqeHpacr{ery rru!'rHHApHqecxoii
creHKH cnHpa,'rbl{otixarrrepsr.

9 . 4 . K O H C T P Y K U H I ,OI T C A C b I B A T O I I ETf iP Y E b I

Pac,rer KoHcrpyKrruii orcacrrearcilreii rpy6sI B HanpaB,'IeHLtH nonepeK no-

roxa (nlod'rr, 3AaHHn cranqua) npou3BoAurcg o6lrqHo KaK pacrrer orAed'IbHbtx
He3aBHcHMbrx 3aMKHyrbrx paM, pI{re.IInMLIKoropbtx ffB/tfftorcff QyHAarr,teuruaq

o)

',:r:,i:J':"','i!i
1
I
I
I

L 2l

Aet nepexpornun'
doItrenue6odor

Bec6o0u llo6terue Peoxuurocno1onut'

6ecnnunu+1ec 0o0cr
,00[neaue6o0w 2-Decnnunu 6olu aa 6ut
aa 6ux
- Peoxuun
Ft-
2p!/tn0

Pnc. 9-11. Cxensr K pacqery orcacuearouleftrpy6u: a - pa3pe3 IIo ocu

rpy6r'r; 6 - r nu6opy pacuerHoftcxeMblpauuofi KoncrpyK-
orcacbrBarouleii
trlrr B, a - cxeMblHarpy3oKB 3aBHcHMocrpI or npNHarofto6ureft pacuernoft
cxeMbl

rrJrHTaH nepeKpbrrHeorcacbrBaroqefi Tpy6br, a crofiKaMr{- ocHoBHbren IIpo-

Mex(yroqHbre6brrrKn(puc.f-il, 6). Pacuer raKl.{x paM cJleAyerrpol{3Becrl AJIfl:
l) c"rryuar HopMaJIbHofi3KcnJIyaratIHH,KorAa orcacblBatouafl rpy6a 3a-
noJrHeHaBoAofi; 3Aecb AeficrBylorrluMucHJIaMH6yayr co6crBeHHblfiBec, peaK-
rruq ocHoBaHr.rfl,AaBJreHpre BoAbrBHyrpI{ orcacbrBaroulefirpy6bl H TeMneparyp-
r r b r eB o 3 A e r i c r B H (f lp u c . 9 - 1 1 , a ) :
2) perrrourHofo cJrlrr{afl, KorAa BoAa H3 orcacbleaFourel? rpy6sr orKaqaHa;
geficreyurruMr.rcu"rraMH 6y,ayr co6crBeHHufieec, peaKrIHl ocHoBaHI{n(uecxo,rsxo
rueHbruaq,qeN,rB nepBoN{c"{yqae) Li reMneparypHbre Bo3AerlcrBHfi.
B cu,ry crrMr\{erpHrr caMoft paMbr H cHMMerpHHHarpy3KH oceBoecerleHIle
no cpeAHeMlr6srux1' He noBopaquBaercs, a noroMy Mox(Ho paccMarpllBarb
ToJrL,Koo,[Hy noJroBrJHypaMbr, cqrTafl 3aAe"'rKySyn,qaN.reHTHoil n"'Iurbt 14 nepe-
Kpbrrufl no ocII npoMex<yror{Horo6uqxa.
PausI noABoAHoror\{accl-IBa 3AaHuq f3C cynrecrBeHHoorJlHqalorctt or paM
npoMbnuJleFrHbrx coopy)KeHuli ren, rrro roflu{riHa Hx 3Jrer{eHToB BecbMaBeJIHKa
H qacro roro )Ke nopfAKa, r{To rr npor'rerbrpar\{ B cBery. floerornly onpeAeJIeHHe
pacqerHofi nr'rnHbr3,rreN{eHToB paM no pa3MepaM B ocqx Mo>Ker Aarb rpy6rte
oruH6KHB BeJIi{qrrHe rrsru6arcilIHxMoMeHToB. Moueursr B flpolerax noflyqarcTcq
160
ctIJIbHonpeyBedrlIrrIeHHbrMH, a rra oflopax coBceMHeBepHbtMH. O6qenpuHsrsrfi
AJIg paM npoMbrrxfleuHbrxcoopyxeHuil cnoco6 onpeAe!'reHurr pacqerHbrx MoMeH-
ToB Ha onopax no o6peey KoJIoHIIHerb3q npHMeHqrbA,'rflMaccuBHbrxpaM rHA-
porexHHqecKHX coopy)KeHHit,tax KaK gror cnoco6 cMox{er Aarb Ha onope He-
aepHrtfi lrsru6arcuufi uouesr He roJIbKo no BeJIHqHHe Ho AalKe H no 3HaKy.
Ec"ryunpor.r3BoAur6pacuer MaccuBHblxpaM rro ux reoMerpHrrecKHM pa3MepaM
B ocrx 3,'IeMeHToB To, 6eayc.nonuo, ueo6xoAHMo yqecrr 6o,rlurylo xecrKocrb
B ygJrax conpfl>KeHrfl3Tr4xa/'IeMeHToB, 3alrlTpuxoBaHHbrx Ha puc. 9-11, 6. 3a-
rxrpHXoBaHHbre qacru upr.i usru6e pure,uefi H KoJroHHnoqrrr ue 4eQoprtrupyrorcq,
qTO H qBHJ'IOCb OCHOBAHHCM CqIITATT, I X A6COJITOTHO XCCTKIIMI'i, T. C. NOJIO}KHTb
MoMeHTbr HHeprluuHa 3THXyqacrKax paM paBHbrnrn 6ecxoHeqHocrr.r (puc. 9-l l, o).
Cnoco6 pacqera paM c >xecrKHMH y3JIoBbrMH BcraBKaMH paepa6oraH aKa-
Aelruxou B. l. fa"rrepxHHbrM.Sruru cnoco6ou u c,'reAyer flo,rrL,3oBarbcs,xorr
yqer >xecrKl.Ix BcraBoK 3aMerHo ycJlolKHfler rexHHKy pacqera. Heo6xoArillo
TaKX{e OTMeTIITb,qTO npH pacqeTe paM B OCqX HeKOTOpbre HeilpepbrBHbre Ha-
fpy3Kl cTaHoBqTcs[pepbrBHbIMH, TaK KaK oHLI Hcqe3aroTHa BbrueyKa3aHHbrx
3aurprlxoBaHbrxaJIeMeHTax. Tar<oli Harpy3Kofi oxasneaercr, HarpuMep, BHyr-
peHHeeAaBJIeHueBoAlt B orcacblBalorr\efirpy6e, Koropoe leilcrByer roJIbKo no
BHyrpeHHefinoeepxHocrl.Irpy6u, a He no ocqM ee gr'reMeHroe (puc. 9-ll, e).
Ans paMbl, r-rso6paxeHnot?Ha puc. 9-11, 6, zce 4eiicrnyroulue cudrrbrr4s-
BecrHbr,BKJrroqaff H peaKrlllrcocHoBaHHfl,Lr Her raKux peaNuuri onop, Koropbre
HyxHo 6r,r.no6r,r onpe,ueJrsrb.OAuaxo ecJla cnpoeKTr4poBarbBce cnJrbrHa Bep-
Tr.rKaJIbHylo ocb, To yBHAr.rM, qTo 3To ycJroBHepaBHoBecHqHe yAoB,'IerBopsercfl,
Aeno B ToM, rrro MbI BbrpegaJllrory paMy AByMs BepTHKaaL,Hbnun ceqeHlrsMu,
uso6pa>xeHHbrMl.r Ha przc. 9-11, a, ailo orHM ceqeHufiM,KaK HaM y)Ke H3BecrHo,
4eficreyrcT KacareJlbHbreHanpfl>KeHlts, Koropbre v ypaBHoBelir.rBarorpaBHo-
4elicreyrcx{yrc Bcex Beprr{KaJrbHbrx cLIJr,npl.ir'IoxeHHbrxK par\{e.
flpouHocrr 6rr,rxoe Ha cKaJIbIBaHHe 6ttna BbrsBd'reHa npoBepKor?npouuocru
noABoAHoroMaccr.IBaB HanpaBJIeHI.IlI BAoJIbnoroKa; noSToN{yuer uaAo6Hocru
BBoAIrrb cefiqac nepepe3brBarourue cHJIbr B pacqer. Mo>rHo cqr.irarb, qro Bce
6lr,rNn B BeprI.rKaJIbHoM HanpaBJreHLrH nepeMeurarcTcfloALiHaKoBo,T. e. rrro
Bo3Mo)KHbre ynpyrlre BepruKa,'rbHbre cMerIeHHqBcex y3,'roBpaBHbrMexAy co6ofi.
llocaeAuee nosBoJlter cquTarb, tITo B paccMarpuBaeMoil pacueruoli cxevre
Her orHocr.rreJrbHbrx BepTHKaJrbHbrx cueuleHufi y3JroB r{ B oAHoM r.i3 ysnon 3
b f l o p y , K a K T o n o K a 3 a H oH a p f i c . 9 - 1 1 , B H e . 3 r o o 6 -
u n u 4 M o x H o n o c r a B r - r ro
crosreJrbcrBo cyqecrBeHHo ynpoqaer rexHI4Ky pacrlera H no3Bod'rflerr AaHHofi
paMe c ycnexoM npr.iMeHr.rrbMeroA .u,eQopuaqufi,6rrcrpee Apyrr4x BeAyuIHri
.K IICJIH.
B pacrlerax ueo6xoAuuo yrII4TbIBarbBflHqHue usNaeHeHufiTeMneparypbl
B 3J'reMeHTax paMbr. llpu paBHoMepHoMHarpeBaHHH rr.JttroxJraxAeHr4u Bcex
SJIeMeHTOB Ha OAIIHaKOBOe TIHCJIOfpaAyCOB B paMe He BO3Hr-rKaeT HHKaKr.rX BHyT-
peHHLix ycrlnufi. Vcunus Bo3HHKHyrnpu pa3Hbrx H3MeHeHHflx reMneparypbr
e croiixax rr pl4reJrflx,a raKx<e npH HepaBHoMepHoM pacrpeAeJreHrir.r
reMilepa-
Typbr no ToJru{HHe qTo
3JIeMeHToB, r.rcJreAyeTyrrHTbrBarb.
TevneparypHbre nogAeficreprflB paMax, cocroflr{ux I43 rvlaccHBHbrx ndrIHT,
rvro>KHopa3Jroxr.rrb Ha rpr.i cocTaBJrflIorqHe:1) H3MeHeHr.ie cpeAHHx reMnepa-
Typ, onpeAe,'rreMoeno Qoprrayne(10-6); 2) uer'aer{eHrle cpeAHeroreMneparyp-
Horo rpaAlreHra, noAcqr.rrbrBaeMoe no Soprt,ryne(10-7); 3) pasuocrs T*- Tcp
- Bx. flocneAHqr cocraBJrsloular Bbr3brBaerypaBHoBeueHHyloantopy Hanpfl-
>Nenufin He Aaer yrJroBbrxu oceBbrxnepeMeuleuuli. floaroNry A/'rfl onpe,[eJreHufl
ycu,rur? B craruqecKH HeonpeAerlalroficucreMe B pacqer c"'renyer BBecrI.iSKBlr-
BaJIeHTHbre auHeiinbre 3nropbr pacnpeAeJreHuflTeMneparyp rro roJruIHHen,rLirbr
(puc. 9-12). B cooreercrBnrr co cAeJraHHbrM Bbrrxe pa3,'ro>KeHueM TeMneparyp-
Hori enrcpbr Ha rplr cocraBJrflIox{rixe AaflrHefiruerrr6yaell paccMarpr.rBarbpaBHo-
N{epHoeu3MeHeHr.re reMneparyp Tcp H r.r3MeHeHHe cpeAHero reMneparypHoro
rpaAHeHTaB, r. e. acr.rMMerpurrHoe H3r\{eHeHHe reMneparypbr (puc. 9-12),
ff, - Tr- Tz (e-2e)
h

ll 3axas N? lg59 l6l

 lloa sosAeficreueNrpaBHoMepHoro Ir3MeHeHHflTeMneparypbl npol{cxo.u.Itr
oceBoe yAJTHHeHHe HJrLIyKopar{HBaHHe o,'IeMeuroBpaMbl. VA,ruHeuHeo[peAe-
Jrsercfl no Qopuyle:
L,l : o"T (e-30)
"pl,
fAe a - KOsQQHrIr.reHf reMneparypHofo yAJII{HeHHx6eroua;
I - xnuua sJIeMeHTa.
flpu acHrtaMerpHqHoM reMtteparypbl yA.rrHHeHue
pacnpeAeJleHI.ti ocli 3.IIeMeHTa
paBHoHy!'rro,Ho npoHcxonnTHcKpHBJIeHHe efo OcH.vro,rr noBopoTaHa eAHIlIiqy
AJIHHbI PABCH:

9 1 : 1: a B' (e-3r)
npyroro, pacno,'Io-
Vron noBopora oAHoro ceqeHaq paMbt orHocHTeJIbHo
>r<eHHofoHa paccroflHr4r4/ or nepnofo, paBeH:
'O, : 1B!. (e-32)

P u c . 9 - 1 2 . S n r o p b I r e M n e p a r y p B s r e M e H r a x o r c a c b r B a r c r r ( e f tr_p y 6 u : a -
cxer{a reMneparypHblx rpaAHeHroB B orcacblBarollefitpy6e; 6 - pas.noxe-
Hlre reMneparypHoil snlopbI Ha cocraBJlflIonlue

3naq reMneparyp HbreAeQopMarIur.I aJIeMeHToB ocHoBHoIicacreMbl, HerpynHo

cocTaBuTbcxeMy ypaBHeHHiI&Jttr onpeAeJleHv.fl. Jll4rltI{wx HeIl3BecTHbIX, a 3aTeM
HafiTHH Bce BHyrpeHHHeycu,'rt,tflB paMe. ApnaupoeaHue gJIeMeHToB orcacblBarc-
ulerl Tpy6br, T. e. nJrHTbIocHoBaHr{a,6sruxoe u nepeKpblTl.IflHI{KaKLIxrpyAHo-
crefi He [peAcraBJrffer, r.r pacrrer norpe6Hofo KoflLlqecrBaap\{arypbl npousBo-
AHTCq O6qeUSeeCTHbIMr{ CnOCO6aMH.
Aprr,rupoeaHueKoHcrpyKrIHfi orcacblBaloulux rpy6 qacro BblnorHtercq
B BrrAeapMoKapKacoBr{ HecyrilHx apMoQepM.cnapxa rH6KoIi apMarypbl B ap-
MoKapKacbr6e3ycfloBHoonpaBAaHa u rexHI{qecKLI,LI SKoHOMuqecKH, Ho apMH-
poBaHHe HecyuluMr4apMo@pMaMr{ nepeKpblTuq orcacblBalou{Hx rpy6 BpsA .IIH
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TbrBarorcfl Ha co6crBeHHbrftBec, Bec cbrporo 6eroua Bcero nepeKpbITI,Ir li Bec
onaJIy6KI{, npuKperJleHHblfi K apMo@pMaM. Ho ,Upyrux Harpy3oK 3Aecb Her,
rax ,rro aplro4epubr Hecyr Bce BeprI{KaJIbHbIeHarpy3Klr 6ea yuacu{fl pa6orbl
6eroHa. Oqenra.4uo,irro 6erou B 3ToM cryqae qBrqercfl JIHtrIb 6an.nactou, Ho
orreHb AoporHM. flpuueHeHue Hecyrr{Hx aprraoQepna 3Aecb ffBHo HeBbIroAHo.
B npoMbrruJreHHbrx 3.qaHurrx Hecyulue cBapHble apMoKapKacbl ueJlecoo6pa3Ho
npHMeHflTbB TaKr.IX)KeJre3o6eroHHbrx KoHcrpyKIlLIrx, B Koropblx co6crBeusrtfi
Bec KoHcrpyKrrnr.iHe npeBbnuaer20-25% or noJIHofiHarpy3Kli, a 3Aecbco6cr-
seHusrr:rsec cocraBJrflernorrrr.rBce 100% Harpy3Klr. 3HaqureJlbHoqeJlecoo6pa3-
Hee nepeKptrrb orcacbrBaroqylo rpy6y roroBbrMu )Ke,'Ie3o6eroHHbIMI.I npeABa-
pr4Ter'rbHo HanpflxeHHbrMu 6anrauu. Heo6xoArlMsrirAnq ycrol?qHBocru 3.(aHlls
Bec Mo)KHonoryrruTb 3a cr{er ilpr.Irpy3Kr.Ic6opHrrx 6a,lor AeureBbIM MarepHaJIoM,
Hanpr{Mep KaMHeMHa rouleM pacrBope.
Vcnoeras pa6orlr a BeJrr{qnHbr pacqerHbrx r.rsru6arcqux MoMeHToBpaMHblx
cHcreM orcacbrBarourerirpy6br B 6oJrburofi rtrepe 3aBucsr or noptAKa npol'is-
BoAcrBa pa6or no yKJra,[,xe6eroHa. Ecnrl cHaqaJlasa6eroHupoBarb BcIo QyHAa-
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cyulux apr',toQeprr,l 3a6eroHupoBarb nepeKpbrrue, ro 6yaeu IiMerb ry cxeMy 3a-
r p y x { e H l r f f ,K o r o p a r y K a 3 a H aH a p H c . 9 - 1 1 , 6 v e . H o I r l o x s o t l o c r y n u r b H I i H a r { e .
162
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uroli qacrrn Qyulatteuruoli IIJIHTbI,neo6xoArlrlroli A"rs roro, qro6nr Fre npe-
esofirH ,4onycKaeMoro.(aB'tIeHHrHa fpyHT noA 6rrqxanau.3areM Ha arltx 6irq-
xax npH noMouln HecyUax apuoQepu 6erouupyercq nepeKpbrrrreorcacbrBaro-
urefi rpy6rr. flo,q ert!,ru narpysKauu 6rrqxn AaAyr HeKoropyFoocaAKy, nocJre
qero 6erouupyercn
Qyn,qarnleHrHaqnJII{Ta Me>KAy6uqxavrH. Oqeer.rAHo,qTo
peaKIIHflocHoBaHI'iflnoA Qys.qauetrHoti n"rluroll 6yaer B HecKo,'rbKo
pa3 MeHbrrre,
qeM B nepBoMcdrlyqae,TaK KaK HH Bec 6uuKoB, HH Bec [epel{pblTI4fl. Ha nd'IIiTy
ocHoBaHlrq He ilepeAaloTcrr.
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nJIHTe6yayr raK>Ke MHofo MeHbIrIe,r{To no3BoJIHTcAeJlarb tt,'IHTy ToHbIrIe v
3Haqrrre,'rbHoyMeHbtuLITbe Heft KoJlfiqecrBo apMarypbr.
Sror npocrofi npuMep noKa3blBaer,qro BHyrpeHFrHeycH,rlaq B 3.rreMeHTax
ilo.(BoAHofiqacru f3C e 6o,rturor?Mepe 3aBHcflr or nopsAKa npora3BoAcrBapa-
60r, a noroMy paapa6orxy npoeKra a pacqer KoHcrpyr<quri ireo6xoauMo Becrg
B crpofoM coorBercrguu c oqepeAHocrbroyKr'raAxri 6erosa, npe.(yovrorpeHuofi
KaJIeH;lapHbIM nJIaHoM,a e ueo6xoAI{MbIXcryqaqx u KaJIeHAapHbrrin.tan pa-
6or c"rrelyer noAqllHuTb rexHurrecKu Hau6onee coBeprueHHofru gKoHoMrIqecKH
nuronHori pa6ore KoHcrpyKur{ti.

9 - 5 . p A c r t E T B E P X H E T OC T P O E H H t 3 A A H H t t 3 C
S,neueuru 3AaHHs c MocroBbIM KpaHoM paccqr.ITbrBarorcflHa ycLtJrufl or
co6creeHHofoBeca, cueronofi r{ BerpoBofi uarpysox, xpanonofi Harpy3KH, or
.{aB.rIeHHqKo,rlec(nepraxanr,utle), TopMo3HbIenpu nepeABr-Ix{eHHLr
caMoro KpaHa
c r.py3oM (npo.qorlurre) u nonepeqHbleropMo3Hbrenpu nepe.(Bux(eHHriKpaHo-
eofi rerexxa. Or KpaHoBbIXHafpy3oK coBMecrHo c BerpoBbrMlrr{ cHeroBbrMrr
paccr{HTblBaerctKapKac uaTpa: B npoAoJIbHoMHanpaB,'reHHrr c yqerolu ropMo3-
HbIXCHJICaMOfOKpaHa, B nolepeqHoM Ha[paBJreHHr.r c yqeroM cHlrrropMox{eHHq
ero Te,'re>Kxu.flpu nepe.{aqegHeprr.ruua OpV roJrbrMr.r
ilpoBo,laMu, noN{rzMo yKa-
3aHHbIXHafpy3o{, eIIeAYeTyql{TbrBarbHarpy3Kr,rHa KapKac rxaTpa oT Harflxe-
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fina ipynHbrx craHului serurruHy ycuJrprsor Harflx(eHHflnpoBoAa,HAy-
uefo or rpaHcQopMaropa ua OPV, npur{aMa}or panuort4-6 Z. llpH HailHqHH
KO3,'rOBO|O
KpaHa UaTep He BocnpHHHMaeTKpaHOBbrx Hafpy3oK.

Il* 163
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riOfi ILIOIllaAKH LI npOqux npOH3BO,U.cTBel{IlbIX nOMe-
uI e H ri ii. ILIupuna MoHTaxHoii n,'IouIaAKH npaHliMaercfl paBHofi uHpHrle
MauHHr,roro 3aJra. D,nusa MoHTa>KHofinJIouIaAKLiycraHaBJIHBaercqH3 ycJIoBHIl
MoHTa>KaH reMoHTalKa o6opyAoBaIruq (cu. r,rany l). Monraxnr,te cxeMbl pac-
norrrolKegHfl ocHoBHoro o6opyAoBaIIHq Ha MoHTax<uoii n,loulaAKe u3o6paxeHbl
Ha pnc. l-6 u 1-11.
fleperptrrgr Maur.iHHoro3aJra u MollralKHofi nrouaLKr, c,'IyxeOHbIXno-
MeuIeHHfi rr npoH3BoAcrBeHHbrx noMeuleHHftpaccul.lrblBaorcr Ha Harpy3Ky,
BeJrHqHHa Koropoir 3aBucrir or AlraMerpa pa6oqero Ko,teca ryp6tzubl H npliBo-
nvrcfl B Ta6Jr. 9-2.
Ta6,tuqa 9-2
P a c q e r H n e H a T P Y s K I {Q I T / n ' ]

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npu pacqere BropocreneH;;Ix 6anox BBoAI'{rcqKosQQHqHeHrft :-0,7, yqvrbl-
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coopyx(eHr.tfl,yMeHbrrraroT efo AoJrroBeqHocTb, a B HeKoTopblxcflyr{aqx co3AaIoT
yrpo3y Aflq efo HaAexHocrH.
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rleccbl, npoTeKar.oilIlleB MaccrIBHOrr,r 6eroue. Teprt,IoycaAorlHble nDolleccbl B Mac-
cHBHoM6eroHe BbtgbrBalorcf cJreAyIoilILtMI{ npHr{LIHaMIi:a) TelJIoM, BbIAeJIflro-
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6erounoli cMecg H oKpyxaFoqefi cpeAbl, n) pasuocrblo reMneparypbl orAeJIbHbIX
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>Katou{e}i cpeAbr; A) r.r3MeHeHr.reM BJra>KHocrH 6erot{a (ero rlirpoMerpHqecKofo
cocronuttn).
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B oKpyxarculeM npocrpaHcrBe, T. e. ecJIL{I.IMeerMecro a[rla6arwrecKHfi npoqecc,
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flpu conep)KanullqeMeHraor 200 ao 350 rcel,usT, cocraB,tfleror 17 ao
60o, n 3aBlrcuMocrlaor coAep>Karlv:fl H THna npliMeHfleMofoIreMeHTa.
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TeMneparypbr rBepAeHr,rr.Oruaxo rJrfl npaKTHqecKHXpacqeroB nonycruMo
(e qeJrsx ynpoqeHraa) cqlrrarb, qro gK3orepMLis ecrb 3aAaHHaq Syuxqur
B p e M e H u( p t r c . l 0 - l ) .
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crr.r aJreMeHTa H yc"uoeufiTen/rloorAaquc efo noBepxHocru. B SJIeMeHTax se6o.nt-
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crpyKIIHI4 utea). Ec.nu MexAy reMneparypofi orAeJrbHbrxqacrefi B MoMeHr rix
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or cpeAHeroAoeo_la) n 3aRI4cItMocruor KfluMarr.tqecKoro paiioHa cocraBJrfler
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t65
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Bogsr.txHoBeHueHanpfl>Keuufts 6eroHe conpoBo>KAaercflnosBJrenr{eMyn-
pyrnx, IIJII4MrHoBeHHbrx,geQoptuaqufi u 4eQoprtraquftnor3yrrecru, pa3BHBaFo-
uI,HXCgC TeqeHrreMBpeMeHu.Kpor"re Tofo, npH BbICoKLIxHanpfl>I{eHLIffX, 6nUS-
Kr{x K npeAeJly npoqHocrll, n 6etoHe rrorBJrflroreqMr.rKporpeu{HHbr, cnoco6cr-
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<(nceBAonJlacrgqHocru>.I4ccne,u,oBarvfl rroKa3brBalor, rITo nptr Aocraroqso 6rr-
crpoM npLIJIoxeHHLIHarpy3KH ae0oprvraqun oKa3brBarorcfl nponoprluoHaJrb-
rrbIMHHarIps>KeHI{ffM BnJIorb Ao MoMeHTapa3pyureHun. Taxurtr o6paaor'{,lvrox(Ho
roBopnTb o nocroflHHoM AJIfl AaHHoro 6erosa (e onpe4eJreHHoM eospacre) uo-
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,rr,yrrbMrHoBeHHux ae$opltarlufi paBeH 250 000 - 400 000 rcflc,w2. Benu,{rlHa
M|HOBeHHO|O MOAyJISnpHMepHOpaBHa HOpMaTHBHOMy MOAyJTIO npH CX{arHH.
Moly.rrn MrHoBeHHnrx4eQoplraqufi e 6onsuofi rrtepe3aBHcHTor Bo3pacra
6erosa. Hapr6o.ueeLIHTeHcr,IBHoe yBeJruqeHneMo,[yrq npohcxoAuT B TeqeHHe
nepBblx 7-15 Aneli ilocJle 3arBepAeHus 6eroua. C eospacra crapile oAHoro
MecffIIa BeJIHIIHHaMOAyJIflMeHqeTCry>Ke He3HarrI-ITe.nbHO r.i MOXer npaKTr.rqecKH
npuHnMarbcffnocrosusofi. fpaQur H3MeHeHHfl MoAyJrsAaH Ha puc. l0-2. I4s-
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cocrosHHff. I-lpu HarpeBe HJII{ oxJIaxAeHHHB paHHeMBo3pacre coorBercrByro-
uIHe reMneparypHbre Hanpfl)KeHlrgBc,reAcrBueua.nofi Bed'rHrIHHbr MoAyrq oKa-
3btBalorct ne6o,ruuuMn no a6co.nrorgofi eerliqr.tHe.
3ro o6croflTeJlbcrBo Moxer uMerb KaK noJIo>KHTeJrbHoe, TaK H orpr{rrareJrb-
Hoe BJIHaHI{eHa pa6ory KoHcrpyKquu. fIoacHHM nocJreAHeenpuMepoM. flpea-
craBHM ce6e 6eroHur,tfi 6pyc c aaAeJraHHbrMH KoHrIaMH,xoropuft 6rrn uarper
B paHHeM Bo3pacre. llpu HarpeBe B HeM Bo3HHKarorHanpfl)KeHufl cx(arHfi.
r66
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Io rrepBoHaqa.nnsoil TeM[eparypbrreMneparypHbteHanpfi]KeHllnB HeM Hcqe3,'IH
6sr. B cayqae Bo3pacraHHqMoAyJrfloxJIa>KAeHue 6y,u,ernpoHcxoALITbylKe npH
Bo3pocuefi xecrxocru Marepvaila u o 6pyce Bo3HHKaerpacrfi>KeHne,Koropoe
MOXeT npr.rBecrHK ero pa3pblBy.
Benuquna reundparypHbrx HanpsxeHui,t, c yIIeroM [epeMeHHocrLIMoAyJIs
aeQoprraaqtig,Mox(er 6rrrn uafiAeHa, ecJIH LI3BecrHaBed'Iu.IHHa reMneparypHL,Ix
HarprrxeHufi 6es yqera nepeMeHHocruMoAyJIl:
t
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rae E (") - BeJILIIIHHaMoAyJIfl aeQoptrlaqun n QyHKI{HH Bo3pacra 6eroua t;

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=
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(10-2) Mox(er 6ltrs BbInoJIHeHo
HtrIH TIHCJICHHO NYTCM NPI4-
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cx= I or,t+. (lo-3)

.a Es

llpuneAeHHnte Bbltue
$oprrry.rrrr cnpaBeA,rIHBbI B
cflyqaflx, ecJrH paccMaTpH- l0 ?0 30 40 JU cYnxu
SACIvTHftSJIEMCHT HJTT4KOH- Puc. l0-3. Kpueue PenaKcallnH
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npaKTHqecKHHx Mo)KHo r.IcnoJrb3oBarbv B 3ToMcryqae. Herrsq npHMeHsrb
yxaaanulre Qopuynbr npfi orrpeAeJreHr.rr{ reMneparypublx Hanpn>Kenufis 6an-
Kax r.r nJrr{Tax Ha yflpyroM ocHoBaHvH.
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crossuofi Harpy3Ke noryquro Ha3BaHrIenor3yqecru. feQopuauuH nor3yqe-
crn no ceoerl'eeru'rnge Moryr npeaeofiru yrpyfne MrHoBeHHue,ueQopMaIrHH
s 2-3 pa3a, B 3aBr.IcHMocrH or AJrKTeJrbHocrHnpI{JIo)KeHHff Hafpy3KH, Bo3pacra
6erona,^ efo BJralKHocrH u HanpflxeHuft.
Berr.rquHbl flpn ,u,nureJlbuoMAeftcrBuH
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npu HeH3MeHHoir ie6opr,lauun, ro ynpyrafl qacrb ae,Qopr',rauurl
6y,uer c reqeHneM
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,r HocI-ITHasBaHHepeJIaKcatIHI{uanpnxeHufi.
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peJtaKcarruflHanprrxeHr.rfi,Mox(er 6nirl rpaSHvecxu nso6pax(eHa B BHAe rpneoil
(puc. 10-3). I-lpr.r .luuefinofi 3aBrrcr{MocrnMe>KAyaeQopuaIIHfiMHH Hanpfix{e-
r{HflMHeAr.IHHrrHbre KpHBbIepeJraKcatIHH,T. e. KpHBbIeOTHOCI.ITeJIbHO|O yMeHb-
rueHr{fl uanpRxeuafi, yAaercrr ficnoJlb3oBarb AJIfi onpeAefleHHq H3MeHeHHfi
TeMIIepaTypHbIXHafipff)I(eHufieo BpeMeHHBcJIeAcTBHe no,'I3ytlecTu.!,na eroro
TeMnepaTypHbreHanpff)KeHHscJreAyeTnpeAcTaBlITbKaK Hanpff>KeHI'Is, BbI3BaH-
r{bre cMeu{eggflMH. Kax,u,oe npupaqeHHe Hanptxeuufi, BbI3BaHHoe3aAaHHbIM
3Jr€M€HTSpHbrN{ cMeuleHuena,6yAer peJraKcupoBarbB coorBercrBl{H c A,rL{TeJIb-
167
Hocrbro AerlcrBlifl. Tor,ua yuer BJrLlflHr4flnOJI3yqecTLrnpH onpeAer'IerlHH TeMne-
parypHbrx HanpllKeHLli r,loxer 6urru BbrnoJIIIeHno QopHtY,re:

t
cI
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I 9o a R (r, r) d"r, (10-4)
J
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5* - Hanpfl>KeHHsc yqeToM nepeMeHrlocTHMo,ly,'Iq MfHoBeHHblx
neSoprvlauuii,uo 6es yuera nor3yrlecrlz;
R (1, ') - 6espasMepHasopALiHaTaeAlzuuqnofi xpueoii .per'IaKcaUIIIl,co-
OTBeTCTByloUlafl AJIHTeT'IbHOCTHpeJIaKcaULII4 t-= rI BO3paCTy
6erona K MoMeHTy Haqa,'Ia per'IaKcalrur4 1'.

fiper npu6,ru>xeHHbrx BbrqHcdrre]ruffxHHTerpaJI Mo)KHo 3aMeHHTb cyrvtltofi:

' " . ( t ) : ) A o l R( t , , ) . (l0-5)

Paccuorpeustui crtoco6 yr{era no/q3yqecru, crporo roBopt, cnpaBeAJIHB

AJIfl CI4CTeMOAHOpOAHbIX, COCTOSIIIHx ug 6erOHa OAHOfO BO3pacTa.
Pacqer MaccHBHL,rx KoHcrpyxqur? Ha reMneparypHbte Bo3AeficrBuqcocrollr
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peAeJIeHHflTeMnepaTypHbIXHanpflx<eHufi,s ynpyroM Te.ne, e) yuera BilVfHLlfl'
r.r3MeHeHus Bo BpeMeHHMoAy'na leQopMalrnu H nofl3yr{ecrn.
3aAaqa onpeAeJreHuflTeMneparyp cBoALITcsK petueHulo ypaBHeHufl Ten,''Io-
npoBoAHocrr.r.
floc.ne onpe,4eJreHlrflTeMneparyp npoBoAlircfl crarHr{ecKI'lH pacr{er KoH-
cTpyKqr.rH,B pe3y,'rbTaTeKoTopofo HaxoAfT TeMllep_aTypHble HanpflxeHrl'f LlJru
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BoAHTcflc yqerorr{ rori craluu Hanpq>KeHHorococroflHlifl, e NaKofi pa6oraer
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pa6oru pacrflHyrofi soHL,l6eroua. B erou cJlyqae onpeAeJlflIorHe HaIIpfl>KeHHs,
a reMneparypHbre ycudrrus(uaru6arcqrre MoMeHTbI,IIpoAorbHbIe H no[epeqHble
crantr). lloc.neAyroululi no16oP apMarypbl npoll3BoAflr yql'irblBafl coBMecrHoe
-ycunufi,
aeftcieue tenanepatypHbrxycunufi u or BHeTIHHXHarpy3oK. Taxoe
coqeraHue cHJIoBbx eos.qetlcreufi orsocrlrcfl K Karefopllu <oco6lrx>, I'{ B pac-
qere coorBercrBeHHonpr.rugMarorcscHuxeHHbrexoeQQlrqueHTbl3anaca. O rpe-
ulgHocroirKocrrrxeneso6eroHHbrxu 6erosuux KoHcrpyxuriil npII TeMileparyp-
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yqrrrbrBaercr pa6ora pacrsHyroii 3oHrt, Bo3Mo)KHocy,[HTb no Bed'II1qHHe Hanpfl-
>xeHrrfi.
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u.nu 6o.neecJro>KHbre KoHcrpyKrrhu, cocraBJIeHHbIe H3 rta'IHT.TaK, HanpI'lMep'
rpy6, a raK>Ke
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Tertlneparyptr sJIeMeHToB, cooTBeTcTBylouIHe 3roMy MoMeHTy cyUIecTBoBaHHq
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I68
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Ae,{r{MbrxKoHcTpyKrIHripaBHbr Hy.,'rto.1
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ocraJlbHble 9r'IeMeHTbr'
KoHcrpyKIIIrH. B Aa,rsuefiureu nocJre Bo3BeAeHr.rq3aMbr-
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rofo, TeMneparypa KoHcrpyKrrurrH3MeHqercrBcJreAcrsriexore6auvfi reMnepa-
coopyxeuuir - Bcr'reAcrBrre
Typbl oKpyx(arcqero Bo3.qyxa,a nocJle 3aron.rreHr4fl
xone6asuli rervrneparypbl BoAbI. B pacuer BBoAflT sau6onsuryrc pa3Hocrb Me-
>XAY PACqCTHbIMHTCMIICPATYPAMH3AMbIKAHI,IffH PACI{CTHbIMUTCMNCPATYPAI,{II
cTpouTeJrbHofo H 3KcndrryaTaur.ioHHofonepHoAoB.
B qeJlsx yMeHbIxeHI4s reMneparypHbrx ycunufi, xeJlare.rrbHo 3aMbrKaHHe
npoLI3BoAI,ITbrorAa, KofAa reMneparypa 3JreMeHros 6,'rHsr{a K cperHeli excnnya-
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eoAuofi qacru f3C 6eroHl{pylor B ABe orrepe/.u- cHaqaJra 6eronupyrcr Bce
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i xyrKH. Taxoir npueM no3BoJrsernoHH3HrbreMreparypy 3aMbrKaHuff H yMeHb-
rrrr.rTbTeMnepaTypHbreycnilv,n.
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MeHToBoKa3blBaerct KprlBorunefiHr,rM,oAHaKo B yAaJreHHLr or roprloB nd'rlrrbr
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Co-
oTBeTCTBeHHO OKa3bIBaeTCsBO3MOX(HbrM Lr3MeHeHr.re
TeM|IepaTyp pa3,'ro)Kr.rTb
Ha Tpv cocTaBJrsrotque:
1) r.rsrvreHeHue
cpe,(HHXreMneparyp
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l e -
Trp : - l - I T (x) dx, (1 0 - 6 )
T J
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2
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OTHOlIICHI,ICM
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nnuru)
gJreMeHTe
flepnan cocraBflqrcu{aff Bbr3blBaere ceo6oAuor\,r oceBbreyAJruHe-
HHfl, BTOpafl.- efo HcKpHBJIeHHfl, TpeTbrr COCTaBT'IflrOUIas
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u H q x B b r q H c J r f l l o r c fnl o H 3 B e c r H u r uQ o p u y " r r a u M o p a ;

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I B e n u , r u H a y c n n N f t , B o 3 H H K a I o u l r I XB c , ' I e A c r B H e
o r K r ' I o H e u l l f lo r r e l { n e p a r y p 3 a l r b r -
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( B o 3 B p a U { e H L I HK> T e l \ { n e p a T y p a l \3{a l \ t b l K a H H fBi K o H C r p y K I l l I r IN l o r y r I I o s B I i T b c t O c r a r o q H b l e
)'cHJrrrfl.

169
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B H a [ p a B n e H H H] I C K O M O I 'nOe p e M e U I e H H g ,
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C -M t M B t ,t J^
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cn,ru (uor,,reHra)Ppi
Q - noneperrHaqcLrila;
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V v e r n e p e u e q e H l l f i , B o 3 H H K a n u r H Xo r n p o A o n b H b l x H n o n e p e q H b l x c H J r B M a c c H B H b I x
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clIBHbIx pau. Mecra nepeceqeHus croeK c pr{rengMn lrpn pacqere peKoMenAyercs yqlrrbl-
Barb KaK 6ecxoneqso xecrKne BcTaBKLL
B Hexoropbrx cJryqafix oKa3brBaercs rre.rrecoo6paaHuul{c[oJlb3oBarb MeroA 4e$opr'ra-
unft (e BHAe MeroAa nocJreAoBare,JrbuL[xnpu6nuxeHuft) . llpn aroM peaKqulr B Jr[IrIIHrIx
3aKpenneHurx onpeAensrorcs no Qopr'ryaal, reMneparypHbrx yclr.rrnfi B 3auleMJlennoft no
TOprlaM nJrHre:
rIpoAoJrbHafr. crr.Jra
Ns: E a T c p l, ( r 0 -l )
HsrH6atoqnftuouesr

2
tr- t
Ms: T (x) xd:c. (r0.r2)
-;
_ T
2
T e u n e p a r y p H b r e H a n p s x e H n f l B c e q e H u s x c r a r u q e c K u H e o n p e A e n r { M b r xc I I c r e M , c o -
craBneHHbrx H3 n.nr.ITu.nn noAo6Hbrx ItNr 3JIeMeHToB,Moryr 6urr HaftAeHbIcorJlacHo Bblpa-
XCHHIO:

" : + + r y - * ( r , _r " , - B x ) , (10-r3)

n4e 11.' v M, - coorBercrBeHHo npoAonbHas cuJra H H3flr6arculsft ltoueHr, BhI3BaHHbIe

TeMneparypHbrMH soaAeficrsHgMu.
llpu norrsoBaHuu npHBeAeHHoftQopuy.noft cneAyer HMerb B BHAy, rrro B HeKoropbrx
cJyqaqx reMnepaTypHbre Ha[pf)KeHHfl, cooTBeTcTByrorqHenocJreAHeMycJrafaeMoMy, KoH-
qeHrpnpyrorcq B ToHKoM noBepxHocrHou cJroe KoHcrpyKrlnn. Tarne HanpsxeHr.rfi Moryr
B h I 3 B a r b n o q B r e H u g J t H r l I b n o B e p x H o c r H b r x B o J r o c g H b r xr p e q u H ; H X B J r H s H L r eH a p a 6 o r y
sceft xoHcrpyrquu rorAa 6y4er HesgaqureJrbHbrM.
K a x 6 u r o y K a s a u o p a H e e , p a c r r e r x < e . n e g o 6 e r o H H bK r xo H c r p y x u u f t H a n p o q H o c r b B e -
A e T c f l B n p e A n o n o l K e H n l { , r r r o p a c r g H y r a g 3 o g a 6 e r o H a u e p a 6 o r a e r B c , ' r e A c r B u eo 6 p a a o n a -
H H f l B H e i l r p e q u H . O 6 p a e o n a n H e r p e r q u n n p n B o A n r K c H u > K e H r l nx e c r K o c r n s J r e M e n r o BH
y M e H b r u e H n r or e M n e p a r y p H b r x y c u . ' r u f t . B n p a r r H v e c K n x p a c q e r a x , o A H a K o , o q e H b q a c r o
MOMeHTbT HHepuIiH H nJIOUIaAHOnpeAenqpT no [o.rIHoMy cerleH]In, npHHHMag [pr.r 3ToM
B M e c r o 4 e f t c r u n r e n b H o r o r \ r o A y J r s] ' n p y r o c r u 6 e r o u a c H r { } K e H H o e 1 , 6 p a s a e r o 3 H a q e H H e .
Eo.nee roqHo x(ecrKocrb gJIeMeHToBc ),qeror{ o6pasonaHLrfl TpeqI{H Mox(er 6utr HafiAena
no Qopnry.ne:
EI : EaFa (ho-,,)(ft,-+)
+, (10.14)

rAe ca - MoAynb yrrpyrocrH apNarypbr;

.Fa- nJIouIaAbno[eper{Hofocer{eHuslpoAonbHoii aprtlarypsr;
/io -nole3Haq BblcoraceqeHltq;
.r2 -Bhlcora cxarofi 3oHbI Bo BTopofi cTaAHHHanpnxeHHofo cocToqHl.Ig;
I - xop0Quqnenr, yrlurblBanulufi eansHxe pacrfiHyroro 6eroHa MelKAyrpeqHHaMH
Ha geQopr',raqnuapr{arypbr.
Buure 6H.[o cxasano o Tex reM[eparypHbrxycunuqx, KoropbreBoaHHKaIor e 6blqxax
H nepeKpbrrusxorcacblBarorqnx rpy6 npx Hx AeQopMHpoBaHHrr nepnenAn-
B fl.rrocKocrn,
ry.nnpuoft K HarpaBneHllrcnoroxa (r. e. napannerlsoii ocn craHr{un). He NreHrueitse-

t70
.nltqHHbI BO3HHKaIoT yCH,'II'Ifl H B HanpaBJ'leHHH BAOJIb IIOTOKa, BC,'I€ACTBHepa3.rlfiql{fl B TeNI-
n e p a r y p H b l x p e ) K t l M a x Q y H g a u e H r I { o i l n r H r b l , 6 s l u K o a H n e p e K p b r r r . r i i .T a x , H a n p H M e p ,
6 u q x n o 6 b l q H o 6 e t o H H p y t o r c q r o f A a , K o r A a Q y n 4 a u e H r H a n r r , r r H r ay l K e y c t r e , ' r a o c r b r r b .
flpu nounxeHHH TeMneparypbl 6rtqxos nocreArrHe crpeMrrrcq coKparnrbcrr B cBor{x pa3-
M e p a x , q e M y n p e l f l T c r B y e r Q y H 4 a u e H r H a r t r . r r H T a .B p e s y " r s r a r e 6 r , r q x H r . r c r r b r r b r B a r oBr
n p o A o J I b H o MH a f l p a B n e H I l l t p a c r g f l . I B a r o i l I r e y c H J ' I H q , a $ y H 4 a r t r e H r H a q n l r r a r a - c ) K a r g e .
B c l y u a e , e c n w A r t u n a 6 u q x a f l p e B b l u a e r e r o B b r c o r y H e M e H e er { e M B 2 p a s a , a c o -
o p y > K e H H eB o 3 B o A L I r c sH a [ o A a r J r H B b r x r p y H T a x , B o 3 H r { K a r o U I I iyec r . t r f i q M o r y r 6 t r r t o n p e -
,4e,'leHblK , a K B C r e p x ( H e , C n e A y I O I q H MC n o C O 6 O u .B s e A e N {M b I c J T e H HnOO T o p U a M p a c c l r { a -
r p n e a e u o l i K o H c r p y K U H H 3 a K p e r r r ' r e H H q ,I I p e r r f l T c r B y ] o u { H en p o A o J ' I b H b r M nepeMeqeHr.tflM
( p N c . 1 0 . 4 ) . T o r 4 a y c u n u r r H a e A u H l r q y A J r H H bcr e q e H l r q6 u q r a n n J ' r u r b rM o f y r 6 r r r l o n p e 4 e -
. I I e H bn I o Q o p t ' l y . n a u ( 1 0 - l l ) n ( 1 0 - 1 2 ) . T a r x a x r o p u b r a g , e f t c r a a r e / ' r b H o c r cl ra o 6 o A r i u n H e
fiMel.or 3aKpen,{eHHt1,ro HcrHHHbIeycHnHfl onpeAeJrflTcg KaK cyMMa ycnnr.rii B 3arqeM.rreH-
HoM 3JIeMeHTeH ycunuil,, Bbr3BaHHbrxyAaJIeHr.IeMflLlrrrHr{x cessefi. !,.nn onpegeJreHHqno-
cneAHHx rro ropllaM AoJr)KHbr6url npu.noxeHbl ycwJlws.,paBHbre no a6conmnoii eernqllHe,
H o o 6 p a r n u e l t o 3 H a K y r e M , K o r o p b r e B o 3 H H K J r rB{ o B B e A e H H b rH x a M H3 a K p e n a e H u x x . B y A a -
JIeHIiHor ropuoB KoHcrpyKr{lIH cnpaBeAJrr.IBa rl{[ore3a [JrocKlix ceueHuft, rrooroMy BJrr{rrnHe
C I I J I , n p a J l o x e n H b l x n o r o p q a M , M o l K e r 6 u r r s a u e n e H o B r t l q H H e M p a B H o A e i i c r a y r c q e f tn p o -
. 4 o . l r H o I ?c u . n u l V . t l c y M M a p H o r o M o M e H T a c w JM t c , B 3 f r o t o o r H o c u T e d r r b Hooc u , n p o x o l n u l e r i

fa a 6)
- f/g
f (v, - l'16

{_
-l(g _
i I
ay
L - 4,
Puc. l0-4. Cxeua Ko[peAeneHr{}oreMneparypHbrx yculuft B KoHcrpyKqHH, cocrofl-
ulefi Hs AHI{rqa }r 6rilqxos: a - noneper{HoeceqeHae KoHcrpyKrlt'ttt;6 - 3ntopa
reMneparypHbrx Hafiprxeunft B cnyqae 3aKpenneH[rrroprloB KoHcrpyKrlrrr4is -
anlopa reMneparypHbrx HafipqxeHuftnocJrecHsrrig roprroBbrxsaxpenneHnft

qepe3 IreHTp rg)Kecrll ceqegufl scefi xoHcrpyKrrnH. Aeficrenre.rrbHbrenpoAoJrbHbre[oroHHbre

ycrJrus rorAa onpeAenflrorcfl no Qopr'ryle.

Nry:Nsy-'(+.ry) (10.r5)

fae
rV.: ) [ N"sds;
s
M":2t N"oud (r0-r6)
+ s> j M " d s .
s s
3Aecr Ntg HcKoMoe reMneparypHoe ycunr{e, 4eficrnyrcqee Ha eAHHHrre Ad'rnubil ceqeHfifl
B TOM MeCTe, KOTOpOe yAaneHO Ha paCCTOqHHe g OT rIeHTpa TflXeCTH CeqeHHg;
NeA - nOfOHHOe yCHnHe B saIqeMJIeHHOM IIO ropqaM gJIeMeHTe;
,F - n.noulaAbnonepeqHoroceqeHnr KoHcrpyxrlr.rn;
1- uoueHT uHepqHHorHoclireJrbHo
ocu, npoxoAflrqeftuepes ueHrp rrrxecrl{ ce-
qCHHfl;
I - r o , r q H H a g J r e M e H T a( 6 u u x a , n . n n r u ) ;
,t - A J I H H a g . I I e M e H T an o [ e p e q H o r o c e q e H I . I g K o H c r p y r ( q n n ( e r r c o r a 6 s r u x a , u H -
puua Qyu4aueurHoft n.nuru).
flpu neo6xoAuMocrl{ yqecrb pa3Hurly B MoAyJrffx ynpyfocrn 6Hqros u SyH4ar'rerirsoil
T I J I H T IB
I p a c q e r A o . I I l K H bBr B o A H T b c tn p H B e A e H H b rxea p a K T e p H c r H K Hc e q e H r r s . E c , r n c o o p y -
x i e H H e B o 3 B o A H T c gH a x e c r K o M c K a J r b H o Mo c H o B a H H H ,6 r r u K H M o n y r p a c c M a r p H B a r b c f fK. a K
n p g M o y f o n b H b l e I I J I a c T H H K H3, a u l e M J r e H u b rneo o c H o B a H n r o .T e u n e p a r y p H b r e y c H J r H f lB 3 T o M
cflyqae Bo3Mo)KHoonpeAennrb no Qopr'ay.rre:
,1

Nro: N"o - .t 1; .ar.E(l) 'i, /l-\ae= / y ' . . ^0, (ro-r7)

3g
N J
0
\ h l )t.,r,(*)
fAe h - Bbrcora 6uuxa;

,,(;) - opAlrHara ilvHrri BJTHflHHflAnq HopManbHbrx HanprxeHurl s cpeAHeM

ceqeHHI{ npsMoyronrnoft n.nacr}rHKrr Bbrcoroti ir : I H ro.lqnHoft 6 : I
n p H s a r p y x ( e H r . I H[ n a c r H H K H n o T o p q a M A B y M s n p o r H B o n o n o x { H oH a l p a B -
.IIEHHbIMI,I CHNAMI{;
E- op,quHaranpunoxeHrrs cnru (prrc. l0-5).

171
 T e r u r n e p a r y p r r bIrtea n p f l x { e H H fBl K p y n l r r r r x6 e r o H s u t x N r a c c u B a xB o 3 H H K a r oBr c J r e . u c r B H e
3 a [ l e M r e H H q B o c H o B a H H H( n p N n p o u u b t x c K a , r r b r r b r xo c r r o o a u H a x ) , a B y A a J r e H r . t oHT
o c I I o B a H H q- B c r ' I e A c r B Hpea 3 H H I I b R l r e M I Cp a r y p H b l x p e X H M a x n O B e p x H o c r H b t xH B H y r -
p e H H I , I Xq a c r e i i M a c c H B a , a r a K x ( e B c , ' r e A c r B H e p a 3 H H u b r B T e N r n e p a r y p r { b r xp e ) K H N r a xc o -
c e A H I t X n O B b I C O T e6 n O X O e .
B e , t n q u u a r e M n e p a r y p H b r xH a n p g ) K e H H iB i 3 o r { e K o H T a K T ca ) K e c r K H Mc K a , , r b H b rorcuH o -
B a r r l t e r {M o } K e r 6 s r r r n p u 6 J I H x { e H n oo n p e A e r r e H a ,K a r ( B 3 a r l { e N r J r e H H o6npry c e t , - -y!-
-\/
n,..
l

H , ' u rK a K B c , ' r y q a en e p e M e H H o f oN , r o A y J yr sn p y l o c r n t = k3:- )rrr. Bucora KorraKr-

l- 'tu
H o i i 3 o H b Ic o c r a B d ' t f l eor K o , r o ( 0 , 2 - 0 , 3 ) / , r A e I - n a a u o s u r l p a 3 N , r erp' r a c c r . { B a f l .p n r r n r o c u u -
T a r b , q r o r p e u l H H o c r o f i K o c r b6 e r o s a B K o H r a K T H o l si o H e 6 y A e r o 6 e c n e q e H a e , c , ' r up a 3 H H u a
N I e ) K A yu a H s s t c i u e f i r e t u r e p a r y p o l i 6 e r o u a B o B p e M q r B e p A e H H q H n o c J r e A y r o q e i ir e n r n e p a -
r y p o r l _ n r o r l > x e r o r { K e r o c r ' r e o c r b r B a H H f lH e n p e B o c x o A u r l 7 - 2 0 " C .
B y 4 a , r e u u l t o r c K a J l b H o f o o c H o B a H L I frle M n e p a r y p H b r e H a r r p s ) K e H r . i eq 6 e r o H H o \ r N r a c -
c H B e 3 a B U C f l TO T r e M n e p a r y p H o f o p e > K L I M H a p a c c r o q H H f l r \ { e ) K A yl x B a M H ; B e ! ' I I { q r i H aH x M o -
x e r 6 s t r l n p u 6 , r u x e u H o u a f i 4 e H a c o f J r a c H o M e r o A H K e , r { 3 r ' r o x e H H o i le p a 6 o r e [ r t l. 8 5 ] .

a) -r# 0)

LW
H=l

+--+
ni(e/,t
P u c . 1 0 - 5 . O n p e 4 e , r e H H er e M r r e p a r y p H b r x y c l l , r u i i s 6 H q x e ,
>KecTKO3atqerr,'reHHoM rlo ccHoBaHI'Irc
H b r x c n , ' r s 6 t r q x e c g a K p e n J r e H n b r M nr o p r l a M H ; 6 - e n n p a
ycu.tnft or Harpy3Kr.i, flpriJroxeHHofi no ropr{aM; 6 - cyM-
rlrapHaq 3[ropa ycunufi; e - ilvHLtfl BJil4fl.HLis, AJrff Hanpflxe-
Hr.rft npu ,qeficrnnn cx<uMaroqIlx cnr'r Ha ropuax 6uqxa

Kar 6nr"rroyKa3aHopaHee,pacqer rperrluHocrofiKocrHKoHcrpyKrruficBo

AI{TCfi K npoBepKe BeJII{IILIHTeMneparypHbrx Ha[pflx{eHHfi, Koropbre He AoJrxHbr
R_"
npeBocxoAllTb o < -=
3HaqeHHIi
AonycKaeMblx ; npH 3ToMcJreAyeryqurbrBarb
R
BJrr4flHr{e
nor3yqecrr.i, corJracHoQopMyrle (10-4). OAsaxo B raKoM pacqere Bce
)Ke He npr]Hr{MaroTcffBo BHHMaHHeTe nJraCTHrreCKUe AeoopMauHH, KoTopbre
cBf3aIIbI c o6pa3oBaHl4eMMHKporpeIqI{H.EnaronpuflTHoe B.rrr.rfl
HHe noc,,reAHr.tx
Nloxer 6ttrr, yqreHo nyreM yBernqeHuq ycfioBHoro npeAer'railpoqHocrn 6erosa
Ha pacTfl>KeHr.re

R o ., : uno"oE'

fAe :npeA-nPeAerluoe yAJILTHeHHe 6eroHa npu pa3pblBe,6es yuera nor3yqecru.

Alttt yiueHbuel{Hs TeMnepaTypHbIXHaIIpt}KeHHri 14 ycr4Jrri4npuMeHreTcfl
pflA Mep TexHoJlorllqecKoroH KoHcTpyKTHBHofo xapaKTepa. f,raeHeiiulrrMHH3
HHX SBJIflIOTCS: CHLr)KeHHe SK3OTepMHr.{nyTeM yMeHbilJeHHflpacxoAa rIeMeHTa
Il npI'IMeHeHI.IflHIr3KorepMHrrecKrlxr(eMeHToB,oxJrax(AeHHe6erouuoii cMecri,
Bbl6op-6naronpusrHofo BpeMeHH6eroHupoBaHuff,ycrporlcrBo rend{ori3o,{rqHH,
ycrpolicrBo BpeMeHHL,rx H rrocrosHHbrxAeQopMauHoHH;rX r.rrs6s.feQopruaquoH-
HbIe IUBbI coKpalqaloT BbIcoTy KoHTaKTHofi3OHbr u yMeHbrxarcT BeIHr{HHy
TeMneparypHblx Hanprx(eHHi4 B Bbl[IeJlex<aqefiqacru. deQopr'aaUuoHHbre tuBbr
Moryr 6url 3aMoHoJIHrIeHbI nocJreocrblBaHuflcoopy>reHrlr, ecr'runpt-rsKcrrJryara-
Ir[IH HcI(JIloqeHa
Bo3MoxHocrb Bo3HIiKrroBeHrrs onacHbrxreilrileparypFrr]rxyctIJIuri.
172
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N PI4JIO)KEHKI9
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l- TIPI4,IIO)KEHNE I
)-
I
t . CNHPAJIbHbIE KAMEPbI AJIf MOI{HbIX THAPOAfPETATOB C EOJIbIIII,IM
HATIOPOM
I(oHcrpyxqnn cnHpaJrbHbrx
KaMep
i[ ro c- n
- -p rn -a .r ,r ,a -uH
u LH
r vb r x E Lb
B l cl ncro
nuKr o
n nH
n uaLn
Toy p H b I xM
^ r nor rI lq
uHLrb
y IX F
F uH
n fA p o r y p o r H c r r l r p a J r b H b r e
r{aMepbr
B b I 6 H p a l o r c r H 3 J r e f u p o B a H H o t lc r a d ' r u c r o r r x l r l H o i i c r e H o x 3 5 - 4 0 t t n r . S a r p y A H e H H f ln p r {
J I H C T O BJ r e f [ p O B a H H O t l C T a J I H B y C d ' I O B r . i f XC T p O H T e r b H O i l I I " ' I O -
M O H T a X ( el i C B a p K e T O J I C T b T X
I q a A K H , B b r C O X a f lC T O H M O C THb A e o H U H T H O C T be r t C O X O n p O r i H b r ,i r e r U p O n a U H r r X C r a , r e f t n p n -
BOAflr HHOfAa X HeO6XOAUMOCTH H 3 b r C K a H H f l n p H H r I H I I U a J ' r b H OH O B b T Xp e u e H r , r f i A r r s K O H -
crpyKqHI? cnHpar'rbHbrx Kar\rep Typ6HH 6o,rrurorl MorqHocrH r.r 3Har{urerbHoro Hanopa.

Pnc. fl I - 1 . C r a ; r r H a s . 1 a H L a > K H p o B a H H acr n u p a J r b H a f l K a r u e p a .

I - "'itT;. ,l3# o*''
il'J,:;"i; Ti""l?:":ii^:#,i*3; T;?;:'
f l p u s n 6 o p e K o H C r p y x u r l t l c n l r p a , ' r b H b r xK a N , r e pH a A , ' r e ) K H cr q r . r r a r b c q c s e o 6 x o A n -
I v t o c T l r ou c n o J l b 3 o B a H I r qo 6 l t q H b r x , A e u t e B b r . xM a T e p H a J I o BK, o T o p b r e B T o ) K e B p e M q o T B e -
q a . n u 6 r , I r p e 6 o n a u l r R M A o J r f o B e q H o c r l r ,n p o q H o c r u , B o A o H e n p o r r H u a e M o c r rH .r rexHoJIofHu
I\roHTaxa B ycr'toBrIqx cTpoHTe,'rbcTBa.
C n o e o 6 p a s u e Q o p r i a l r c n H p a , ' r b H o f ix a l r e p l r K a K c . r o x H o i l n p o c r p a H c r s e r r H o i i o 6 o -
d ' I O r I K -r . l Y d ' I H T K I {.,4 e s O p U a q U n X O r O p O f iB H a r p y > K e H H O M C O C T O f l H HC Ur r , ' r b H OO T f l U q a e r c q
o r 4 e Q o p l r a u . r i uc H r \ { M e r p r { q H L ,or6xo , r o , r e x( u n ; r u H , q p a ,u r a p a , r o p a H a p . ) , r p e 6 y e r o c r o p o x < -
HO|O [O.{XOAa K ee KOHCTpyHpOBaHIiTO.
H u x e p a c c r v r a r p n B a r o r c fH l o B r , r eK o H C r p y K q H r rc n H p a r ' r l u o i i x a m e p u , p a s p a 6 o r a r r l l b t e
n " r l e u r l r g , p o n p o e K Tncp H n p o e K r n p o B a H I , r ul r t o u l s o i i f 3 C c H a t r o p o M o K o r ' r o 1 0 0 , n , c a f p e -
f a r a r v r r {N r o u l H o c r b r o5 0 0 M e m n p H A H a r \ f e r p ep a 6 o u e r o K o J r e c ar y p 6 u H 7 , 5 n .
C r a . n b H a f l 6 a u p , a > x r 4p o B a H H a s c n H p a i l b H a f l K a \{ep a.
C n u p a , r r u a r K a M e p a A a H H o r o r H l l a n p e A c r a B , r s e r c o 6 o r o o 6 o , r o v x y B B H , q er o p o o 6 -
p a a n o f t y , r r H r K r r( p u c . l l I - l ) .
O 6 o , r o q x a 3 a r r p o e K r H p o B a H au s o 6 s r q H o f ic r a , ' r nC t . 3 c o 6 x a r u e u 6 a H 4 a x a u n H 3 B b t c o -
x o n p o u u o i i c r a J r n 3 5 7 C . f l p e 1 e n r e K y q e c r u c r a d ' r no 6 o , r o q x u c o c r a B J r s e ro r e K : 2 3 0 0 r c f l c n z ,
6aHgaxefi 6reK : 5500 rcflcnz.
0 6 o . r o q r a c o c r o u r r - r so 6 e q a e x , c o e A u H e H H b I XM e x A y c o 6 o i i c o c r a r o p o r i r r y p 6 u H u
c a a p x o l i ; r o , ' r u { H H ac r e u K H o 6 e , { a e x p a B H a 3 0 . + t i v t .E a u g a x i r K p y f J I o r o c e q e H H f iI { M e l o r A B e

t73
B e r B H - H H ) K H l o l oH B e p x H t o l . o , - o 6 e o H H n p H B a p H B a l o T c f l c o A H o t i c r o p o H b r K c T a r o p H b r M
K o J I b I I a MT y p 6 H H b I I I c I I p o r l . l B o r I o J I o x H o l ic r o p o H l r c o e , q H H q l o r c qB c r a r ' r b u o u 6 a u N l a x e ,
f A e 3 a r s r u B a l o r c q n o c p e A c r B o MM a c J I g H o r oc e p B o M o r o p a , n J r o r u o o 6 x u u a r i o 6 o , r o u x y a p a -
A I { a r ' l b H o MH a I I p a B J I e I { I i HB
; T O p o B o l \ {H a I I p a B J I e H n no 6 o n O q K a H e H a n p q r a e T c r .
flpu ru4paB!'tHr{ecKoM AaB"'IeHHH BHyrpH cnHpanH 130 Tln2 vaxcrua,rrHbre sanps-
x ( e ! | l 1 - p a c r g x e H H g c o c r a B J l s l o r B o 6 o n o r { K eo M a K c : l l 3 0 r c l ' l c . t r z , n 6 a n 4 a x a X o r v " x c-
: 2140 rcf/cnz. ..
Taxnlt 06pa3oI{, xona6anaqufl BblcoKonpouHoil xpyr.nofi cra,'ur c Hr.r3Konpouuofi,
c p a B H H r e J r b H or e r K o c B a p l { B a e M o i,ir r c r o l o j l c r a J l b r oC r . 3 , A a e r B u e J r o MK o r { c r p y K r l t r r c ., q o -
c T a T o q H on p o q H y l o H H a A e x H y r o H 3 a M e H r r e TK o H c T p y K U H l O CrrHpa,'rH H3 oAHofo Jrr.rcToBoro
I f a r e p H a ! ' r ac n p H M e H e H H e l 4r e Q u u u r s o r i H M a J r o r e x H o J r o r f i q e c K o ictr a n w .
M o r i r a x u l t e p a 6 o r u u o c 6 o p x e R y c r a H o B K e 6 a u 4 a x r . r p o a a u H o r ic r r u p a r b H o r l x a u e p s r
He,qoJrxHbr HMerb oco6stx oc,ro>xHeHnfi,

P u c . f l I - 2 . C n u p a J r b H a n K a M e p a I i 3 M o H o , ' i u r H o r of i p e A H a n p f f x e H H o f o
xeJreS06eroHa
1 - craJlbraa o6,ruqonxa; 2 - txeneso6erossaa cnupanbHar KaMepa; 3 - nyqKp
BbrcoKonporrHofi npoao.noxu; 4 - 6eroH 6.noxa

, [ , a H s a s K o H c r p y K u u f i c n u p a J r r n o l i x a u e p b r , B o c [ p u n r { M a r o q a f l n o J r H o c r b r oB c e H a -
r p y 3 K H p a 6 o r a r c u l e f o a r p e f a r a , H e n p e A b q B r q e r o c o 6 b r x r p e 6 o a a H H f t K K a r { e c r B y6 e r o s s o l i
K J I a A K H ,o c o 6 e H H o s H u x H e f t q a c r r . r 6 l o r a .
Cra.nruue ctrupaabubre KaMepbr uau6o.nee BbIroAHbrno crolrMocru, HaAexHbr r{ Ao,Tfo-
Beqlrbl s pa6ore.
C.rre4yer oco6o orMerlrrb, qro Bo3MoxHocru npHMeHeHI.It craJlbnbrx 6au4axupoBaH-
HbIx npeABapureJrbHoHanpsxeHHux o6o.noqex e cQepe BbrcoKHx 4annennr? BecbMa BeJrr.rKH.
Bo OpaHuHH Ha f3C Ears (Poaenan) nocrpoeH n aKcnJryarnpyercq cra,rnuoft 6as-
. { a x { H p o B a H H u r ln p e 4 e a p r . r r e J r b H o 6 x a r u f t r p y 6 o n p o o o A n p H H a n o p e 1 4 0 0 n ; s f l n o H r . r u
na fOC Kypo6e lV - ilpH Hanope 600,u; e fpeq npu Hanope 585 ,n.
Moxso npnBecrr.r eu1e MHoro npr.rMepoBycneuruofi, saAexsori pa6orr,r 6au4axupo-
B a H H b r xr p y 6 o n p o n o A o B i l p H B b r c o K H XH a n o p a x ( K a n a e J I o H r , f l y x e , . M a n r r o n e p H A p . ) .
K p y f J r a s c n H p a . r r b H a qK a M e p a u 3 H a n p s ) K e H H o f o ) K e -
, 1e 3 o 6 e r o g a .
O o p l r a x e f l e e o 6 e r o H H o f t H a n p f f x { e n H o f tc t t l l p a J r b H o f tx a u e p u n o B H y r p e H H e M yo q e p -
TaHHlo floJrHocrbro coorBercrByer crantHofi.
I(oHcrpyxqHrr cocronr H3 )KeJre3o6eronHorn o p e A B a p [ r e J r b H oH a l p q x e H H o r o K o J r b r r a
r o " ' r u l l l s o f i 1 , 2 n u n H y r p e u u e f i c r a l ; s o f t o 6 n u u o e x f i H 3 c r a ! ' r ur o ; r u l l r H o i i 2 0 n n ( p u c . f l I - 2 ) .
K o r r r r o H a n p q r a e r c r B p a A H a J r b H o MH a n p a B J r e H r . r H ilyr{KaMIi H3 estcoxonpouuofi
apr{arypbr c npeAerrol{ rpoqHocrn Rfi : 17 000 rcl-lcnz.
Mapxy 6erosa cJreAyer nprrHuMarb He Hlixe 400. O6xarHe KoJrbua npor.I3BoAurcfl
n p r r 3 a r B e p A e B u l e r {6 e r o H e c r r o M o r q b r or l A p a B , ' r u q e c K l r x A o M K p a r o B . B r o p o n o u H a r r p a B -
J I e HHH K o d T b u o u e o 6 x H r . t a e r c q .
T a x n u o 6 p a s o l r , n a u 6 o , r r u r u e K o r ' r b u e B b r yec H J r H q B o c [ p H H H M a I o r c q H a n p t x e H H I I M
xer-re3o6eToHoM,TopoBbre pacrflrHBalorqHe ycr.IJrHf, cocTaBJrflroulHenoJIoBI.IHyKor'lbI{eBbIX,
nepeAanrct sa o6rtqslrft x<ereso6eros. B o6onx cocrosnxflx KoHcrpyKIrLIu e uexoropofi
c T e n e H l rn p H H H r v r a eyr q a c T H e n p a 6 o r e H c T a J r b H a f fo 6 . n H r l o s x a K o J r b r { a .o g n a x o o c H o B H a f l
p o . n r o 6 . r t t u o B K u c B o A H T c f lx o 6 e c n e q e H r . n oB o A o H e n p o H l i r l a e M o c r H cflupaJIbHoflxauepu.
f l p u H a n o p e A o 1 0 0 , r uu A u a M e r p e g o l 0 I xeJre3o6eroHHafl cnnpa,rbHar Kal{epa
o 6 . n a . q a e rA o c r a r o q H o i i n p o u H o c r r r c .

171
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H a n p r x e u H b t e x { e J l e 3 o 6 e r o H s u eK o H c r p y K r l u n , p . a 6 o r a r c r q u en o g 6 o , r u u H r \ f B H y r p e H -
, H H M A a B J I e H H e MH' M e I o r I U H p o K o e p a c f l p o c r p a H e H L I e ( r p y g " ] , p e 3 e p B y a p b r , r a 3 r o , ' r b A e p b r
;11 H A p . ) . 8 ' r a c t H o c r r , M o > x H oc o c r l a r b c f l H a r p y 6 o n p o s o A - i 3 C S b p ( b f a t i u r i a ) . f p y O o n f o -
lt
B o , qH M e e r A H a M e r p 4 , 0 t t n p a 6 o r a e r n o A H a n o p o l \ r1 2 0 - 1 4 0 n .
I
1
- L n H p a n b H a q K a M e p a n o , I I H f o H a , r I b H o r o c e q e H r . r f lH 3
{I c 6 o p H o r o ) K e J r e s o 6 e r on a .

Pi'c. lI I-3. cxeua cnHpaJrbHori xauepu rroJHfoHa.[bHoro ce-

q e H r . r qu a c 6 o p u o r o n p e A H a [ p f l x e H H o f o x e n e s o 6 e r o u a
.l - cranbnaa o6luqorxa; 2 - n_pe4nanpsxeHxbte x<eJreso6eroHHlre 6a;rxu;
3- npe4uanptlKeHHbre*"*""."*;:":r;f"il?:."' 4 - 6e"roa6.rroxa;5 -

B JleHrugponpoeKre 6naa pasp a6orawa KoncrpyKrtHfl cttHpar,]lsoii xanepu r.islc6op-

Hblx npeABapHTeJIbHH o a n p g x e H H b I X B [ p o A o J r b H o MH a n p a B J r e H H ux e d ' r e 3 o 6 e r o H H u xc r o e K
o q e p r a H u f l I ' I r o p H 3 o H T a J r b H b r x6 a i o K , o r v r o H o , ' m q H B a e t { b H
r xa N { e c r e c 6 o p x r . r .
*9Y3Hofo
I J e p x H e e n e p e K p b r r H e n p e A c r a B . n s e rc o 6 o l t x e r e s o 6 e r o u u u f i x o H y c ( p u c . i r l I - 3 ) .

i
Psc. fl I-4. Xeneso6eroHHaqclttlpaJrbHasKauepa c rrarrofi npo-
i xna4xofi rro ]Ke,'re3o6erouuolry
KoJrbuy
t
I .1- cra.nrnar apMarypa; 2 - cra.nrgaa o6,luqorxa; J - xe.tego6etosHaq cnu_
I panbHaq KaMepa; 4 _ crarbHar KonbqeBar H TopoBar{ apMaTypa; S _ usrxan
npoKnaAKa; 6 - 6cron 6,roxa

C r a r o p n u e K o J t b u a c o e A u H s l o r c g c B e p x H H M H H r i x { H H l r K o H y c a } , { Hn y r e \ r l r p H B a p K r l
x ux pe6pau cranluofi apMarypbl, npoxo4nqefi eHyrpn 6erosa KoHyca, '{ro o6ecne.{r.rBaer
n p o q H o e c o e A I ' I H e H I t ec r a r o p H b r x K o J r e u c x e n e g o 6 e r o H H h r r \ { HK o H v c a r u H c n u p a n s s o i i
KAMCDbI.
E o r o s a q c r e H K a x e c r K o c o e A u H q e r c q c 6 e r o u H b r [ { I .KoHycar{[ j c6opuuttl npeluanps-
xeHHbrMH >xenego6eroHHbrMri6a.nxalru-
C 6 o p H u e n p e A B a p H T e J I b HH o a l r p f l ) K e H H b l e] K e J r e 3 o 6 e r o g u u e9 r , r e r \ { e H TBbor c r r D r i H H M a r o r
r o . I I b K op a A H a J I b H b lyec I ' I J I H f (l x o . t t s q e n s l e ) T
. o.ponxe ycrnr{fl (npo,4onrHue)nocnpuhHya}orcq
c n e u r a J r b H o i i a p r n r a r y p o f t6 . n o x a n c r a n r u o f r o 6 J r H u o e x o i r .

t75
:'
6 a , r x u y c r a r r a B J r H B a r o r c fM l e)KAyco6oii c 3a3opaN{lt.
f l o H a p y x n o l r y K o H r y p y 6 a , r o x , n o c J l e H x y c r a H o B K H H a M e c r e , y K J r a A b r B a e r c frlr e -
H a n p t ) K e H H a qa p M a r y p a B H a n p a B J I e H HrHo p o B b r x y c l r , r u f i , n p e A H a 3 r r a q e H r , rAarfql q a c r r . { q -
H o r o H X B o c n p I . r f l r H qv A J r t rp a B H o M e p H o r op a c t r p e A e n e H H f K l o J ' r b U e l b r xy c u , r l r i i .
D ^ n s o 6 e c n e q e s u f l B o A o H e n p o H u t l a e M o c rcl tn H p a r b H o f i x a l r e p s r , r o B H y r p e H H e N { y
K o H r y p y e e y c r a H a B J r r { B a e r c sc r a r b H a q o 6 o r o q K a r o r u l u u o r i n - n n n ( C r . 3 ) .
! , r x u e c x o r b K o ' M e H b u n x H a r r o p o B ,K a M e p b rn o d ' r H r o H a r b H o r u o rpaneueuAa,'rbHofo
c e q e H H f l M o r y r A a r b 3 H a r { H T e J r b u oyeM e H b u e H H er a 6 a p H r o s 6 " ' r o x a , e c , ' r Hy r o , t o x B a r a c H I , r -
3xrb Ao l80-275" no cpaBHeHuro c 3 1 5 - 3 4 5 o , o 6 l t q n o n p l r H u M a e N r bA r x, ' r f lx a N r e pK p y r J r o r o
c eq e H H t .
C n u p a r ' rb H a s K a r l r e pa c M e u a H r r o f i x o r r c r p y K r { r rH .
C n u p a , r l H a f i K a M e p a c o c r o H T H g c r a / ' I b H o f i o 6 o , r o q x H u ) K e d ' r e 3 o 6 e r o u s o r oK o ! ' r b r r a
r o . n q u H o f t 7 0 c . M , B K o r o p o M p a c n o J r o ) K e H aB A B a p g A a K o r ' r b U e B a sH r o p o B a s a p N r a r y p a
(puc. fl I-4).
f u g p a n " r n v e c K o e A a B J r e H H eB o c l r p I { H I . r M a e r c tr { a c r u q H o c r a . r t t s o t l o 6 n u q o e x o l i , q a -
c r n r { H o a p u a r y p o f t . K o . r r q e n a s a p M a r y p a n p H B a p H B a e r c f lx p e 6 p a u c r a r o p a , r o p o B a s
i l p o K , ' I a A b r B a e r c fcl e o 6 o A u o n o K o r ' r b r r e n o l i o
, 6pasya o6uuuyrc cerKy apMHpoBaHHs.
T a x u n r o 6 p a 3 o M , o 6 p a s y e r c x K a p K a c I . I 3A B y x a p N , r a r y p H b r cx e r o K . A p n r a r y p u u e c e r K l r
Htr'relorl\{exAy co6oro 3a3op v 25 ctt, HLIxHtfl cerKa oTcTour or cranruofi o6,ruqoexu
ua 20 cu.
B xe,reao6erouuoM KoJrbue AonycKaerca o6paaonaHne rperquH. Ang roro rlro6br
rpetrluHbI He pac[pocrpaHflJrucr ga 6etos arperarHoro 6noxa, xeneso6eroHHoe Ko,'ibuo
orAeJIeHoor 6.roxa lrsrxoir npoK,'raAKoir.3ra Mepa Ae,'raercoBepueHHo otrpeAe.'reHHoI?
p a 6 o r y a r p e r a r H o f o 6 , r o x a H a f r . r A p a B , ' r [ q e c K Hyec r r J t r f l .
l l p o u s a o , q c r e o p a 6 o r , x o r f l H y c J r o x H s e r c f l n p H 6 e r o H i l p o e a H H HH H > x H e f u i acru ap-
IvlaTypHOrO K O , ' I b I I a ,O A H a K OB I I O J i H eO C y U I e C T B H M O .
O c u o s H H v H H e A o c r a r K a M r . or r o f o B a p H a H T a s B r ' r s l o r c r H e o 6 x o 4 l . r l , r o c r by B e a H q e H r . i r
p a 3 M e p o Ba r p e f a r H o f o 6 n o x a f 3 C u a l - 2 n u o f i a c H o c r b p x a B , r r e H r . rarp M a r y p b r n p u H a -
J I H q H HT p e u H H e x e n e g o 6 e r o H H o M K o J I b r r e .

IIPHJIO}KEHHE II
P A C T IE T C N I , I P A J I b H b I X K A M E P

[I ll-1. P a c q e r c r a J r b n b r x c n n p a J r b H b r xK a M e p

B c e u e r o 4 s l p a c q e r a c r a r ' r b H b l xc n H p a r ' I b H b I XK a M e p c B o A f l r c f l K p a c r r e r a M r o p o o o f r
o6o,uouxu, cxeMaru3upyrorqefigru KaMepbr.
H e x a c a s c b r e o p u u M e r o A o Bp a c q e r o B , K o r o p b r e M b r H e M o x e M n p H B e c r u n o 4 p o 6 u o
B c J I e . q c r B H6eo n r u r o r o o 6 b e N r aM a r e p n a J l a r l o H I { M , o r p a H n q u l { c s p e 3 y , ' r b r a r l B H b r M f i3 a B H -
cHMOCTflMT.I Ar'If OCHOBHbIX I.i3 HIiX:
reopnq pacuera (puc. n II-1).
l) EesruonneHrHac
OcHosusascbHa pacqereroponoii o6o.novxtt,Mo>KHo
Harr[carbcJleAyrorr{He
Bbrpa)Ke-
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N A, : D r . (n Ir-3)
r A e p - f H A p o A l I H a r \ , r u q e c K ore. , e . B H y r p e H H e e ,A a B a e H H eB o A b rc y q e T o Mf H A p a B , ' r H r ] e c K o f o
y A a pa .
beslnror\,reurHa r er ro p H f f o 6 b r q H o n p e y M e H b u a e r y c n r ' r H f lB r o q K e K n a l 5 - 2 5 0 , 6 ( e : a -
I r u c u r , t o c r Ho r o r H o [ r e H u n r l a ) H y B e , r u r { H B a eH r e c K o J I b K oy c r I J r H s s r o . { x e B i r a 1 0 - 1 5 % .
I ( a x n p a n u J r o , y c r . r J r a fB l r o r { K e . 4 o n p e 4 e n f l } o r c f l s 6 e s N . r o N { e H r u roef io p u u A o B o , ' r b H or o q H o .
2 ) M o r v r e u r H a sr e o p n c p a c q e r a . O x o . i i o M e c r r r p u K p e r r J r e H r . o r s6 o n o q x n K c r a r o p H b r M
K o / ' I b U a l uB o 3 H I { K a e Tu s r u 6 a r c u l u i i M o u e H r , x o r o p u i i A o B o , ' r b H o6 u c r p o 3 a T y x a e T n o r v r e p e
y A a , r e H H f l c e r l e H H f l o r K p a f l . B c , r y u a e r o H r o f i o 6 o n o q x r . r H a r r p f l ) K e r { H qo r H e r u 6 a n u l e r o
N r o M e H T aH l \ { e l o r 3 H a r { H T e r b H y r oB e r I { r I H H y , n p e H e 6 p e f a r b x o r o p o r i H e d ' l b 3 f . S r o r l r o l n r e u r
yqHTblBaeTcff B HaCTOgilIeeBpeN{fl HeCKOJTbKI{MI,I MeToAarvlr{.vZ UUX 6OAee AOCTOBepHbTM
I \ l o ) { H oI I p I { 3 H a r b r \ { e r o AJ l e u u u r p a 4 c K o f o M e r a J r J r r { q e c K o f3oa B o A a( J I M 3 ) H r l r e H rX .r X I I cr,e:-
a a K | I C C u I { e H r p a , r b H o f o x o r , r o r y p 6 u H n o f o H H c r n r y r a ( l { K f U l H M e H HL 4 . 1 4 .f l o , t z y H o B a .
l l o e r o u y N r e r o A y p a c q e r H a f l c x e \ { a ( p u c . l I I I - 2 ) n p e a c r a B ! ' i f l e rc o 6 o f i c t t u p a . [ b H y F o
!{alvlepy B BHAe ropoo6pasuoii o6o.rioqKIl c 3aAe!'IaHHbrr{r.r B cTaropHbre Ko,'rbr{a Kpaflr\{II.
H a n p x x e u H o e c o c r o r H u e r o p o o 6 p a s n o i i o 6 o , r o q x u B 3 a A e d ' r KB e crarope npu6"luxeuHo olr-
peAe,rflercJ{ no Qopruy,ratr:
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r A e p - f H , q p o A H H a t \ r H q e c KAoaeB , r e H H e .
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n e p c o H a , ' I , B b l 3 b l B a s r g x e r ' l o e n p o Q s a 6 o " r e B a H L I eH, a 3 b r B a e M o en u 6 p o 6 o , r e 3 H b r o .f l o a r o l r y
I I p u p a c l o r ' l o x ( e H I , l un o c r o t H H b l x p a 6 o v u x N I e c TH a a l r 6 p N p y r o u f ] r x K o H C r p y K r l r . i f l xH e o 6 x o -
, q H M o n p o B e p r r b A o n y c r u M o c r u n u 6 p a u u i i n o c a H r { r a p H b r r v} r o p M a M .
. { o n y c r n r r a a f f n o c a H I . I r a p H b t MH o p M a M u a u 6 o . r l r u a r n u 6 p a q a f l K o H c r p y K q H r z ,H a K o -
r o p o f i _ H a x o . 4 s r c l n o c r o f l H H b r ep a 6 o u N e N { e c r a ,H e A o J r x H a L r M e r bM a K c n r l r a J r b H y rcoK o p o c r b
6 o " l e e 2 , 0 n . t t lc e r c n p H q a c r o r a i o r 1 0 a o 1 0 0 e 4 . ! , o n y c r u v u e B e d ' r r { q r . r H o 6b ur 1 u x e u 6 p a u u f r
u o r y r 6 t t r r , y n e " r n q e H b lB 3 p a s a _r i J r f l K o H c r p y x r l u i i , H a K o r o p b r x o 6 c . t y x l r s a r c u 1 H f in e p c o -
Ha!'I Haxolurcs He 6onee 10-15% pa6overo BpeMeHri.

n lll-2. Hexoropue K o J r n q e c r B e H H b r3ea K o H o M e p H o c r n

P a c c u o r p u u x o . n e 6 a H n qc u c r e M b rc o A s o i i c r e r r e H b r oc s o 6 o 4 u , c o c r o a u q e r iH s N { a c c l r1 U ,
K o r o p y r c 6 y 4 e r v rc q g T a r b r o u e u u o f i , y K p e l J r e u H o f i s a K o H u e K o H c o J r b H o f i . 6 a t x u A n u w a t I
c nocroqHHoii x{ecrKocrbroceqeHHq E I , tAe
E - nro4ynb ynpyrocrn Marepr.rar'ra6anxvt,
/ - M O M e H T L r H e p I I I . r HI I O n e p e q H O | O C e r I e H L I f l ,
npuqeM uaccoft 6atxu no cpaBHeHxro c Mac-
c o f i rM M o x H o n p e u e 6 p e u r ( p u c . l l I I I - l ) . f l p n
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n,, = - .
13 P u c . l I I I I - 1 . C x e u ar o , r e 6 a r e n E ' H o f t
I(o,re6auHr Maccbr noA 4eficreuenr cra- cncreMbrc oAHoil creneHbrocso6oArt
uuonapHofi rap\roHuqecxoficr.r"tu
P(t) - Posin 2nJt
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coBeprrlarorcs raKlKe no rapNroHHrrecKoN,ry A sin (2nft - go) c roft xe qacro-
rofi f Ieq) u c aun.nury4oii

A : (n III-l)
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112

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cHcreMbl.3Aecl o - crararrecxnfinporu6 TorrKI{Kpe[neHuqMaccbr noAAericrereucu.ru Po;
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lIo)KHo npHHHuarb 1: 0 , 2 . I 4 s r p a Q n x a p H c . n I I I - 2 o , n o K a 3 b r B a r o q e r o3 a B l r c u M o c r b
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qacrorbl xole6are,rluofi cucrelrtt B r r s r b H n u 6 o , r e e p a 3 , M o x H o
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( n I I I - l ) B H A H o ,r r r o n p H J : 0 , I g u u a u n u e c x a x 4 e Q o p r , r a q u sx e , r e s o 6 e r o H u o i ix o u c r p y r -
IIHI'I He Mox(er 6onee qelu B l0 pas npeasofirH crarHqecKyro 4erpopuar.IHronoA AeiicrefeM ra-
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E c n u H a c u c r e N r y , n o K a 3 a H H y r oH a p H c . n I I I - 1 , B M e c r o c u n i r P ( l ) a e f i c r n y e r K H -
H e M a T I { q e C K OBeo 3 M y u I e H H eB B H A e B e p T H K a J r b H O rrOa p M O H r . I q e C K O rl lOe p e N { e u l e H f i fB r, 3a-
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n" nur y 4 o r a 6 c o n rc T n b rx v o rH o c u TeJrbH brxnepeMel l {eH H fi .A rtrnrH ryA a a6co.nmH oro nepe-
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or orHocnrentsoft qacrorbr: a - no Qopruy.,re(fI III-1); 6 -
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raKx(eonpeAensercqno Qopuy"rre
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n III-2,6)

P p r c .n I I I - 3 . f p a { l u x 3 a B H c H -
,(+)" Aotn:

M o c rrr MaK cH Ma.arH oft aMnJIH -

ry A s r or orH ocute.nssotl cK opo-
c r H B o 3 p a c T a H H fH l arpy3KH v('-ft)" i2 (n I I I-2)
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182
B cucreue npH 3ToMBo3HHKarcT x o " r r e 6 a H Hcf l q a c r o r o f i / 0 , s a r y x a l o u l n e o 6 s t q t { o B T e q e H H e
H e c K o . [ b K H Xn e p H o A o s . O c u o e n o f i u H T e p e cn p n 3 T o M [ p e A c r a B J l q e r M a K c H M a , ' I b H aaf M l nJIH-
r y A a 3 T H x x o . n e 6 a u n f i , 3 a B H c H M o c T bx o r o p o f t o r o T H o c H T e . n s u o ci tK o p o c r H B 0 3 p a c r a H H f l
Harpy3KH I n o K a 3 a H aH a p H c . f l I I I - 3 . H s r p a S H K a B H A H o t, { r o e c J I I II < : 0 , 3 / u , r o c r o q -
Jo
Hoc r br o A o 5 0 /6 M o x (H o c q .trra rb , u ro 4eQopMauuq npoH cxoA H T crarnqecK H .
H a n p H M e p , n p H K o p o r K H X 3 a M b r K a H L I f lBx c e r H , p u o x e r A o c r n r a r b 2 0 0 c e r c - I . C n . -
A o B a T e J r b H oe,c J r g c o 6 c r s e H H a q q a c r o r a K p y r H J r b H b I xr o n e 6 a u u f i r e H e p a r o p a H a r l o A r e H e -
p a r o p s o f i x o u c r p y K u H H n p e B o c x o 4 u r 6 5 0 - 7 0 0 e q , M o x ( H oc r { H r a r b , t { r o M o M e H ro r K o p o r -
K o r o 3 a M b r K a H H qs B r q e r c r r c r a r u . { e c x o f i H a r p y s x o f i A J r f ln o A r e H e p a r o p n o f i K o H c r p y K I r H H .
l l p n o q e H b 6 u c r p o u H a p a c r a H u u H a n p y - s x H( i 3 > l 8 / o ) , M a K c H M a r l b H a rl e Q o p u a u u n
r v lolK erno q T H B A Ba p a 3 a n p e n e o fi ru crarxqecK yl o.
B p a c c r r l o r p e H H b rcxJ r y q a q x , p a B H o K a K H B o B c e x A p y r H X , A i l f l o n p e A e x e H H f a f MnJIH-
T y A br x on e 6 a n u fi s e o 6 x o Au rv roo n p eA eJrH Tb cH aqaJra co6crnesstte qacrorbl coopyl K eHt I f l
HilLl OTAeJIbHbIX efo KOHCTpyKTHBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB.

n lll-3. O n p e g e a e n n ec o d c r s e H H H x q a c r o r

A s H a rrp rq e c K a fl p a c r{ e rH a fl cxeMa coopyx(eH H q no4o6no craruqecxoft pacvetHor l

c x eM e f lBJ rfl e rc fl y n p o u l e H H b rM n so6paxesnerra A efi crB H TeJIbH orocoop)' > K eH H r.OA H a xo,

2)

PHc. n III-4. Pacqersue cxeMbl HeKoropblx KoHcrpyxUltii

noM HM o [a p a ]re rp o B c ra rH q e c x o fi pacuernofi cxeMbl , B A nH aMuqecxofi pacverH ofi cxeM e

eue npH c y T c T By ro TH H n p a ro Tp e l l l arcul Y n poJrb Maccbl - cocpeA oroqeH H bl eI{ pac[peA eJleH-
Hbr e M oIv re H T bHIH e p q H H Ma c c , T p e H H e H T. n.
I [ pa n n n s H o c o c ra B J re n H a fl pacqerH afl cxeMa A onx(H a 6strt A ocraroqH o npocr of t ,
, { r o6ur no u a n a rb c g p a c q e ry , H o B To } K e B peMs H A ocraror{ H o roquofi , qto6trt o6ecneqnr s
Heo6x olu My ro Ao c ro Be p H o c rb B e rHrrH H , onpeA eJl fl eMbl xpacqeroM. H Il xe [pH B oA H TcR He-
c K oJ r bK o n p H M e p o B p a c q e rH b rx c x e M H onpeA eJIeHflH. A Jtg,sH x co6crB eH H bIXqacror.
K o H i rp y KrrH H , c o Ae p x (a u l H ecocpeA oroqeH H yroMaccy, B ec xoropofi H aMH oro 6o.n lr ue
B e c a , n o A A e p x < H B a l o u l e r oy n p y r o I . o 3 J r e M e H r a ,K a K 3 T o n o K a 3 a H o H a p H c . n I I I ' 4 , a - e ,
npHB oA f l t-o 6 s tu H o K p a c u e rn 6 fi c x eMe cncreMbl c o4noft creneH bl o ceo6oA sr, noK a3aHHof i
r
u b p u c . n I I I - 4 , m . t { a c r o r a c o 6 c r s e H H b r xx o n e 6 a s H r l r a x o i t c n c r e u s t t e n 6 o . n u r u e ,q e M
,,17.cercz1
v q e M M e H b t x eB e J I H q H Hla\ { a c c bM
) yy" in. p y n o r o a J r e M e H r a
6 o . ' r r u l ex e c r K o c r b K' $(oTpl n n l |
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3 r o f i Q o p r ' , r y . r roe6 u q s o n p H A a r o r 6 o . n e ey a o 6 H u f i B H A . O 6 o s H a q a q q e p e 3 A [ r u ] c r a -
T H q e c K H f tn p o r n 6 r o q x n K p e n n e H u s M a c c b ro r c x J r b rQ - M g , 4 e f i c r n y r c u l e l t e H a n p a B J I e H H I I

l JIo fi u q HcxH fi J I. f. , JI y p r e A. V 1., K ypc reoperH l { ecxofi N { exaHHKH,

r. I x II, fHTTJI, 1957.

I83
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ua plc. fl III-4, A v e, ilplt Bbrqxc,'reHHui c,re4yer yqHrbtBarb cyMr'rapHyro iKecrKocrb Bcex
y n p y r H X 3rtel\,1eHToB.
D,as K p y r r . r r ' r b H b r xx o . n e 6 a u u l ' i ( p H c . n I I I - 4 , e ) o c e c u l r u e r p u u u o t i M a c c b r c M o M e H r o \ l
HHep uH ri G ) l T . . + t . c e r c z lu a n K o J r o H H a x ) K e c r K o c r r r c K , p a c t l o , ' r o ) K e H H b r x H a p a c c r o f l H l t l r
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crpyKrrr.rH, uveiouder? Bbrcory I Inl, Hapy>xustfi 4 u a u e i p D [ , u ] , n H y r f e H u r z i i d I n l ,
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C u c r e i u u c p a c n p e A e , r e u u o i t l r a c c o i l M o f y r 6 u r l n p u n e A e H b r K 3 K B H B a J I e H T H b IrN t o{
co6crseiruori qacrore cHcre\{ar{ c cocpeAoroqeuHoiiuaccoii, H uao6opor. lloxaxer{ 3ro Ha
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l x a p H r { p H oo 2; 3; 4
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n p e o 6 p a 3 y e Mc H c r er \ r y A H Q Q e p e H u r { a J ' r b Hybprax B H e H H i i( n I I I - 1 2 ) B c H c r e r u ya J ' r r e 6 p a H q e -
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Puc. fl I I I - 8 . f p a Q u x x o e $ Q u q r e H r a n p u c o e A n H e H H o f i N , r a c c bOr , n l t x e c r K o
. l a s u o f i H a o l o p a x r u 6 r o f i c r e H K H n o c x e r \ . r e7 r a 6 n . n I I I - 3

floAcrasrqfl B Tperbe u3 3rHX ypanueHuft cooruouerruq

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l12 (n III-17)
2v l t ,
I ( o p H u y p a B H e H H q q a c r o r ( n I I I - 1 6 ) , . p a c n o n a r a e M b l eB r l o p q A K e B o 3 p a c r a l o u l H X
q a c r o r a M c o 6 c r B e H I i b I XK o '
s x a q e H u f i H o 6 b s H a q a e M b r ec o o r B e r c r B e H u o f 1 , f z u f s , p a B H b r
. n e 6 a H u t ic o o p y l K e H u t H a r p y n r o B o M o c H o B a H H H .
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Pnc. II III-9. f p a S N x x o e $ Q u u u e H r o B n p u c o e A I l H e r i s o f iM l t Q-t 4la
. -a-cc-bl.O xecTKo 3a-
n rrr-3(i:2;3;4
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uaonopax
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E c , r r re : ( n I I I - 1 6 ) 6 y a y r f o : - f, o r w f r . T a x u r a o 6 p a s o u ,
0 , r o K o p H s M ry{p a B H e H n R
qacrorbt f ur,,t'0, v t', - aro Co6crneHHbler{acTo'rbl,U,nq cOOpy}KeHHflnpI{ 3KcUeHTpHUHTeTe
e: 0 , t . ' i j . ' i i r o p y k e H u s , y K o r o p o r o u e H r p r t x e c r l l H c e p e A l l H an o A o I x B b IS y H g a u e H r a
. n e x a r n a o A H o l i ' s e p t " n r r r i . t { r o 6 u H a f i r l l i o 6 c r s e x H t t e r { a c r o r b l c o o p ! ' ) K e H H sn p I { e + 0 ,
r\{o111Ho c n o J r b 3 o B a rcbJ r e A y } o u H rrip r r e N r .0 6 o a n a q a s n e p e u f i q J I e i {B y p a B H e H H H( n I I I - 1 6 )
*.p.. A ( f), crpoqr efo riaQux (pri9. nlll-ll), a 3areM, npoBoAqHa 3roM rpaQuxe ro'

p r . r 3 o H r a J r b H y rncx H H l o H a B b r c o r e f + ) ' , HaxoAflr a6cuuccstroqeK nepeceqeHl'IflK ' oro-

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192
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! , ; r t c o o p y x e H H g c s K c u e H T p I - r U H r e r onMe p B b t e A B e
:, t'0,5
r l e MA r s r e n a 6 e 3 3 K c u e H T p H r l x T e r aH , o 06blqHoHe Ha MHoro. fIpaKrH'{ecKil, ecJIH
h
I,tr'tH ecJIH 3KcIIeHTpHUtiTeT e cocTaBJIteT MeHee oAHoft Aecqroii lllHpHHbl n o A o r u B b rQ y H , q a -
q a c T o T b I ,c r I H T a g
M e H T a , M O > 1 1 HC O o 6 b t q H O f i T O q H O C T b I OH H X e H e p H b l x p a C q e T O B O n p e A e J I t T b
e:0.
renepbQripuuKo;e6aHIrft.
PaccuorpuM nlo6ofiroqxu reJra, HMeloueri
lleper'leuleHHe
('x, z), uoixer 6ltrl
KOOp.4r{Harw s b l q u c J I e H On o 0 o p M y n a M
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t i t
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Puc. fl III-10. Pac'{erHaq cxeMa trporflx(eHHoto MaccHB-

HOro coopy)KeHnsHa ylpyfoM rpyHroBoM ocHoBaHHH
paBHoBecHoe no.noxeHHe coopyxeHHg; -
- - cMe-
u{eHHOe no.noxeHrre coopyxeHlrfl ;
c - qeHTp T9XeCTII, O - I{eHTp nOAOIIIBbI MaCCUBa; e - 3KCqeHTpH-
uuTer, acH @c- c M e u { e H u er o q K r c B H a n p a B n e H n u o c e f r x u z c o o r '
BercrBenHo, I - yron noBopora BoKpyr ocu y (urrpux y 6yxau o6oe-
Haqaer cMeil{eHHoe nonoxeHge ro'{Kg)

E c n u r e n o c o B e D l x a e r K o n e 6 a H u f l c o A H o I i L I 3 r p e x c o 6 c r B e H H b l xq a c r o r f i U : l,
2 , 3 ) , r o , I r o A c r a B J I e sB ( n I I I - 1 8 ) s H a u e H u f l A I t f l n c t r r ! ) cr i s ( n I I I - 1 3 ) u y q f i l b l B a s n o
(n III-15) coorHolreHuq MelKAy aMnru- 2n_
T y A a M I . I ,n O n y q H M , r { T OC y u I e C T B y e r o r l K a
c KoopAHlraraNrH
e
a(f) I 2
et * -
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Sopr',luxo.ne6aunfi.Taxuu o6paeou,n o6- f
I[eM Cryrrae co6crBeHHbrexore6aHHq- 2,0
T e J a t B J r r l o r c f l K o , ' r e 6 a H H s M HB p a q e H H f l 0 l0 20 ?tl
B O K p y r T p e x H e n o A B I . I x H b r xT o q e K c K o - Psc. fl III-ll. fpaQHx AJrs orpeAereHHq
O p A H H a T a MeHi V r t i . co6crBeHHblx qacror
E c n u e : 0 , r o B e p r n K a J r b H b rK e o J r e - / - x p u n a aI ( f ) n p u <
f f * : 2 - x p u a a aA ( f ) n p n
6auus c qacrorofi f, crauonxrcg qucro
f > f*
n o c r v n a r e " q b H b r , \ { Ha, K o J t e 6 a H H fcl q a c r o -
Tar\,ri.if61 tr foz rBJrsroTcfl KoJe6aHrqn{H
B p a r r l e H H tB o K p y f u e H T p o B , p a c n o J r o x ( e H H b r xH a o c H z . O A H H r i 3 s r H x r I e H T p o B ,c o o r -
B e r c r B y r o u t l l ' r x u s u e f i q a c r o r e , B c e r A a p a c n o J r o ) K e HH H X e n O A O I I I S HQ y U g a M e H r a , a B r O -
poii - BbruJer-(eHrparr)Kecrr.{ coopyx(eHHs.

n lll-4. K pacuery noAreneparopHHx KoHcrpyKr{nfi aeprnxaJrbxbrx arperaroB

f l o , q r e H e p a r o p H b r e K o H c r p y K u H H x e c r K o c B e 3 a H b rc 0 y H A a M e H r o M r l l A p o a r p e f a r a .
B o6ueu clyqae pacrJeruar cxeMa cucrerrbr (noAreHeparopHafl KoHcrpyKlrrlfl - 0yuaa-

193
M e H r - f P - y f1 , l ( p n c . n I I I - l 2 ) n o r y q a e r c f l H 3 p a c q e r H o i i c x e n r s r< d r v H 4 a r r e H- r r p y r { r )
( p H c . f l I I I - 1 0 ) A o 6 a s , T e t t H exr t t t e i i c x e M b Iy n p y r o i i n o A r e u e p a r o p n o * ' K o H C r p y K u H r rc,B f i -
s a H u o I . i c Q y H 4 a l r e u r o l t . C o o r B e r c r B e n n o y B e r ' r H q H g a e r c r. r{ r r c , r oc t e n e r r e r l c e d 6 o a H r r r D v -
A O e M K O C Tpba c q e T a .
OAuaxo s 6onlrruHcrBe npaKTHqecKHX c , ' r y q a e Bn p o B e p K a > K e c r K o c r nr r o A r e H e p a r o p -
H b l x K o H c r p y K u u i i , 3 a n p o e K T H p o B a H H b IH x a o c H o B e K o r { c r p y K T H B H o - K o N l r I o H o B o r { cr rob- r x
o 6 p a x e H u t i l I c r a r H q e c x H X p a c q e r o B , n o K a 3 b I B a e r ,q r o 3 T I i K o r r c r p y K r { r { l , ]t \ , r o ] K H coq H T a r b
a 6 c o , r r c r s o ) K e c r K H M H ,- r . e . p a c c M a r p H B a r b H X K a K q a c r b a 6 c o , r r r c r r t o) K e c T K o r o
QyH,l,a-
I ' I e l { T a .K o n H q e c r B e r t H u i xi p H r e p u f i r a x o t l B o 3 M o ) K H o c r yHc r a H a B r ' r x s & € T Cr rf a l ocuoBeaHa-
f l H 3 a p a c q e r s o i i c x e u u , f l p H B e A e u n o f si a p u c . I I I I I - 1 2 . 3 r o r a u a . q x s n o K a 3 b r B a e r ,q f i L o
nooeeHeporttopHgtoKoHCtnpAK4un 'MotttHo atumamb a6colrcmuo ltr.eunrcoii B rnorL c;tuqae.
ec.ltuHusluan us ee co6cnteeuuorxqacrnom 6g0em He ,teHee ,teu e 5 pas Bbrrueuaueorcadtt us
qactnonr duuaauqecrcoil Heepllst;u.
/{uuavu.lecxue Harpyixrr Ha troAfeHeparopHbrerior{crpyKrlHH llepeAarcrcfl qepe3
o t l o p H b l eq a c r u r e H e p a r o p a ( c l t , r o o u eA H H a M H T { e c K H I raef p y 3 r < u )w B B H A el < o " r e 6 a r r u idi y H -
A a N , r e r { r aH,a x o r o p t r i i n o 4 -
feHeparoprJas KoHCrpyK-
qur onr{paercfl (xnuernra-
r r . { q e c K o ee o : 4 e f i c r e u e ) .
CrarlnoHapHue Arr-
r - r a N { H r { e c KHHaef p y 3 K r r , r I e -
p e A a r o u l H e c f lr { e p e 3 o n o p -
Hbre qacrH feHeparopa,
B O 3 H HK A I O T :
a) us-aa N{exaHr.rqe-
cxofi HeypaBHoBerrrer{Ho-
crH poTopa, Ha Koropyrc
I
H a K , ' r a A b r B a e r cHse y p a B H o -
| ----- BerrreHHocTb 3,leKTpIlqe-
c K I t x H M a f H H T H b tn xo,reii,
Pnc. n III-12. PacqerHas cxeMa xo,ne6are,ulsor? cucrel,rlr a TaK)Ke ffiApaBruqe-
(ynpyrafl noAreHeparopHaqKoHcrpyKqufr, - xecrxufi c K a f H e y pa B H o B e I I I e H H o c T b
Qyu-
A a M e H r- y I I p y f o e r p y H r o B o e o c H o B a H H e ) H 3 - 3 a a c l { N ' r M e r p H Np a 6 o -
q e r o K o J r e c ar y p 6 u H u . A H r -
[JIHrvAa aroii cocraB-
Jq}olIleli 3aBHcLIr or anexrpHuecxoli Hafpy3Kr.r Ha feHeparop, a qacrora B repUax,
p a B H a f l q t r c J l y o 6 o p o r o e a r p e f a r a B c e K y H A y , H a 3 b r B a e r c fo l 6oporuoii qacroroii u o6osHa-
qaercs /06;
6) us-sa nynscaIIuil cKopocrri noroKa ri coorBercrBeHHo AaBJeHlrq lrpH nepHoAr.r-
q e c K o t \ I H 3 M e H e H n Hr l l A p a B r ' r r . i q e c K o rcoo n p o r H B J r e u H nr y p 6 u H H o r o r p a K r a , K o r o p o e I p o -
HCXO,IIHT C qACTOTAMI,I:
nonacrHofi, 1.,,.: fo6 flac, rAe nrc - qr.Icr'Io.nonacreii p a 6 o u e r o K o r ' I e c a r y p 6 u u u ;
J I O n a T O q H O ift n
, *: t ' o 6 f t n x ,f A e n r K - q l l c , ' t o r ' t o l l a T o K H a r l pa B J r frlo u { e fo a [ [ a p a r a ;
f - -
xolt6uuaqtouuoii, J:R: roo''Ic"rtK , fAe s- saN6o,rrurnii o6utuii AeJIItreJIbr{Hcer
J

f l n c i l n , r * . C g r o f i . r a c r o r o f i 6 y 4 e r ' [ o B T o p r r r b c q o A x n a K o s a q x o l { 6 l i H a r l r { f l B 3 a r . r M H o r op a c '
n o J l o x e H H f f . I I o r I a r o K H a r r p a B , / r f l r o r q e raon n a p a r a H . n o n a c r e i i p a 6 o u e n o K o , T e c a . C o c r a e -
d ' I f l l o l q a sA H H a M l . I q e c x o iul a r p y 3 K H , H M e r o r l a f f x o r l r 6 n s a q n o H H y r o q a c r o r y , c p a B H H r e " r y r , H o
MaJIa IIO aMnJIHTyAeH rrpaKrHqecKlr ee cr'reAyer yr{HTbrBarb ToJrbKo npn pacr{eTe Beprr.r-
K a J I b H b l xx o n e 6 a H u f i n o A f e H e p a r o p H o i l K o H c r p y K U H H r r o A B e c H o f o a r p e f a r a , e c . r H H a 3 T y
KOHCrpyKrIr.rn [epeAaercfl Hafpy3Ka oT noArrflrHHKa;
n ) u a - s a n u 6 p a q u f t a K T H B H o f ox e J r e 3 a r e H e p a r o p a H A p y f u x f l e r e u H f i , c B f l 3 a H H b r x
c q a c r o r o i i n e p e M e H3 / ' I e K T p H q e c K o r o H a r r p f l x e H r . r sB c e r n . t { a c r o r s r g r n X c o c r a B , r r s r o t i l u x
H a 3 b l B a l o rc e r e B b r M nt r o 6 o s H a q a r c r f " r v f c z : 2 t'"1 (gnn reHeparopon, supa6arbrBaroqrrx
roK c npoMblrxressoft qacroroft 50 24, f ct: 50 e4, a f cz: 100 eQ. Cocrae,'rqioque c ce-
T e B b I I \ ' rrHi a c r o r a M n H a [ p a B J I e H b If J I a B H b t Mo 6 p a s o l t r o p H 3 o H T a , ' t b H o r, . { n p H p a c r { e r e B e p r l l -
K a J I b H b r xH K p y r x J r b H u r x x o l e 6 a s n f t u x M o x H o H e y q n r b r B a r b .
H e c r a q u o u a p H b r e A H H a M T { q e c K HHea r p y 3 K r . I B o 3 H H K a r o r :
a / I I p H n y c K e H o c T a H O B K ea t p e f a T o B , K o t A a y K a 3 a H H b t eB b r [ I e q a c r o T b r , K p o ] , { ec e -
r e n o i i , N r e H g t o r c so r H y d r q A o c r a q u o H a p H b r x 3 H a u e H l l f t , a K p o M e r o f o , c [ e K r p H a f p y 3 K r r
o6oraIrIaercfi He oqeHb 3Haqr.rreJrbr{brMH rro aMn,'rr.rryAeBbrcoKoqacrorHbrr\rr (ao 500 a4)
cocTaB"l'IloIqHMr.l;
6 ) n p u K o p o r K o M3 a N { b r K a H i .Hr H a 3 a x ( H M a xf e H e p a r o-p a r r , T ! rH a u r { H a x r e H e p a r o p r { o f o
H a n p f l ) K e H H r . f l p u 3 r o \ { B o 3 H H K a e rK p y r s u q u i i r r r o u e H r
N
-
tl,
hIrclT.nl:16,25 (n III-20)
' o6*a

FtrP N - M o u l H o c r br e H e p a r o p a , M e m ;
xa- I e p e x o A r { a q p e a K T H B r { o c T bf e H e p a r o p a , 3HaqeHr{e xoropoii yKa3bIBaercq
B f i a c n o p r e l u a r r r u H bN
I o6srqno HaxoAurcff B npeAeJrax or 0,25 Ao 0,35 Anq
feneparopos 6es AeNtnSepHuro x 6rrrorox u or 0,15 Ao 0,25 A.nsreHeparopoB

t94
 c A e l l n o e p H b r r YC H ,n p H o T c y T c T B H H
r H) 6 r \ l o r K a M a I I a c n o p r H b r xA a l i H b l x n p H H H -
] \ { A C T CD ' I A B H b I MI I H ) K H E M Y 3HAqEHI{IO:
M , - K p y r f l u r i r i i r \ r o M e H rl T ' n t - l n p H H o p M a , r u H o l p. ia 6 o r e f e H e p a r o p a .
C x o p o c r s H a p a c r a H H r rr \ { o M e H TAa o r v r a K c H M a , ' r b H o3rHoa q e H r r f n l plr KoporKoM3al,tbl-
K a H l r H 3 a B H c r . r ro r p r A a Q a x r o p o n H o 6 r l ' { H o 3 a A a e r c f l 3 a B o A o M - n 3 r o r o B H r e r ' t e M , , KaK
Iio
y K a 3 a u o g l l I I I - 2 , o H a l { e M o } K e r6 l l r b s t t t u e 2 0 0 c e r c - t ;
u ) n p H a n a p x i l H o r ' lc 6 p o c e H a r p y 3 K H , r r p l { a B a p H i i u o f i n o r e p e e o : 6 y x t l e H H n r e H e p a -
r o p o N rH n p H p r r A eA p y r H x a n a p a i i u u x p e l K L t M o Ba; M [ J I H r y A b r3 T H XH a r p y 3 o K _ o 6 s t q t t lov r e H b u e ,
a c [ e K r p y i K e , q e ] I y H a f p y 3 o K , y K a 3 a H H b r xB r , I [ r e , B c B g 3 I { c q e } I s e o 6 x o A n r t o c T b B I I X
y q e r e B o 3 H H K a e TB e c b M a p e A K o .
K u s e r u l a r u q e c K u ee o : A e i l c r s u r o r K o , I I e 6 a n u i l( l y H 4 a \ r e H r a , H a K o r o p o N {y c r a H o B , r e H a
r r o A r e H e p a r o p H a qK o n c r p y K u u r r , M o f y r 6 s t r l o n p e A e , r e H b r o r ' r b K o n o c , ' t e p a c q e r a c a M o f o
q r o c p e A I . IB c e x r a p N { o H H q e c K l r xc o c r a B , I l q n u l u x x o " r e 6 a -
Qyxganreura. Heo6xoAHMo3Harb,
u n a Q y n 4 a M e H T a , H M e r . o x I H x3 a M e r H y l o a r \ r n J ' I u r y A y ,c a m o f i B b r c o K o q a c r o r H o i to 6 b r ' l H o s B -
J I f l e r c g c o c r a B J l f l l o U I a f lc , ' I o r l a r o q H o H q a c T o r o H .
C o 6 c r s e H H h r eq a c r o r b r x o n e 6 a u l l i r e H e p a r o p a H a n o A r e r r e p a r o p u o f i K o H c r p y K u H H
o6srqno oIpeAeJrsrorcfl Ha ocHoBe c,']eAyiolr{HX npeArlocbtr'toK:
l ) e e c c r a r o p a r e H e p a r o p a I , t . q p y r n x 3 J I e M e H r o B ,x o ; r e 6 " r r o u l u x c f lc o B l \ I e c r H oc H H M ,
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p a c u e r u o i i c x e M b r M o ) K H o c r { r . { T a r b[ o A r e H e p a r o p H y r o K o H c r p y K r { r { r oH e B e c o N { b r yMn p y f l 4 M
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crpyKuHH (a coornercrBlrx c nocne4Hefi crpoxoit Broporo cro"r6r{a ra6n. fI III-2);
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A J I f q a c r o r / O r ( / { / O I a l { n r ' I H r y A b lC J I e A y e To n p e A e d ' l f l r bK a K p e 3 o H a H C H b l e .
6 . O n p e q e n e H H ea M r r J ' r u r y Ax o , r e 5 a H u f t c e p e 4 r . r H bnr p o J i e r a o r H o c n r e J r b u o o l t o p n p o -
BOAHTCfl, YI]HTbIBA'I HC3HAqIITEIbHOCTb NIACCbITIOAKPAHOBOii 6A,NXU, KAK AJIfl 6ANXV, C PAB-
H o M e p H o p a c n p e 4 e n e u u o i l l r a c c o i i . f l p u a r o n N { o ) K H on o d ' r b 3 o B a r b c r@ o p n r y n o i i ( f l I I I - 2 ) :
a) A;ra o6oporuofi qacrorbi:

30,0-6
(+*)"
A - : 0,9 .10-6 t+t;
oTr{- oo

0,"
/ l'-(+#)'1"
r C o r , t a c H o y K a 3 a H l l f l l i r < H u c r p y x q H H n o r r p o e K T H p o B a H H ]Ho p a c r { e r y H e c y u r r r xK o H -
c r p l ' x u n i t s A a H H i i n o A N r a u H H b r c A K H a N { r { q e c K H MH Ha f p y 3 K a N r u ( V 2 0 0 - 5 4 / M C n ^ t X n ) ,
Crpofiusgar, 1955.

t98
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6) arq roIIsroqr{of{ qacrorbl

-/ 22 2
2 o . t o - "|\ _ )
l5,.Jc ,f
A orr.nn : 3 7 , 0 10-6 ,ru;
'|{l'_(,*-,i?'"
r r ) 4 . , r a . r y o n a c r H o i tq a c r o r b t :
- / 35.3 :
r o . l o - "|\ I _
D , J 5 )
A :12,3'10-6 .rz.
OTH. JIC

{ ['-iffi1'1:0,'z
7 . M a x c u u a . n l s l r f i n p o r n 6 n o c p e A u r r p o . ' I e r a o t r p e A e . ' I t e r c f i B n p e , l n o , ' l o ; d e H l l ,t l t l r o
tt xaxotl-ro I\{oMeHTBce rptl aNIlt,'II.tr-vAbI, BbIt{Hc.'IeHHbleBblttle, cK"qaAblBarcTCq:

u: A o r H o. 6* A o , n . n * 1 - A o r n n. c : ( 0 , 9 + 3 7 , 0 + 1 2 , 3 ) ' 1 0 - 6 : 5 0 , 2 ' 1 0 - 6 , l r .
8. AnsauuqecKne Hsrli6arcqne Mor{eHTbI
M : 2 . t o s u:, 2 . r c 5. '5 0 . 2 . 1 0 - 6 f i , 4 T . u ;
"'on.,[HH

M n P 'o " t : r o s u: 5 ' 0 2 T

"+t'
H:rN6aloui{e iro\IeHrbtHe npeBocxoLgr29"oor N{o-
Taxxnr o6pasou, AHHaMrirrecxue
M e H T O BB , b r 3 B a H H b rcXT a T I i q e c K o HH a r p ] ' 3 K o I , I , B C B f l 3 H C q e \ I n p O B e p K a B b l H O c " r ' l I I B o cH r Iai -
nopHoli creHKH He rpe6yercn.
E c r f i e p e 3 y J l b r a r e A H H a M n r l e c K o r op a c q e r a B b I q c H H T c f l ,q r o ) ' c u , ' t H f fo r A H H a N { H q e c K I t - \
Harp\.3oK cocTaBr'iflro6 r onee 50/o ycw:tuii or crarr{qecKHx Harp}'3oK, ro npH no46ope ce-
q e H r l q u e o 6 x o 4 n u o B B o A H T br o a $ Q n u n e n r 6 o , t r u r e e , l , H H H u bK t c)'\t\tapHorty (craruqecKo\1)'
n J r l o c A H H a r { H r { e c K o M y y) c r . n u r o r r l 6 o x o a Q Q n u n e H r \ I e H b u l e e A H H l i r r b l K p a c q e r H o r l } ' c o '
n p o r H B J r e H H i oM a r e p H a n a . B e . n u q H H a a r o f o x o a Q Q N u u e H r a 3 a B t t c t i r o r c o o r H o t u e H H r A H -
H a M H q e c K o f i! r c r a r u ' { e c r o i i c o c r a B J - r f l r o u l } t xa, K p o \ { e r o r o , 6 - Y g e r p a : H o i l A . r t q p a 3 , ' I I I I I H b I X
M a r e p H a J r o B ,K o H c r p y x q n i l , y c " r o n r f i p a 6 o r u H r . n . I , r g H e x o r o p b l x x a p a K T e p H b l x c J I V -
q a e B B e ! ' r r i q ! r H bar r u x x o : Q Q n q N e H r o n n p H B o f , g r c q B H o p l l a x p a c q e r a x e " t l e : o 6 e r o H H l t x
xoHcrpyxqnft.

IV
NPHJION<EH14E
A E T P H q E C K H XI K E PB E A H H H I I b IC H
T I E P E B OM
C I r H o a p x 1 9 6 3 r . e C C C P B B e A e H aM e x 4 y n a p o r H a n c r { c r e r l a e A H H H I {( | O C T 9 8 6 7 - 6 1 )
K a K n p e A [ o q r x T e ! ' r b H a qB o B c e x o 6 . n a c r g x H a ] ' K H , T e x H H I { I { I I H a p o A H o l o x o : q i i c r e a .
Hnxe e ra6n[qe Aar,orcfl coorHo[reHuq Anq nepeBo],a e,tIIHiIu Ap]'fHX cllcre]I UJII-'l
B n e c t r c r e M H b i xe A H H l I q B e A r . r H L r u bCrH r e x Q u s u u e c x n x B e " r u q i r H , K o r o p b t e B c r p e q a t o r c t l
B KHHIC.

Merpuuecxne
(BHecHcrelrHbre) E:nHxu,u CI,i
eAraHu rlbr)

rcl,tt 9.80665 i'r

rcf lc.ttz 98066,5 ro/.u:
rcl l;P 9.80665 n/.u2
am
(rex H H r { e c K a f l ) O.1 ,l1n,l.+t2
KBM.q 3.6 ,lfdrr
rcf,ufce.; 9.80665 em
n n 0.7355 rusm

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t
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f;
a
#

s
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I
i
I

.,THTEPATYPA
O6uan
l . A p T .y n o B - , f I . [ I ' - , ^ f n g p o a . n e x r p o c r a H q IH I Hc,n o , r r s o B a H r a r eo 4 H o i ia u e p r H n ,f c c -
crpofiHs4ar, I(HeB, 1900.
2. 6 e p r B. A., KoMn-oHosxa rIpHnr'tornHH6rx rIrApogJreKTpHqecKHx ycraHoBoKHH3Koro
_ H c p e A H e r oH a n o p o a : ' f o c a n e p r o u s 4 a 1 r ,9 5 3 .
3.6epexHofi A . A . , C u . n o e u se A a H H rsu, A p o 3 J ' r e K r p u q e c rKaHuxu x r iu a x o 6 o p y -
A o B a H H eu, 3 A - B o< O H e p r u r > 1 , 964.
4 . 6 o n A b rp e B A . A . , v n r u n A . v . , H o a H K o B I o . H . , H c n o , r b s o B a ' H e
BoA_
_ H b r x p e c y p c o BV n p l r n , I - o c a u e p r o l r 3 A a lr9, 6 l .
5'PopoBofi A. A. u B . 8 . , f l o n n g p o a J r e K r p o c r a HIul Ju es e Nf{i u a p u u ,
loceHeproHe4ar,lgb8. " r l H x H I r
6. BonxcxHfi H l(aucxnit xacxaAbrr-HApooJreKrpocranuuft, no4 peA. f. A. pycco, foc-
s H e p r o H 3 A a r1, 9 6 0 .
1. lpluHs M . M . , l r g p o r e x H ' q e c K ' e c o o p y x e H ' q , l o c c r p o f i u s 4 a r ,1 9 6 2 .
6 x n o '
9. Iy
9' ,II,e H H c o s 9 . , f u 4 p o a . n e K r p ' q e c K ' ce r a s i r i r u , r o c a H e p r o ' s 4 a r , " l g i g .
H. fI., ocuoabl Hcnor'rb3oBaHHs nogxoii ,,i"pr"i', uan.prsqD,
I 964. "raluo
ilI.
9. P "crHrf e e n A . M . , f u A p o a n e p r e r H Koau H . n a u , q u uf o, c e u e p r o H s g a r1,g 5 9 .
llcfioJrb3oBaHHe.goAHoft gHeprHlr,noA peg. A. c. lllase,'resa,Hsa--Bo €Heprna>, 1965.
12. KoBalrreB H . H . , f u 4 f o r y p O u H s rl v, t a r u i u st,d O t .
op o3
ll ?4 ' tHl e n o p o xoH B nfi
A. A., Hcrio"trisoeaHH Beo A H o f i ' a H e p r u Hf ,o c e u e p r o u a 4 a r ,1 g 4 8 .
n . c . , S n e x r p u Q r - r K a uH H f3 l H e p r e r H q e c Kcorep o u r e J r b c r B o ,
l o c a H e p i o u a 4 a r ,l 9 6 l .
lc' nenop-o)KHufi.^lI, C . , S u e p r e r r x a H 3 H e p f e r u q e c K oc er p o u T e , ' r b c r e HoH . q u u ,
H 3 A - B o< 3 x e p r H r > , l 9 6 5 .
16' Henop-gx H n f t n . c . , < D s n a x _ T - o _ eA . , { . , o n u r c r p o u r e J r b c r fBr a .rApo3Hep-
roy3r'roB,HsA-ao AH yCCp, I(HeB, 1960.
M . , I - n l p o e . n e x r p o c r a n r rO u xp a u q n u , f o c : H e p r o N s g a r l,g S B .
li o*' L X oI I "xHou. en Bo s B . 4A . , C r p o u r e J l b c r B or u A p o 3 J l e K T p o c r a u q eu fA i ncrpuH,locaHepro-
ustar, 19b7.
o K o,'I o B IOrocnaeHH,foc:ueprou3Aar, lg5g.
zll u . :L o K o J ' ro B A P. 4., f_u4pos,'rexrpocraHuHH
. f l . , H c n o n r s o e a H g eB o A H o f a t u e p r u u , H 3 A _ Buok o n o c u ,i 9 6 5 .
21. Typ6uunoe o6op_yAoBaHue rxApo3rreKrpocranquil,,ioA p.a. ].-e.'-tntiporour, loc-
3HeproH3,rIar. 19b8.
22' 9 p-H T o s g. C. HcnorseoBaHue BoAHbrx pecypcoBIOro-BocroqHoft
9 AsHraN Aecrpa-
n^ .rru l.t,. f oceHep tou3Aar, l 96l .
2 6 .b e d n a r e z y k S . , B i e r n a c n i T . , K o w a l s k i W . ,
M a c k i e w i c zS . ,
s i l o w n i e w o d n e p o d s t a w y p r o j e k t o w a n i a ,t o m I - I I , Gdaisk, 1960.
?!. Y r o w n J. G,, uyaro-eiect'ric'engineeriiig piactl., u,it i-li,-'L";-a-o-n,tgss,tgos.
? q . P a v i s V . C ., H i n d b o o ko i apptieahyaiair iic.,- jgSz.
? 9 . I i n o e c h i o _ R ., A ;a n u glmEntr hyd"r o6leciiiqu.r par
, is, 19b9.
? T . A a m m o n d R . ' , ' w a t e rp ' o * . i E " g i ; ; ; ; , ^ L ' o i i o n , 1 9 5 ' 8 .
3l J,a e g e | .C., engineering ii."a-r'ft"ir;i;i' fJnaon, 19s6.
iy.ttrarochvil R . , V o d n i n a d r z ea p r e h r a d yp, r a h a ,
lg6l.
q9.$ a i n a r d i s m.,'cenliiti eteitiictr"''Ho'"i-ti,'
ttituno,19b7.
ll tly - o s o n y i E., Wasseitriitweir<e,
o , t o . n . y . i .E . , .
g"a-rp.ri,''u.'i, fi, igsa,rgss.
irio. ' r c n o k l l t s _ c _ h W a t e rp o w e rd e v e l o p m e nrt.,o l I - l l , ' B u d a p e s t , 1 9 6 5 .
A . , H a n d b u c dh e sw a s s e r b a uIe, ,I I , w i 6 n l g b O ,1 9 5 2 .
3 4 . w i t t e H . , H a n d b u i r a " i - E n e r g i e w i r t s c t r ae
i i i,n d 2 , ' g e r l l n , i 0 6 b .
Keaaeanlu2
3 5 .f p a H o B c K H f i C . A . , O p r o B . M . , C M o , r q p o B J I . f . ,
KoHcrpyruNn
rugporyp6nH H pacqer Hx Aeralefi, MaurrHs, lgS3.
Jb. Jl e B H 14. Vl., Bo4onpHeuHHKH rr{Apoor'reKrpHqecKr{x ycranoBoK,foceueprorr3Aar,
I 950.
37. PyroeoAelrrueyKasaHuqno est6opy onruMaJrbHbrx pa3Mepoaryp6uxsoro 6.noxacH-
Jlj)Bblxs1auufi..rurpo_s,'rexrpocraHqrfi, MCac cccp,' InadeHepionpoeKr,1962.
oo
Jd' u.rt u c c x u ft C. M., C x p e6 x o n f. fI., Pacqer BbrcorHoronoJro)r(eHnfl eo4o6on
u pHc6-epusr MaIIlHHHoro 3AaHHflfOC, <fulporexunqecKoecrpoureJrbcrBo>, 1958;Nte9,
JJ-,J/.
39' C bI p..o q5-it
I 1 1 . V , , V s o n b l r a - . n p o e K r u p o B a H H f l ,c r p o H r e " [ b c r B a H g K c r r J r y a r a u u ] t
s4auHit fOC, loceueprous4ar, l96l.

K e.naee3
40'
A a B bI A-o 9: C . H A p . , f l p o e x r u p o B a H u e H B o 3 B e A e H Hn
e o A 3 e l l H b r xc o o p y ; K e H r r i i ,
Vsp,. BIr{A, "1959.
4l' 3ypa6oe f. f. H_EyraeBa O . - E . _f,u g p o r e x H r { q e c K
r yuHe H e n H
ruApo3nex-
r_pHqecKHx craHqufi, focsueproNs,qar,1962.
42.
S y n e p M a H B . J I . , M a d y p A . M . , M o c r K o B B . M . ,f l p s f t u a x 8 . V . ,
lloA3eMHHerHApo3neKrpocraHuHH, focanepror{3Aar,1957.
200
I
I
t
1
a3'
l a ^ a9 y ^ p ^ ^ 4 . M . . ^ C 6 o p H n eo 6 g e . n x H
rHAporexnHqecKH r yXH H e n e f tT. p y a u r I V c e c c n n
ACUA CCCP. 19b9.
l. A., CneuHanrHbre H n b rr H A p o 3 n e K r p o c r a H q uf of tc, r u e p r o a s g a r ,1 9 6 0 .
1 t IrlpoexrHpoBaHHe^H
tc. -p "-l P-"
COopyx€HHerHAporexHfiqecKHx ryHue,refi H noA3eMHsrx' fac,
IoA pea. B. C. 3pucrosa, focaHeprolls4ar,1963.
46, PyxoaoAsur'e yKasaHr.rs no npoeKTHpoBaHHlo coBMeuIeHHbrx c BoAoc6pocauH rH,qpo-
sJIexrpocraHuHH c BeprHKaJrbHbrMH arperaraMH (apertleunHe)Py-10-53, focauepio-
xsgar,1954.
47. W a H trI H e s. C. K., IlpoerrupoBaHue_ o64e.norcrHAporexHHqecKHx ryHHe,refru3
MoHo.rrHrHoro 6erosa K XeJeso6eroHa,locaHeprouslai, 1960.
K eaaee4
48'4BAeen l . l l . , H a c o c s o - a x K y M y n x p y r o uo{ Jr {ree K r p o c r a H r r(H HuA A C ) B c g c r e M e
MocaHeDro.Erc.n.nereHb HayqHo-t-exnHqti&ofi'nHQopuaqHr.r ftrAponi,o.*iu, lg5g, Ne Z.
49'PepHulrefiu.:lt6.,hp"rr"nblesneKrpocraHuHnBcoBpeMenuoiiauepreruxe,
f o c e H e p r o u s 4 a r 1, 9 6 1 .
50' ro'rbAeu6epr M ' 1 . , f u , q p o a x x y M y , ' I H p y r osuJrrgeeK T p o c r a H r rI n' oHc,a H e p r o -
H3rar, 1953.
5 1 . X r 6 p a P . , S H e p r n r rr p r r r H B o BH n p H n H B H b rae. r r e K r p o c r a H u r lHf i3, A _ B o M " p r ,
19 6 4 .
52. c a s e H H Io. M., fr'r4poarxyMyn'pyrorqHe
l 966. .aneKrpocraHrr'H,r.3A-Bo<oueprNx>,
53. Cusaxos E . P . , H a c o c t t o - a K K y M y n H p y . t or r A q lpeo g a e K r p o c r a H ( HfH o c, a H e p r c -
Heaar,1952.
K enaee5
54'P^a^IIrHAaHos . r I . H . u A p . , s . u e x r p u u e c K r . r e cHe rcl r a H r r n nf,o c a u e p r o n s g a r ,
I 963.
55' BacH,'lbeB A . A . , S . n e x r p H u e c K ra{sa c r bc r a H r l u f H t n o A c r a H r { u fl io, c a H e p r o r r 3 -
gar,1963.
56. na,rluHe 3JreKrponepeAaqu, c6. crarefi noA peA. A. M. Hexpacooas c. c. poxorqHa,
H 3 , u - B(o3 H e p r H r > , 1 9 6 4 .
al ' )l B o c K I'l H Il, V.' CAeoeHuHe roKoorpanuquBarourue peaKropbr,focsHeprogs4ar,
1957.
58. ABocKHH 1 1 . H . , K o M n o H o e x gH K o H c r p ^ y x u upr .ar c n p e A e J r u r e , , r b H y cbrrpx o f t c r e
B b r c o x o r oH a n p s x e H H a ,f o c a H e p r o u s l a r ,1 9 6 0 .
b9'ABocKHH I l . V . , K o M n o u o e K ox r K p b r r b l xp a c n p e A e , , r g T e J r bv H c rbproxf i c r e3 3 0 -
5_00rca sa py6exo[ H B CCCP, focaueilroHeaar,tg6i.
b u ' J l r r c o B c K H - f ir . c . , v r , r a H c r s - f t 8 . 3 . , v c n e u c r u i i
6. c.,Xeft-
0 u u M. 3., SnexrpNuecKaflqacrb fllApos^ne_KrpocraHquft, - haggue cia"o, 3JreKrpr.r-
r{ecKHxcoe4uueHu_ft_, HsA_Bo<guepri.ir>,lg6b.
r,
bl' mHXafleB E . H . , l l o c o 6 H e n o n p o e K T H p o B a H u r o g J r e K T p u q e c x or ixi A , {paoc3r u, ' r e K -
r_pnqecKuxcraHuuft, ilnK, 1959.
62' MHxaJIeB 5 . H . . , r l p u u e t r e " " " K o p o r K o 3 a M u x a r e n eHf r o r A e J r u r e n eef r c x e M a x
IilApo3JreKrpocra'r\Hfi, <HsBecrns By3oB, OHepreruxa>,1963,N! I .
63' H a fi
9e r r g M. P', 3aseMreHllffH.3aqurHbleMepbr6esonacnocrr{, H3A-B9<3Hep-
rur>, 1965.
64' flpaanJla rexHnKN 6esonacHocrxnpx sKc[nyaraqr]H sneKTpoycraHoBoK
crasqsft u
no,qcraH4uft,H3A-Bo<OHeprHR>, 1964.
oo' I lpaBHrarexHHqecroftsxcnryarauuHsJIeKrpLIqecKHx craHuuftN cerefi, H3A-B6
run>,1965. <gHep-
66. tlpannna ycrpoficrBa gJreKrpoycraHoBoK,
H3A-Bo<OHeprxr>,196b.
K eaaae6
6 7 . 6o,rrruue rJrorunbr CCCP, focaueproHsqar, 1962.
6 8 . Bo.rrra-floH,-TexHuuecx'fr_'_orqer
o crp_outurbcrBe,t. I, focexeprous4ar,
-;F;.;;poBaHHH
1g57.
6 9 . Bo.nxcxas fDC nuesn XxlI cb€3Aa'Ktlcc; rei"nu..*un orqdi ;
H crpoHrenbcrBe,r. I, us4-oo <EHeprur), 1965.
7 0 . Jl e s u V'.. H-,, AnNxeHHe perl-HblK noroKoB B HHx<HHx 6ueQax rHAporexHHqecKHX
g.oopyxeHllft, focsHeproNs,qai, l gb5.
7 t . I a s n n H . B . , O n s i r c r p o t r e n l c r s a B o , r x c r o f t r u g p o c r a H r r uH u MSHB H. H . , I I e u x H a ,
locaueprous4ar, 1g60.
72. t l e p r o v c o s M . [ . , f u 4 p a B J r ' K a c, n e u x a . n r x s r fxty p c , f o c s u e p r o u a g a r1,9 5 7 .
73. t{ y i a.e^p^P. P., nfr.L""iff;;;;yp rHAporexHHqecKHX coopy}KeH'ft,I-ocaHepro-
rr:4ar, 1962.
74. u y r a e a P . P . , f u g p a e " r u x af,o c a u e p r o u a g a1r ,9 6 3 .
Ketaea.ttTuS
75. pacqera ycroftuunocr}tH npoqflocrtrfuAporexHHqecKHX coopyxeHHr? ria ue-
c^{:loot
K a r b H L , l xo c H o B a H H s I , I { . 1 1 . f p H u u u a , l o c c r p o f i u e
't
l a r , g Ot .
7 6 . fIonqeHKo loA _peA.
C . H ' ' A n l o b l i r l p ^ o e K r o B a e 4 o p * r u u t o " nrirrr*B o Br r i A p o r e x H r { q e c K H X
-l'7
coopyxeHufi,. focaHeprog3Aar,l9'61.
P o e a C. A., PacJeru ocaAoKrr.rApocoopyx<eHHfi, focaneprolr3Aar,1960.
o n o p H u 8 .A ., o cH o sbn rn e xr" u*"' r py",i,j",..
Li ir ., foc' .tpoifir lu",- idsg,
tgot.
20i
 Keaaean9ul0
r' I-IV' loc' Hayqs'
7 9 . A e r o M a T H 3 a U H t l n p o H 3 B o A c r B a H t r p o M b l l l ] , I e H I l a n3 , r e K T p o H l l K a ,
H 3 A . ( C o B e r c K a n S r r u u x , r o n e 4 u n >1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 4 '
80. EaceBHq A . 3 . , M a c c H B H b lrer A p o r e x H H q e c K H e c o o p y x e H H t l c H c K y c c r B e l { H b l M
o 6 ) K a r H e M6 e r o H a , f o c c r p o f i u s A a r , 1 9 5 7 '
gl. 6 epe3 u il n.'p., coKorr oB a B. o., A,r H n os B. B., flpuruerlqtle
1959'
c 6 o p H o r o x e"l "eie. o" ' 6 e r o H a B r l l A p o r e x H I I q e c K H X c o o p y ) K e H H t l x , f o c c r p o i i u a A a r '
c u . . c t r . M , . _ f
, l p o r p a n u H p o B a H H e p a c q e r a n p o c r p aHcr-
82. Ln u t p u e u JI. f., c o
BeHHbrx K o H c r p y K u H f i ' f o c c r p o f i H s l a r , K H e e , 1 9 6 4 '
g 3 . M e x a s u 3 a r l r i f i H a B T o i u a r H 3 a u H rpr a c r r e r o R B c r p o l i r e , l b H o N {n p o e K T H p o B a H u,l ' l f r r n p o -
ruc,1963.
8 1 . P e 3 H I i K o B P . A . , M e r o A u p e l x e H l l t3 l a A a qc r p o l { r e I b H o f ir l e x a s u x H H a 3 a e K r p o H '
H r r x q t r Q p o B b t x 1 \ ' t a u r u u a x ,f o c c t p o f t l t s . u a r , 1 9 6 4 '
H x ( e J l e s o 6 e r o H H s t xx o H -
gS.'O p a - ' C . A . , T e r n r n e p a r y p H b r eH a r r p r r ) K e _ H ueq .6 e r o H H b l x
"
c r p y K u H q x r u A p o r e x H u q e c K f i xc o o p y ) K e H I . I f t , l o c a u e p f o H 3 A a r, 1959.
Ilepuo1uuecrcue usAaHun u c6opruurcu
86. <fuaporexHuqecKoe rpoureJlbcrBo)(xypHan),'Nlocxsa'
c
f n j 1 p o T e X H I l K IH' lM e H I I
8 7 . I 4 s s e c r r r g B c e c o r c 3 H o r oH a y r { H o - H c c ! ' r e A o B a T e J I b C KHo}lIoc T H T y T a
6. E. Beleneeaa (BHMI4|)' J l e n H u r p a 4 ' -
g g . < l 4 s B e c r H r rB b r c t u f i i y v e 6 n H x s a p e 4 e H r i f i , C r p o n r e n l c r B o I t a p x l l r e K r v p a > ( x y p H a , l ) '
Honocu6upcr.
SHepretuxa> (xypHan)' M"l:1:,.
8 9 . <HsBecrHflBblcult'lxyue6Hltx sane.4eHl'tft,
HHcrtlryra coopyxeHHtrII rur
9 0 . Hssecrus T6u,rsccxoro Hayr{Ho-HccJleAoBare,'lbcKofo
po3HepferHKHHr\{eHH A. B. BuHrepa (THI4Cf3I4), T6tt.ttrtcir.
9 1 .bl6aputuunufi x y p u a " r - < S l e x r p o r e x u r i x a H 3 H e p f e r u K a ) 'M o c x e a '
92. Tpyaot fugponpoexta, Mocxna.
9 3 . Tpy4n "rleHru4ponpoeKra, JIeHnHrpal'
9 4 . 3r6npecc-un$opuauur. fu.qpoaneprerl'lKa'Mocxea'
9 5 . ,,3,'rer<rpu,{eci<ub craHqHH) (xypnan), Mocxea'
96. o3seprernqecKoe crpollTeJlbcreo> (xypHan), Mocxaa'
9 7 . <\Sneilroxossiicrgoaa py6exou> (xrypua.n),'Nlocxna'
98. Die Bautechnik, Berlin.
9 9 . E n g i n e e r i n gN e r i ' sR e c o r d , N e w - Y o r k .
I 0 0 . L a " H o u i l l e b l a n c h e ,G r e n o b l e .
1 0 1 .L ' E n e r g i a E l e c t r i c a ,M i l a n o .
I 0 2 . i n a i u n - j o u r n a l o f P o r v e r a n d R i v e r V a l l e y D e v e l o p m e n-t '
1 0 3 .p i " . . . a i " c s o f t h e ' i * . . i " r r Solielv. of ilvlt Engineers PASCE, New-York'
I 0 4 . W a s s e ru i d E n e r g i e w i r t s c h a f l Z , lrich.
I 05. Water Power, London.
l 0 6 . Ceepxuouluot"."lpJJ"anuuu MHpa.En6.naorpa$nuecxufi yKa3are,tb(I950-I962 rr'),
J l f l H , J I e H u u r p a 4 ,1 9 6 2 .
H oPuamueHue .M,amequaltbt
107. Hopr,rblH rexHHqecKHe yc!'IoBHqrpoeKrHpoyly-v"-SgToHHbIx u xe'leso6eroHHblxKoH-
.oopy*"n"n 55-59), locctpoilnaAar, 1959.
ru4porexHprqecKlrx 1CH
108.""py*,luii
Ho'putr u rexunqecKue yc,roBufl Ha_npggKTl.poBiHue '123-60i, 6eroHublx IpaBHrauI'loHIlblx
nr,rorgHHa cKad,Ibgblx ocHoBanHnx(CH locaneprous4ar, l96l'
npoeKrl{poBaHHfi rHApo3JIeKrpo'
l0g. H;tMsr (Ocuosnbreno,'roxeuun)-rexnoJrorHqecKoro
c r a s q s f i , ' l H 4 p o a n e p r o n p o e K TM, o c x e a , l 9 5 B '
l l0. Crponre,rtulri HopMbrH 11paBr.rJIa, u. II, Hopurr cTpogreIbHofo npoeKrlipoBaHHtl,
foccrpofiusAar, 1962
lll. TexsriqecKuevcroBuq H HopMbIrIpoeKrHpoBaHItff rl'IAporexHHqec,Kllx _-99qp-yry-e[t]f'
(Ty 15-51)'
Bo4onpueru""*it;;;y?n""""i""ioai6opornl'.i{Apo3rleKrpuqecxnxcrasuufi
f o c a H e p r o n s 4 a r ,1 9 5 1 .
(Ty ll-58)' focauepro-
ll2. To xe, fu4porexHl{qecKl{eryHHe,'IHrllApo3JleKrpocranqnii
us4ar, 1 9 5 9 .
I 1 3 . CJ*6, l,rv6sHgue eo4oc6pocltH BoAocnycKgrIJIorI'lHHbIx y3JloBrIIApo3JIeKrpocraH-
usir (TV 2S-Se;, focaneprous.qar, 1953.
I
1 l ' l
I ' 1 Tone,AepHeauuoHHlteKaHartblfHApo3JIeKrpocranqxfi(MC3C108-59)'focanepro-
.

r3Aar, 1959.
I I C . To xe, flog,eelrHlrirKoHryp r1,,torgHHa HecKaJlbHbIx
ocHoBaHI'Iflx(MC3C 125-57),
f o c a H e p r o u s A a r1, 9 5 8 . Il peqHble
I lb. TexHuqecxne yc,roalrl otrpe4eJleHHs BoJ'lHoBbix soa.qeftcreltil Ha NtopcKIie
,,"6.p".u (CH 92-60), foccrpofiH3Aar' 1960'
I l'7 "T
t t t .
o ipny["q,e. ncux"u e l , c n o e r r x o n p e A e , , r e , H - r { x , r e ^ o a u xH a r p y 3 o K H a p e q H b l e c o o p y x i e l l } i f l
oe
CaHa u7e6p-u5 9 ) , f o c e n e p r o H 3 A a r , 1 9 6 0 . -
(' P
nepeKpbl-
118. n o 4 o n p o n y c K H b l x o r n e p c r u i l B r H A p o r e x H H q e c K I I Xc o o p y x e l l l l t l x '
B a e M b r x3 a r B o p a r v r H icH t + g - 0 0 ) , f o c c r p o f i u e l a r , l 9 6 l '
cnpaBotrHuKu
I 1 9 .Cnpaeo,uttiK no rtlAporexHHKe' foccrpo-iitl3J.ar, 1955'
12 0 . K i , r t r " p B. n. ir^Axecrrr H 4 . A . , C n p a n o u l l l l rKo r ' A p o 3 n e K r p o c r a H u u s l u '
focsHeprouslar, 1 9 6 0 .
 II
f

O|JIABJIEHHE

flpe4uc,roeue
BneAeuNe
ITACTb NEPBAfl

T H N b I I 4 K O M N O H O B K E 3 A A H H T , TT U A E O A N E P I E T I { I I E C K H X Y C T A H O B O K

f l p o r t . x a H A . r e x H . H a y K I - . A . I 7 p e m p o- f n . l-4.
. I l o q .x a n ; . r e x H . H a y K E . H . M u x a - ? e 6 - S 2 - 5 ; r , r . 5 .
H H x e H e p, i l , .H . l u n d g c - g 4-1.
f a a a a n e p e a n . T n n u 3 A a H H f i I - 3 C n H x o c n o B H b r eq a c r n 7
l - 1 . O c n o e H b r er H r r b r3 n a H H f if g c
l-2. r{acru saaHnfi f3C l3
l-3. MaurgHHbrft 3aJr H N{oHTax(Hafl nroxIa.{Ka 25
lnaea smopan. Komnouonxa sAanxfi fgc 3l
2-1. O6ryueBonpocbrK o r { n o H o B K r .3rn a H H r i f 3 C
2-2. Pyc.nosue f3C .J.J
2-3. llpun,rorusssre l3C 37
2-4. Lepusaqi{oHnbre f3C 4'
2 - 5 . B c n o u o f a r e d ' r b H b r ex o 3 f l f i c r B a f O C 46
f taea mpembn. CneqnalrHbre runbr 3AaHHfi I'3C 50
3-1. Euqxosue f3C
3-2. Cosil{eqeHHbre f3C 52
3 - 3 . B o , u o c J r H e H Hfe3 C 56
3-4. BcrpoeHHbre f3C
3-5. Orxpursre fOC 60
3-6. lloaser',rHsre
f3C 62
l
Ittaea qemeepman.3AaHHc HacocHo-axKyMynnpyrou{Bx H lrprrJrxBHblxsleKrpocraH-
I r{Hft 70
4-1. HacocHo-aKKyMyr'rupyloulue
3JreKrpocraHuuri
r{ oco6eHsocruux o6opyAo-
BAHItq
4 - 2 . K o r r r n o H o B K as A a H l r i i H a c o c H o - a K K y r \ r \ ' , ' r H p y r o r u ,sHr 'Xr e K r p o c r a u q u l i 78
4-3. llpnlr.rBHbre sJreKrpocraHquH 82
faaea nnmar. 3urexrpnvecxan qacrb rxApo3nexTpocraHqnfi BB
5 - 1 . l l e p e 4 a r { a 3 H e p r n n f 3 C , r p u M e H s e N r b rH e a n p f l } K e H H rH r a 6 a p u r u r p a H c -
Qopruaropoe
5 - 2 . | . l r a e H b r ec x e M b r s r ' r e K r p H r { e c x u xc o e g N H e H n l i 9l
5 - 3 . C o 6 c r B e H H b r eH y x A b r f 3 C u B r o p u q H b r ey c r p o r i c r e a 95
5-4. PacnpeAeJrr.rreJrbnueycrpoitcrea- 9B
5-5. 3aselrJrrrou-lue ycrpoftcraa . r0l
I T A C T bB T O P . l f l
N P O E K T H P O B A H HHE P A C T ] E 3
T A A H H HT 3 C
f l p o Q . g o x r . r e x H . H a y K , i l , . C . I 4 a a e l e a _ g 6 _ 1 ,6 _ 2 , 7 - 1 , 7 - 2 .
A o q . E . , 4 , . K a d o x c r c a r T- S 6 - 2 , 6 - 3 .
flpo$. xau;1. rexH. Ha1'x .{. M. Tapmaxoecxuti - g 7-3.
xau;1. rexH. HayK fI . - g 7-3.
{oq. "l . Heaxoe
flporlr. goxr. rcxH. HayK -r".8,
S 9_t, 9-2, 9-3, 9_1.
lT:-E-e/toel
Huxenep A. H. fpoltoa-$ 9-b.
f l p o r | . 4 o x r . r e x H . H a y K I I . I l . B a c u . a o e a- g l 0 - 1 .

l- ttaea ruecman. o6qne Bonpocbr npoeKrnpoBaHnff rnApoe.nexrpocraHqnir 103

6 - 1 . f l , r a s o B o e I r B b r c o r H o el o J ' r o ) K e H x f3l A a H u s f O C

203
 ' ll5
6 - 2 . O c n o e a t { H eH n o A a e u u s t f tK o H r y p 3 ' u ' a n r l sf 3 C il9
l lq
6 - 3 . K p e n , ' r e H H ep y c J I a B H H i x H e M6 s e Q e
t28
faaaa cedonan.Vcrofrqneocrb sAaHHs fgC
7-1. Pacqer ycroftunnocrl{3Aar{nqf3C Ha cABHr
7 - 2 . O n p e a e J I e H I ' I e H . a n p q ) K e H H H n o n o A o t x a e s A a H l ' {133
sl3C'132
7-3. OnpeaeJIeHI'Ie ocaAoK tltn"" fgC
I'll
lnsea socbrtar. llpo'rxocro 3AaHHcfgC
8 - l . f I p o u r { o c T b 3 A a H I , I q c T a H q H H B n o n e p e I { H o N { H a I I (nirnepex
p a B . n e Hnoroxa)
u N _ ( a A144
o.nu.ttoroxa)
g-2. flpouHocr',3AaHr{fl craHq'r{ B npoAoJlb'ono nrnpiuneuuu
rgc 148
f,taaa deenman. [IpoextnpoBaHHe H pacqer xeleso6eroHHHxKoHcrpyxqnfi3AaHnc
9-1. KoncrpyKuHI'IBoAonpHeMHI{Ka pycnossrx f3C
150
9-2. Xenego6eroHsue crrpaJlbHble KaN{epbI 159
9-3. OnoPnuft xouYc rYP6nHu 160
9-4. KoHctpyKuHH orcacusarcqeft rpy6u-:.-' 163
9-5. Pacqer BepxHero crpoeHus sAaHusl3C
t{ pacqera sAaHI{fiI'3C 164
f ,taea decnman.cnequalrHHe BonpocblnpoeKTHpoBaHHc
l0.l.opacqeTecoopy)KeHlrfiugxKoHcTpyKuufi,gaTeM[epaTypHHegogAeficTBH'l
c 6o;lluruu Hano-
rHApoarperaroB
Anfl MOIIIHbIX
IlputtorceuueI. Cnupa.ntHUeKaMepbI
p oM.
^Coc"a"n.tI l / J
ssx' A' H' fPonoa
IIounorceuue I[. P a c q e t c r l u p a n b H b l x- K a [ e p ' 176
Coctasl'Ir is:x' A' H' fPonoa coopy)KeHHflx
B rHApoTexHfiqecKHX
Ilpttnoxeuue I I L O AuuaunqecKl'IX tlBJIeHHqx
r3c.
Cocraennu: KaHA' rexH' HaYK H . C . I l l e d u u n- S Sn I I I - l - 5 ;
180
* t n > xI'l ' H ' f u n d g c- S n I I I ' 4 199
e enHHHubI Cl4
I7punotrceuue/ V . f l e p e e o A M e r P I { q e c K H xN l e P
200
J I H r e p a ry p a