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Abstract – The use of microprocessor based multifunction related parameters such as the maximum earth fault current
relays is on the increase due to the advantages they offer is also reviewed.
such as communications, measurements, simplified wiring,
and reduced space requirements. Since many protection
functions are included in one device however, there has been II. BASIC CONCEPTS
some concern about providing adequate protection should a
multifunction relay fail. A reliable protection scheme is very A. Redundancy versus Back-up Protection
important in order to protect capital equipment and operating
personnel, and reduce down time by selectively clearing The purpose of protection relays is to detect a fault and
faults. This paper analyses some of the different means that give a trip order to the switching device that is closest to the
have been used to achieve satisfactory levels of back-up fault location. A fault in a motor feeder will generally result in
protection using microprocessor based multifunction the non-availability of the motor and should it be critical for
protection relays featuring the protection functions normally the process, only the use of a standby motor will allow
provided in large petrochemical plants. production to continue. Fig. 1 shows an electrical distribution
system typical of large petrochemical plants (please refer to
Index Terms – protection relays, back-up protection, Fig. 22 at the end of the paper for a list of all the symbols
circuit-breaker, multifunction relay, microprocessor, electrical used). Switchboards are normally double ended which
distribution means that the loss of a transformer supplying one of the
busbars will not result in a loss of supply since the other
I. INTRODUCTION transformer generally has sufficient capacity to supply both
busbars. From a process point of view it is necessary to
This paper reviews the back-up protection features of an have redundant motors and transformers as shown to ensure
electrical distribution system typically found in a large continued production. Correct operation of the protection
petrochemical installation. After discussing the inherent circuit including back-up protection may ensure optimal
back-up protection found in such systems, the authors show clearance of the fault but will not in itself prevent a loss of
how certain features of microprocessor multifunction relays production. In other words good back-up protection will not
can be used to increase the reliability of the system and fix a bad design.
enhance the performance of the protection system as a Generally the redundancy in petrochemical plants is
whole. designed based on the occurrence of single events such as
A protection relay is part of the complete circuit required the loss of one transformer or one drive. The philosophy of
for the isolation of a section of an electrical distribution back-up protection goes one step further since it is based on
system. The protection circuit also includes a circuit-breaker the simultaneous occurrence of two failures: an electrical
with its trip coil, instrument transformers, auxiliary power fault AND a protection circuit fault. A typical example is
supply, and control wiring. In addition to offering several breaker-failure protection that trips all surrounding circuit-
protection functions in the same device, the typical breakers should a fault occur AND the circuit-breaker not
microprocessor multifunction relay described in this paper open as required.
also has a self monitoring function that is capable of
detecting abnormal conditions within the complete protection B. Unit and Time graded Protection Systems
circuit. The use of this feature to enhance back-up protection
will be discussed. For protection purposes, the power system is often divided
For this paper the authors have assumed that into zones such that no part is left unprotected. A selective
microprocessor relays have been chosen for the application, protection system ensures that only the circuit-breakers
and full use is made of the features they offer such as nearest the fault will trip thereby limiting the effects on the
communication with higher level systems, self monitoring, healthy part of the system. There are two basic methods
and different sets of protection settings. The importance of used, unit protection and time graded protection. Back-up
1
protection concepts are very different for both of these
methods. C. Typical Microprocessor Based Multifunction Relays
In unit protection the currents at the boundary of the zone
are compared. A typical example of this is busbar differential Fig. 2 shows the complete protection circuit, which
protection. Unit protection is inherently very fast since it is includes the multifunction protection relay, a circuit-breaker,
possible to determine whether or not the fault is within the instrument transformers, and an auxiliary power supply.
zone and if so initiate immediate tripping of the protective
devices. Any fault occurring outside the zone will not be auxiliary power supply
detected however, which means that unit protection does not
have an inherent back-up feature. Back-up protection for a trip/close signals
particular zone will therefore require additional equipment, or
it must be included in a larger zone.
protection
The time graded method is based on the fault current relay
flowing through adjacent zones and thus being detected by
several protection relays. If the relays are correctly set, the
circuit-breaker closest to the fault will be tripped before those Fig. 2. Complete protection circuit
in upstream zones have time to operate. Back-up protection The architecture of a typical microprocessor multifunction
relay is illustrated in Fig. 3. State of the art relays have
continuous self monitoring which controls watchdog contacts
F F that change state should there be an internal failure.
Although the self monitoring will find most failures, some
QA QB such as a disconnected sensitive earth fault toroidal current
NC NC transformer may not be detected.
QC
33kV bus A NC 33kV bus B
internal bus
Current
QT1P QT2P acquisition
Power Display unit /
F F supply Keyboard
Voltage
acquisition Communication
CPU (to remote
control)
T1 T2 Control logic
logic I/O
watchdog
Memory contacts
Circuit-breaker
control I/O
F F
QT1S QT2S
NC NC Fig. 3. Typical microprocessor multifunction relay
QT1-2
NO For this reason we still recommend periodic testing even
6.6kV bus A 6.6kV bus B
when self monitoring is provided. Any back-up scheme
which uses the watchdog contacts of microprocessor relays
QM QF
F QM must therefore still provide the minimum back-up protection
for the case of undetected failures in the relay, as well as for
F F F other faults such as circuit-breaker failure.
The relay is often connected to an Electrical Monitoring
and Control System (EMCS) to allow remote control of the
electrical distribution system and monitoring of all electrical
M M
equipment such as motors and transformers for maintenance
purposes.
Fig. 1. Basic single-line diagram
D. Correct Use of Self Monitoring in Microprocessor Devices
is therefore inherent with this method. This inherent back-up
protection will not eliminate the fault quickly however, and As mentioned above, self monitoring is capable of detecting
this could result in damage to equipment or loss of system most internal failures in protection circuits. The watchdog
stability. Different means of reducing the tripping time will be contacts should therefore be connected to the higher level
presented later in the paper. system to generate an alarm and to give precise information
The position of the bus-tie current transformers shown for as to what relay is defective. The maintenance staff should
the 33kV partial differential protection is one of the solutions repair the faulty device without delay and this is often enough
commonly used. It is important that the position of all to prevent damage to equipment and loss of production. The
instrument transformers be reviewed during the design watchdog contacts can also be used to provide back-up
phase. protection by other relays and to change protection settings
2
of upstream relays as will be described later in the paper. All
microprocessor relays are not created equal and these
features should be carefully reviewed when selecting relays
and the appropriate back-up protection scheme.
The watchdog relay coil is normally kept energized by the F F1 F2
self monitoring function. Care must be taken in using these
contacts to prevent nuisance trips. For example a watchdog
contact used to change settings of another relay should be
wired in series with an auxiliary contact of its circuit-breaker
to block the changes if the circuit-breaker is open. M M
E. Design and Commissioning
Fig. 4. Analysis of redundant vs simple protection
3
discussion related to the 33kV switchgear can be
applied.
• Microprocessor relays are more frequently used in high
voltage than low voltage although this trend is changing.
In Fig. 1 all circuit-breakers are normally closed except for 26, 49,
the bus-tie of the 6.6kV switchboard. All protection functions 51, 51N,
QT1S
included in the same rectangle are implemented by the same 51G, 63 QT2S
(tripped)
microprocessor protection relay. When the relay has an
internal fault none of the protection functions will operate. 6.6kV bus A QT1-2 6.6kV bus B
Breaker failure protection (50BF) is not shown on the single
line diagram since it is not commonly used for medium 51, 51N
voltage distribution. Since multifunction relays can often QM QF
provide this function we recommend its use. This can reduce
the time required for upstream circuit-breakers to clear faults 46,49, F
thereby reducing damage to equipment. 50, 50N,
51LR
For each analysis protection curves are used to illustrate
the back-up protection features. For ease of reading we have
used a time margin of 300ms and an operating time of
100ms for instantaneous protection. The time margin used
M
for a particular application will depend on the circuit-breaker
Fig. 5. Motor feeder with one incoming
operating time, the type of protection relay, and the
characteristics of the chosen curves.
V. ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BACK- circuit will automatically use the lower settings as shown in
UP PROTECTION Fig. 7. Since this is the standard operating condition these
will be the fault clearing times normally used and will still
The back-up protection features implemented in the single guarantee selective tripping and back-up protection.
line diagram will be reviewed for different parts of the circuit. t (s)
1000
For each case we will present methods such that the back-up 0 1 2
3
protection can be improved, often without adding additional
equipment or functions. The analysis will consider both QT2S
protection circuit faults detected by the self monitoring 100
A. Motor Feeder
1
QM 3
2
Fig. 5 shows a 6.6kV motor on bus A being supplied from
the incoming of bus B via the tie circuit. Fig. 6 shows the
0.1 1
fault clearing times of the all of the 6.6kV relays. Since time
graded protection is used, inherent back up is provided as
illustrated by Fig. 6. The disadvantage of this scheme is the
I (A)
long time needed to clear a fault occurring on bus B (about 0.01
100 1000 10000
700ms) even when the motor is supplied from bus A, which
is the normal configuration shown in Fig. 1. Since Fig. 6. Motor back-up protection
microprocessor based relays often have multiple protection
curves, it is very easy to reduce the time delay of the The next improvement that can be easily implemented is
incoming protection relay when the tie is open (normal shown in Fig. 8. The watchdog contact is shown in each
operating configuration). An auxiliary contact of the tie feeder relay (F1, F2 and F3). This contact is open when the
breaker is wired to an input of the relay of each incoming relay is energized and no internal faults have been detected,
circuit. When the tie is open the relay of each incoming which is the case for relay F2. Relay F1 has an internal fault
resulting in a closed watchdog contact. Each watchdog
contact is connected directly to the trip coil of the associated
circuit-breaker. In order to prevent nuisance operations when
a feeder has been deenergized such as for F3, an auxiliary
contact of the associated circuit-breaker is wired in series
with the watchdog contact.
4
t (s)
1000 t (s)
0 1 2 1000
0 1 2 3
QT1S
QT1S
100
100
0
10 0
10
1 QM 1 QM
2 2
3
0.1 1 1
0.1
Fig. 7. Motor protection: reduced time delay at incomer level Fig. 9. Incomer relay back-up protection
In addition to the normal output connected to the trip coil conditions. When a relay has an internal fault the operators
of its associated circuit-breaker, the relay F4 of the incomer should immediately switch to the standby motor and proceed
has a separate output which closes instantaneously should with replacement of the relay without delay. If a standby
fault current be detected. Should a fault occur in the circuit motor is not avalaible and there is a risk of overloading the
which has a faulty relay such as F1 in this example, the motor during the time required to replace the faulty relay,
separate output contact of relay F4 will be connected via the addition of a simple overload relay for additional back-up
watchdog contact of relay F1 to the circuit-breaker trip coil protection should be considered.
and will open the circuit-breaker immediately, thus providing
back-up protection. The curves associated with this back-up B. Prevention of Unauthorized Transfers
protection are shown in Fig. 9. The authors recommend use Fig. 10 shows the intertrip signals often associated with an
of this simple and effective system for all switchboards. automatic transfer scheme (ATS). The logic for the transfer
scheme can be performed in the multifunction relay F1 of the
incoming circuit. In such cases a malfunction of F1 will not
51,
50, 51N,
result in an unauthorized transfer since the transfer logic will
50N 51G not be operational. For cases where the logic is performed
outside of F1 as shown in Fig. 10 consideration should be
given to what happens should the incomer relay F1 have a
F4 fault condition (detected by self monitoring or not). Correct
QT1S
F1 F2 F3
intertrip
from QT1P
M1 M M2 M M3 M
26, 27,
Fig. 8. Back-up protection using incomer relay 49, 51, F1
51N,
Both the inherent and improved back-up protection 51G, 63
described above are effective for earth and phase faults but
do not provide any back-up protection for overload QT1S
ATS
6.6kV bus A
QT1S is open. Having the trip signal from the ATS as well QT1S
as the intertrip from the upstream circuit-breaker transit F1 0.1 0 51N (*)
as shown, will prevent QT1S from opening should F1 be
faulty, thus effectively blocking any incorrect transfer. * Note: Block ATS if protection
function trips breaker.
Intertrips to upstream circuit-breakers should be direct (e.g. 0.01
QT1S to QT1P) in order to prevent relay faults from inhibiting 1 10 100
0
26, 27,
49, 51,
10
51N, QT1P 51(1)
51G, 63 QT1S QT1S
F1
6.6kV bus A 1
QT1P 51(2)
1
QM
0.1 2
FM
0.01
earth fault 1000 10000 1e+005
Fig. 11. Back-up earth fault protection that can be implemented very easily is the changing of
settings of F2 should an internal fault be detected in F1. Fig.
14 shows the reduction of the tripping times when this simple
measure is implemented. The inverse time portion of the
now be provided for all parts of the 6.6 kV system. The earth modified curve of F2 provides satisfactory back-up overload
fault protection curves are shown in Fig. 12. As will be protection even though it is not as effective as the
discussed in the next section, should a fault condition be thermostat. Should an internal fault be detected in F2, the
detected in a relay by self monitoring, the earth fault time 33kV bus A incoming relay can be used as a back up as
delay settings can be reduced to allow quicker fault discussed previously in the section on motors.
elimination.
6
1000
t (s)
easier understanding of the discussion, relays F1 and F2 are
0
QT1P 51(1) - both shown as having two different sets of protection
current and time maximum through functions: one set is specific for the incoming circuit (67,
settings lowered fault current 67N, 51, 51N), and the other set (51, 51N) is for the partial
100
differential circuit consisting of the incoming and bus-tie
current transformers connected in parallel. The protection
curves for these functions are shown in Fig. 17. Since the
10
0.1 0
QA QB
NC NC
QC
33kV bus A NC 33kV bus B
0.01
1000 10000 1e+005
QT1P
100 QA 51
51(1), 51(2),
50N, 51G F2 QA - QC
10 partial
87T differential
87REF QT1P 51(1)
F3 1
1
26, 27, 0
Fig. 15. Differential and restricted earth fault protection There is no inherent back-up protection in this scheme
unless we consider the relays upstream of F1 and F2. Since
for quicker fault clearance typical of unit protection.
the upstream relays are often supplied under a separate
contract it is not evident that satisfactory back-up protection
E. Incoming 33kV Main-Tie-Main with Tie Normally Closed
can be achieved.
In order to provide back-up protection and to reduce the
Fig. 16 shows the protection functions of double-ended
clearance time for busbar faults, relays F1 and F2 can be
switchgear operating with the bus-tie normally closed. For
replaced with busbar differential protection and overcurrent
7
protection as shown in Fig. 18. The busbar differential 250A (10% of 2500A). Another reason is that the earth fault
protection becomes the primary protection and is backed up current should be at least twice the value of the cable
by the other relays. The relay on the bus-tie will also provide charging current. Distribution systems with long lengths of
back-up protection for the incoming relay for upstream faults
15
87B
QT1P 51,
51N
51(1), 51(2), F2 severe damage
50N, 51G
F3 5
slight burning
8
protection grading. In order to achieve the fault clearance
times compatible with arc resistant switchgear, unit IX. REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN
protection such as busbar protection is often used as
previously discussed. Another method that does not require For correct operation of the protection system, the design
an additional protection relay or additional current should take into account the following points:
trip CB
1. Continuous operation should not depend on one
circuit or one busbar only. Ensure that maintenance
T1+0.3s 0 can be carried out without total deenergization of the
plant.
(51)
2. Make sure you can live with what happens when back-
I>Is
(50)
up protection operates. If not then the design of the
electrical distribution system is not correct.
T2 0 3. Microprocessor multifunction relays from different
manufacturers often have very different
characteristics. Review all features when selecting a
F2 relay.
6.6kV bus A 5. Make use of other relays when present to enhance
back-up protection. Adding extra components will
often decrease reliability due to the difficulty of
correctly designing and maintaining more complicated
0.2s 0 systems.
6. Choose the maximum earth fault current carefully as it
has an impact on both earth-fault and unit protection.
trip CB 7. When intertripping is performed, the relay should send
the trip order directly to the other breaker and not
T1 0 through the related relay. This is more reliable for
(51)
clearing faults. The one exception is for intertripping
in the case of automatic transfer to prevent disastrous
closing to a faulted bus.
blocking signal
X. CONCLUSION
sent when F1 I>Is
detects fault fault
(50)
The protection scheme typically found in the electrical
distribution system of petrochemical plants has a certain
F1 level of inherent back-up protection. This can be easily
enhanced by the correct use of the self monitoring function of
Fig. 21. Logic to reduce trip time multifunction microprocessor based relays. Back-up
transformers is logic selectivity as shown in Fig. 21. In this protection can often be improved without adding additional
scheme a downstream relay F1 which detects a fault will protection functions or relays by using available functions of
send a signal to the upstream relay F2 to wait during the time existing relays as shown for motor feeders. Since certain
required to eliminate the fault. Should the upstream relay features of multifunction relays from different manufacturers
detect a fault and not receive a signal to wait, it will trip its will not be the same, their influence on the performance of
circuit-breaker immediately. Tripping times similar to those back-up protection should be reviewed very early in the
obtained with unit protection can be achieved and are design phase in order to obtain the best combination of
compatible with the arc withstand duration. Logic selectivity protection and continuous operation. Any analysis of back-
is available in many multifunction relays. up protection must look at the complete protection circuit
consisting of the circuit-breaker, the instrument transformers,
VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION the auxiliary power supply, and the relay. Just adding
RELAYS additional relays will probably do more harm than good. As
Mark Twain said, "It's ok to put all your eggs in one basket,
As can be seen from the analyses, multifunction protection but watch that basket!"
relays should have following features:
XI. REFERENCES
1. Allow quick replacement (i.e. without disconnecting
control wiring). [1] Andrew R. Leoni; John P. Nelson; "Some Lessons
2. The replacement relay must be quickly configurable Learned from Commissioning Substation and Medium
with the same configuration as the replaced relay. Voltage Switchgear Equipment," in IEEE PCIC
3. The self monitoring should detect most internal faults, Conference Record, 2000, pp 33-39.
as well as breaker trip coil faults. [2] Math H. J. Bollen, Causes of Long Interruptions, in
4. The relay must have successfully passed all EMC Understanding Power Quality Problems, IEEE press, pp
tests to ensure correct operation. 36-37
9
[3] Don Rosen, Roy E. Cossé, Jim Bowen, Norman Stringer, distribution branch. He joined the electrical Department of
Thomas Malone, Bill Wood, "Do You Want to Put All Technip in 1976 where he has provided team leadership for
Your 'Relay Eggs' in One Basket?" in IEEE PCIC several major international oil & gas projects involving power
Conference Record, 1999, pp 195-206 generation and distribution. For the last 6 years, he has
[4] Lorraine Padden, Joseph Dudor, "Protective Relay been the Head of Technip France electrical Department. His
Applications for Generators and Transformers", in IAS main interests are in power reliability, providing continuity of
Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 4, July/August 1997, pp22-35 service and safety in major petrochemical complexes such as
[5] IEC standard 60255 Electrical Relays refineries. Mr. Tastet participates in European conferences
concerning centralized control and the safety of electrical
XII. VITAS distribution systems.
Terry Hazel graduated from the University of Manitoba Noël Quillion received his degree from the Electrical
Canada with a BScEE in 1970. He worked for one year as a Engineering Institute, Grenoble, France in 1977. Following
power coordination engineer in Perth Australia and for graduation he worked for several years with Schneider
several years in Frankfurt Germany as a consulting engineer Electric (formerly Merlin Gerin) as a power system analysis
for construction and renovation of industrial power specialist and provided training for both employees and
distribution systems. Since 1980 he has worked for customers. Since 1991 he is with their protection and control
Schneider Electric (formerly Merlin Gerin) in their projects systems department designing and implementing protection
group where he has provided team leadership for several schemes for industrial applications.
major international projects involving process control and
power distribution. His main interests are in power quality, Bruno Lusson graduated in 1989 from the Lille Engineering
and the reliability of electrical distribution systems. Mr. Hazel School in France. Prior to 1994 he worked with Jeumont
is a senior member of IEEE and is author of a PCIC paper Schneider in the power electronics branch dealing with high
and tutorial. power variable speed drives and rectifiers for aluminum
smelters and electric arc furnaces. He is now with Schneider
Jacques Tastet graduated from the EEIP School in France Electric and is a power system analysis specialist interested
with an Engineering Degree in 1974. He worked for one year particularly in power quality issues and system reliability.
for the French EdF Distribution Board in the power
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