An Introduction to Statistics

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 Data and Statistics

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 Populations and Samples

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 Parameters and Statistics

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 Parameters and Statistics

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 Branches of Statistics

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Descriptive and InferentialStatistics

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 Data Classification

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Qualitative and Quantitative date

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 Levels of Measurement

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 Nominal Level of Measurement

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 Ordinal Level of Meaurement

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 Interval Level of Measurement

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 Ratio Level of Measurement

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Summary of Levels of Measurement

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 Experimental Design

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 Methods of Data Collection

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 Sampling of a Population

• It is usually impractical or even impossible to collect the data you

want by means of a census of an entire, target population.
• In this case the target population must be sampled.
• Sampling is a can of worms for researchers! The sample must be
representative of the target population, otherwise no valid
inferences can be made.
• Two types of sampling:
• NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING – DESCRIPTIVE
• PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Non-probability sampling can be very useful but researchers will
generally aim for probability sampling
Samplng Methods
 Stratified Sampling

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 Cluster Sampling

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 Systematic Sampling

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Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling

Snowball sample

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Quota sample
 So What Is Statistics?

Roughly, roughly ………..

Statistical inference from a sample aims to generate

>95% confidence that the sample is representative of
the target population. This is a probability of >0.95.

There is less than 5% chance or 0.05 probability that

the sample result is not representative.

Statistics is all about quantifying uncertainty