CIVIL ENGINEERING BOARD EXAMS PROBLEMS PHILIPPINES – October 30, 2020

IDENTIFICATION OF CONIC SECTIONS AND NORMAL AND TANGENT TO CONICS

GENERAL EQUATION OF THE CONICS

IDENTIFYING CONIC SECTIONS BY ECCENTRICITY (e) :

1. Circles – e = 0
2. Parabolas - e = 1
3. Ellipses – 0 < e < 1
4. Hyperbolas – e > 1

TANGENTS AND NORMAL TO CONICS

Unlike other curves, the tangent to any conic will pass only through one point. The following substitutions to be used in solving the tangents and normal to
conics:

For other functions, you may refer to differential calculus. Sub normal – means the distance from point of tangency to x-axis.

Cases:

1. Finding the equation of the tangent given the point on the conic – replace variables in the conic and substitute for (x`1 , y1) the given point.
2. Finding the equation of the tangent that passes through a given point outside the conic – apply necessary replacements of variables leaving x1 and
y1 unknown. Another equation relating x1 and y1 can be found by substituting (x1 , y1) to the equation of the conic. By expressing y1 in terms of x1 in
either equation and substituting the other equation, a quadratic equation is derived in the form Ax 1 + Bx1 + C = 0. With (x1, y1) known, the tangent is
solvable.
3. Finding the equation of the tangent given the slope m of the tangent – use slope intercept form for the tangent line with m and b unknown. Since
the line and the conic crosses, substitute this value of y to the y value in the conics resulting to quadratic equation. Since tangent passes through
one distinct point, solve using the discriminant formula. With b known and m given, the tangent can now be solved.
Note: For the steps on the other cases in non-conic sections, refer to differential calculus.

EXAMPLES

1. Identify the conic section 6y2 + 3x – 4y – 12 = 0

SOLUTION:

2. Identify the conic section 2x2 + 5y2 – 8x + 25y + 115 = 0

SOLUTION:

3. Find an equation of the circle with center (1, -5) and tangent to the line 3x + 4y = 8 .
SOLUTION:
 4. Find the equations of tangent and normal to the parabola x2 + 6x + 4y + 5 = 0 at (1, -3)
SOLUTION:

EXERCISES – Answer the following questions.

1. Determine the conic section 2x2 + 2y2 = 10. Ans. Circle
2. A curve has an equation of x^2 = 16y . Compute the equation of the tangent at (4,1) . Ans. x = 2y + 2
3. Find the tangent line of the parabola y = x2 + 2x at (-3,3) . Ans. 4x +y + 9 = 0
4. Identify the conic section 4x2 + y2 + 2y – 15 = 0. Ans. Ellipse
5. Identify the conic section y2/20 – (x+5)2/5 = 1. Ans. Hyperbola
6. What is the conic section of the curve 4x2 + 6y2 = 36. Ans. Ellipse
7. Find the normal line of the curve y = x2 – x – 6. Ans. 5y = -x + 3
8. What conic section is 4x2 = 25y2 + 100? Ans. Hyperbola
9. Classify this conic section: x2 + 2y2 + 4x + 2y – 27 = 0 . Ans. Ellipse
10. Determine the equation of the tangent of the circle x2 + 16y = 32 – 4x – y2. Ans. 3x + 4y – 12 = 0

ROATION AND TRANSLATION OF AXES AND DIAMETER OF CONICS

TRANSLATION AND ROTATION OF AXES

Translation of axes occurs when the new coordinate axes have the same direction as and are parallel to the original coordinate axes.

Rotation of axes occurs when the origin is kept fixed and the x’ and y’ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle θ
DIAMETER OF CONICS

Diameter – locus of the midpoints of a system of parallel chords.

PARABOLA

ELLIPSES

HYPERBOLAS
*Conjugate diameter – two diameters of an ellipse or hyperbola are conjugate if each conic bisects the chords parallel to the other.

Polar and pole – If tangents AB and AC are drawn tangent to a conic, from A (x1, y1) external to the conic , then the line through the points of tangency B and
C is called the POLAR of the point A with respect to the conic. Conversely, if a line is drawn cutting the conic B and C and tangents constructed at these points
intersects at A, then A is called the POLE of the with the respect to the conic.

EQUATIONS OF THE POLAR

A. ELLIPSE
 B. PARABOLAS

C. HYPERBOLAS

EXAMPLES

1. Transform xy = -2 using rotation of axes through 45° .

SOLUTION:

2. A circle (x – 4)2 + (y + 1)2 = 36 is translated to (4, -1) , find the equation of the curved in the translated system.
SOLUTION:
 3. (CE Board) A parabola has an equation y2 = 8x. Find the equation of the diameter of parabola which bisect chords parallel to the line x – y = 4.
SOLUTION:

4. The equation of the ellipse is given as 16x2 + 36y2 = 576. Find the equation of the polar of the given point (4, -6) with respect to the ellipse.
SOLUTION:

EXERCISES - Answer the following questions.

1. Write the equation xy = 1 in terms of rotated system when θ = 45° . Ans. x’2 - y’2 = 2
2. Given is the polar 4x + y + 12 = 0 of the parabola y2 = 4x , find the coordinates of the pole. Ans. (3 , 1/2 )
3. An ellipse has an equation equal to 9x2 + 25y2 = 225. Determine the equation of the polar of the point (2,-3) with respect to the ellipse.
Ans. 6x – 25y = 225
4. Transform this conic into standard translated form: y2 – 6y – 4x + 1 = 0 . Ans. y’2 = 4x’
5. Transform this conic into standard rotated form: x2 + y = 0 when θ = 60° . Ans. x’2 - 2√3 x’y’ + 3y’2 + 2√3 x’ + 2y’ = 0
6. Write an equation of the translated conic in general form: x2 + y2 = 7 at (3,2) . Ans. x’2 + y’2 - 6x’ – 4y’ + 6 = 0
7. A parabola has an equation y2 = 8x. Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola having a slope parallel to line x – y = 4. Ans. x – y + 2 = 0
8. Find a new representation of the equation 2x2 – xy + 2y2 – 30 = 0 when it is rotated to 45° . Ans. x’2 /20 + y’2 = 1

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

The variable t is called a parameter and does not appear on the graph. Equations are called parametric equations because both x and y are expressed in terms
of the parameter t. Eliminating the parameter is the most common method in solving parametric equations.

EXAMPLES:

1
1. 𝑥 = √𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 1
2
SOLUTION:
2. 𝑥(𝑡) = √𝑡 + 2 , 𝑦(𝑡) = log 𝑡
SOLUTION:

EXERCISES - Eliminate the parameters on the following equations. If trigonometric equations are given, use the interval between 0 and 2π .

3
1. 𝑥 = 3𝑡 2 − 4 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 4 5. 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 2 = 𝑦
4

2. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 1 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 + 𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 5 6. 𝑥(𝑡) = 4 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 3 sin 𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144

𝑥 2 𝑦2
3. 𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑡 , 𝑦 = −4 cos 𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑠. + =1 7. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 3𝑒 𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥𝑦 = 3
9 16

4. 𝑥 = tan 3𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2 + sec 3𝑡 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑦ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 2 + 1 = (𝑦 − 2)2

Next (Final) Topics on November 6, 2020:

1. Polar Coordinates and Conversion of Rectangular to Polar and Vice Versa

2. Solid Analytic Geometry
REFERENCES:

1. Engineering Mathematics by GIllesania

2. https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Book%3A_Calculus_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Parametric_Equations_and_Polar_Coordinates/11.5%
3A_Conic_Sections
3. https://www.ck12.org/c/analysis/classifying-conic-sections/lesson/Classifying-Conic-Sections-ALG-II/
4. https://www.purplemath.com/modules/circle3.htm
5. http://www.brainkart.com/article/Tangents-and-Normals-to-Conics_39171/
6. Algebra and Trigonometry by Cynthia Young
7. Algebra with Trigonometry by Barnett
8. https://www.lavc.edu/math/library/math125/Worksheets/classifyingconics2.pdf
9. Engineering Mathematics
10. https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-precalculus-concepts-2.0/section/9.1/primary/lesson/general-form-of-a-conic-pcalc
11. Analytic Geometry by Rainville
12. https://rancho-hs.enschool.org/ourpages/auto/2013/6/3/28343346/4S%20WS%2011.pdf
13. https://iblog.dearbornschools.org/singley/wp-content/uploads/sites/781/2018/05/translated-conics-resource.pdf
14. https://www.mathalino.com/tag/reviewer/diameter-parabola
15. https://fl01000126.schoolwires.net/cms/lib/FL01000126/Centricity/Domain/261/Ch9_Section4.pdf
16. https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/given-is-the-polar-4xy120-of-the-parabola-y24x-find-the-coordinates-of-the-pole/
17. https://cdn.kutasoftware.com/Worksheets/Precalc/10%20-%20Rotations%20of%20Conic%20Sections.pdf
18. Glencoe’s Advanced Mathematical Concepts
19. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/precalctwo/chapter/rotation-of-axes/
20. Precalculus by Blitzer
21. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osalgebratrig/chapter/parametric-equations/
22. https://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m116/conics/parametric.html
23. https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Algebra/Book%3A_Algebra_and_Trigonometry_(OpenStax)/10%3A_Further_Applications_of_Trigonometr
y/10.07%3A_Parametric_Equations
24. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calcii/parametriceqn.aspx
25. Analytic Geometry by Burdette
26. https://openstax.org/books/precalculus/pages/8-6-parametric-equations
27. Algebra and Trigonometry by Openstax