Chap#5 Nwa

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tc 2010
PROBLEMS
Q#5.1: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 with the capacitor
uncharged. Find values for i, di/dt and d2i/dt2 at t = 0+, for element values as
follows:
V 100 V
R 1000 
C 1 F
+ R
V C
-
Switch is closed at t = 0 (reference time)

We know
Voltage across capacitor before switching = VC(0-) = 0 V
According to the statement under Q#5.1.
VC(0+) = VC(0-) = 0 V
V 100
iC(0+) = i(0+) = = = 0.1 Amp.
R 1000
Element and initial condition Equivalent circuit at t = 0+
Sc
C
Switch
Drop
Rise i(0+) Short circuit
Drop
Applying KVL for t  0

Sum of voltage rise = sum of voltage drop
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1
V = iR + idt
C
Differentiating with respect to „t‟
di i
R + =0
dt C
di(0+) -i(0+)
= [eq. 1]
dt CR
By putting the values of i(0+), C & R
di(0+) -(0.1)
=
dt (1 F)(1 k)
di(0+)
= -100 Amp/sec
dt
Differentiating eq. 1 with respect to „t‟

d2i(0+) -di(0+) 1
=
dt2 dt CR
Putting the corresponding values
d2i(0+)
= 100, 000 amp/sec2
dt2
Q#5.2: In the given network, K is closed at t = 0 with zero current in the inductor.
Find the values of i, di/dt, and d2i/dt2 at t = 0+ if
R 10 
L 1H
V 100 V
K
+ R
V
- L
Key closed at t = 0
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = i(0+) = 0 Amp
According to the statement under Q#5.2:
Drop
Rise
Open circuit Drop
i(0+)
Element and initial condition Equivalent circuit at t = 0+

oc

Ldi
V = iR +
dt
Ldi
= V – iR
dt
di V - iR
= [eq. 1]
dt L
di(0+) V – i(0+)R
=
dt L
Putting corresponding values
di(0+) V – (0)R
=
dt L
di(0+) V
=
dt L
di(0+) 100
=
dt 1
di(0+)
= 100 Amp/sec
dt
Differentiating [eq. 1]
d2i d V iR
= -
dt2 dt L L
d2 i -Rdi
=
dt2 Ldt
d2i(0+) -Rdi(0+)
=
dt2 Ldt
d2i(0+)
= -1, 000 Amp/sec2
dt2
Q#5.3: In the network of the figure, K is changed from position a to b at t = 0. Solve

for i, di/dt, and d2i/dt2 at t = 0+ if
R 1000 
L 1H
C 0.1 F
V 100 V
a K
b R
V C L
Equivalent circuit at t = 0+
sc

1 Ldi
Ri + idt + = 0 [eq. 1]
C dt
Equivalent circuit at t = 0-
i(0+)
sc
V 100
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = i(0+) = = = 0.1 Amp
R 1000
Initial condition:
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0
Also we know for t  0
VR + VL + VC = 0
iR + VL + VC = 0
At t = 0+
i(0+)R + VL(0+) + VC(0+) = 0
(0.1)(1000) + VL(0+) + 0 = 0
VL(0+) = -100 Volts
And
di
VL = L
dt
di VL
=
dt L
di(0+) VL(0+)
=
dt L
di(0+)
= -100 Amp/sec
dt
Differentiating [eq. 1] with respect to „t‟
Rdi i Ld2i
+ + =0
dt C dt2
Rdi(0+) i(0+) Ld2i(0+)
+ + =0
2
dt C dt
d2i(0+)
= 9, 00000 Amp/sec2
2
dt
Q#5.4: For the network and the conditions stated in problem 4-3, determine the
values of dv1/dt and dv2/dt at t = 0+.
V1
C1 C2 V2
V1 2V
V2 1V
R 1
C1 1F
C2 ½F
After switching:
V1 V2
Applying KCL at node 1:
V1 – V2 dV1
+ C1 =0
R dt
V1(0+) – V2(0+) dV1(0+)
+ C1 =0
R dt
2V–1V dV1(0+)
+ (1 F) =0
1 dt
Simplifying
dV1(0+)
= -1 Volt/sec
dt
At node 2:
V2 – V1 dV2
+ C2 =0
R dt
V2(0+) – V1(0+) dV2(0+)
+ C2 =0
R dt
1V–2V dV2(0+)
+ (1/2) =0
1 dt
Simplifying
dV2(0+)
= 2 Volt/sec
dt
According to KCL
“Sum of currents entering into the junction must equal to the sum of
the currents leaving the junction”
Q#5.5: For the network described in problem 4.7, determine values of d 2v2/dt2 and
d3v2/dt3 at t = 0+.
NODE
R1 +
R2 V2
V1 C
-
R1 10 
R2 20 
C 1/20 F
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 V
Applying KCL at NODE for t  0
V2 dV2 V2 – V1
+C + = 0 … (1)
R2 dt R1
At t = 0+
V2(0+) dV2(0+) V2(0+) – V1(0+)
+C + =0
R2 dt R1
V1 = e-t Volts
V2 = VC(0+) = 0 Volts
0 dV2(0+) 0 – e-0+
+C + =0
R2 dt R1
Simplifying
dV2(0+)
= 2 Volt/sec
dt
Differentiating eq. 1 with respect to „t‟

1 dV2 d2V2 1 dV2 dV1
+ C + - =0
2
R2 dt dt R1 dt dt
1 dV2 1 d2V2 1 dV2 d(e-t)

+ + - =0
20 dt 20 dt2 10 dt dt
1 dV2 1 d2V2 1 dV2 1 d(e-t)

+ + - =0
20 dt 20 dt2 10 dt 10 dt
3 dV2 1 d2V2 1 d(e-t)

+ - =0
20 dt 20 dt2 10 dt
d(e-t) = -e-t
3 dV2 1 d2V2
+ + 0.1e-t = 0 … (2)
2
20 dt 20 dt
At t = 0+
3 dV2(0+) 1 d2V2(0+)
+ + 0.1e-t(0+) = 0
20 dt 20 dt2
Simplifying
d2V2(0+)
= -8 Volt/sec2
2
dt
Differentiating eq. 2
3 d2V2 1 d3V2
+ - 0.1e-t = 0
20 dt2 20 dt3
At t = 0+
3 d2V2(0+) 1 d3V2(0+)
+ - 0.1e-t(0+) = 0
20 dt2 20 dt3
Putting corresponding values and simplifying
d3V2(0+)
= 26 Volts/sec3
dt3
Q#5.6: The network shown in the accompanying figure is in the steady state with the
switch k closed. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Determine the voltage across the
switch, VK, and dVK/dt at t = 0+.
SOLUTION:
VK
R 1
L 1H
C ½F
V 2V
Equivalent network before switching
i(0+) sc
V 2
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = i(0+) = = = 2 Amp
R 1
1
Also VK = VC = idt
C
dVK i
=
dt C
At t = 0+
dVK i(0+)
=
dt C
dVK 2
=
dt (1/2)
dVK
= 4 Volts/sec
dt
Q#5.7: In the given network, the switch K is opened at t = 0. At t = 0+, solve for the
values of v, dv/dt, and d2v/dt2 if
I 10 A
R 1000 
C 1 F
Switch is opened at t = 0
Equivalent circuit at t = 0-
No current flows through R so

VC(0-) = VC(0+) = i(0-)R = V(0+)
Here
i(0-) = 0
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = (0)R
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 Volts
For t  0; according to KCL at V
V dV
+C = I … (1)
R dt
At t = 0+
V(0+) dV(0+)
+C =I
R dt
Simplifying
dV(0+)
= 107 Volts/sec
dt
Differentiating (1) with respect to „t‟
1 dV d2V
+C =0
R dt dt2
At t = 0+
1 dV(0+) d2V(0+)
+C =0
2
R dt dt
Simplifying
d2V(0+)
= -1010 Volts/sec2
dt2
Q#5.8: The network shown in the figure has the switch K opened at t = 0. Solve for
V, dV/dt, and d2V/dt2 at t = 0+ if
I 1A
R 100 
L 1H
Equivalent circuit before switching:
Because
iL(0-) = 0 A
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A
Therefore
After switching (t = 0+)
So
V(0+) = (I)(R)
V(0+) = (1)(100)
V(0+) = 100 Volts
For t  0
Applying KCL at node V
V 1
+ Vdt = I … (1)
R L
1 dV V
+ = 0 … (2)
R dt L
At t = 0+
1 dV(0+) V(0+)
+ =0
R dt L
Simplifying
dV(0+)
= -10, 000 Volts/sec
dt
1 d2V 1 dV
+ =0
R dt2 L dt
At t = 0+
1 d2V(0+) 1 dV(0+)
+ =0
R dt2 L dt
Simplifying
d2V(0+)
= 1, 000, 000 Volts/sec2
dt2
Q#5.9: In the network shown in the figure, a steady state is reached with the switch
K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values given, determine the
value of Va(0-) and Va(0+).
Circuit diagram:
Vb
Va
sc
Req = (10 + 20)  10

(10 + 20)(10)
Req =
(10 + 20) + 10
300
Req =
40
Req = 7.5 
After simplification Req
i(0-)
5V
V
i(0-) =
Req
5
i(0-) =
7.5
i(0-) = 0.667 Amp.
i(0-) = iL(0-)
Va(0-)
20
Va(0-) = (5)
(10 + 20)
Va(0-) = 3.334 Volts
Also equivalent network at t = 0+
t = 0+
Vb
Va
Applying KCL at node Va

Va – 5 Va - Vb Va
+ + =0
10 20 10
After simplification we get
Vb = 5Va – 10 … (i)
Applying KCL at node Vb
Vb - Va Vb – 5 2
+ + =0
20 10 3
9Vb – 3Va + 10 = 0 … (ii)
Substituting value of Vb from (i) into (ii)
9[5Va – 10] – 3Va + 10 = 0
45Va – 90 – 3Va + 10 = 0
42Va – 80 = 0
Va(0+) = 1.905 Volts
Q#5.10: In the accompanying figure is shown a network in which a steady state is

reached with switch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values
given, determine the values of Va(0-) and Va(0+).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vb
Va
Equivalent circuit before switching
Req
VC(0-) = Va(0-) = 0 V
Equivalent network at t = 0+
Vb
Va
+
-
Applying KCL at node Va

Va – 5 Va - Vb Va
+ + =0
10 20 10
Vb = 5Va – 10 … (i)
At Vb = 5 V
5 = 5Va – 10
Va(0+) = 3 Volts
Q#5.11: In the network of figure P5-9, determine iL(0+) and iL() for the conditions
stated in problem 5-9.
sc
Req = (10 + 20)  10

(10 + 20)(10)
Req =
(10 + 20) + 10
300
Req =
40
Req = 7.5 
After simplification Req
i(0-)
5V
V
i(0-) =
Req
5
i(0-) =
7.5
i(0-) = 0.667 Amp.
i(0-) = iL(0-)
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0.667 Amp.
Equivalent network at t = 
Va
Applying KCL at node Va iL()

Va – 5 Va Va
+ + =0
10 20 10
Va() = 2 Volts
V Va
iL() = +
10 20
iL() = 0.6 Amp.
Q#5.12: In the network given in figure p5-10, determine Vb(0+) and Vb() for the
conditions stated in Prob. 5-10.
At t = 0-, equivalent network is
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 5 Volts
Also equivalent network at t =  is
Vb
Va
According to KCL at Va
Va – 5 Va - Vb Va
+ + =0
10 20 10
Va = 0.2Vb + 2 … (i)
According to KCL at Vb
Vb – 5 Vb – Va
+ =0
10 20
3Vb – Va – 10 = 0
Putting the value of Va we get
Vb() = 4.286 Volts
Q#5.13: In the accompanying network, the switch K is closed at t = 0 with zero

capacitor voltage and zero inductor current. Solve for (a) V1 and V2 at t = 0+, (b) V1
and V2 at t = , (c) dV1/dt and dV2/dt at t = 0+, (d) d2V2/dt2 at t = 0+.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R1
V1
L
V2
R2
Equivalent network after switching
According to statement under Q#5.13
At t = 0-
VC(0-) 0V
VC(0+) 0V
iL(0-) 0A
iL(0+) 0A
V2(0+) = iL(0+)(R2)
V2(0+) = (0)(R2)
V2(0+) = 0 V
V1(0+) + V2(0+) = VC(0+)

V1(0+) + 0 = 0
V1(0+) = 0
Equivalent circuit at t = 
V1() = iR2R2
V
iR2 =
R1 + R2
VR2
V1() =
R1 + R2
VC() = V – iR1R1
VR1
VC() = V –
R1 + R2
VR2
VC() =
R1 + R2
Since
VC() = V1() + V2()
VR2
V2() =
R1 + R2
V1() = VC() - V2()
VR2 VR2
V1() = -
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
V1() = 0 Volts Self justified
(c)
V1
V2
According to KCL at node ‘V1’

V – V1 dV1 1
+C + V1 – V2)dt = 0 … (i)
R1 dt L
1 dV dV1 d2V1 1
- +C + (V1 – V2) = 0 … (iii)
R1 dt dt dt2 L
According to KCL at node ‘V2’

V2 1
+ V2 – V1)dt = 0 … (ii)
R2 L
1 dV2 1
+ (V2 – V1) = 0 … (iV)
R2 dt L
As
V1 = V1 + V2
By putting the value of V1 in (iii) & (iv)
1 dV d(V1 + V2) d2(V1 + V2) 1

- +C + (V1 + V2 – V2) = 0
2
R1 dt dt dt L
1 dV dV1 dV2 d2V1 d2V2 1

- - +C + + (V1) = 0 … (V)
2 2
R1 dt dt dt dt dt L
1 dV2 1
+ (V2 – V1) = 0 … (iV)
R2 dt L
1 dV2 1
+ (V2 – (V1 + V2)) = 0 … (iV)
R2 dt L
1 dV2 1
+ (V2 – V1 - V2) = 0
R2 dt L
1 dV2 1
+ (–V1) = 0 … (Vi)
R2 dt L
From (V) & (Vi) we can find the values of dV1/dt & dV2/dt.
(d)
Refer part C.
Q#5.14: The network of Prob. 5-13 reaches a steady state with the switch K closed.
At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch K is opened. Solve for the quantities
specified in the four parts of Prob. 5-13.
(a)
At t = 0-
V
iL(0-) =
R1 + R2
VC(0-) = V – iR1(0-)R1
Here
iR1(0-) = iL(0-)
VC(0-) = V – iL(0-)R1
VR1
VC(0-) = V -
R1 + R2
VR2
VC(0-) =
R1 + R2
V2 = iR2R2
V
iR2(0-) = iR1(0-) =
R1 + R2
VR2
V2 =
R1 + R2
VR2
V2(0-) =
R1 + R2
V1(0-) + V2(0-) = VC(0-)

V1(0-) = VC(0-) - V2(0-)
VR2 VR2
V1(0-) = -
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
V1(0-) = 0 Volts
V1(0+)
+
-
VC(0+)
V2(0+)
VC(0-) = VC(0+)
VR2
VC(0+) =
R1 + R2
V
iL(0-) = iL(0+) =
R1 + R2
V2(0+) = iL(0+)R2
VR2
V2(0+) =
R1 + R2
V1(0+) + V2(0+) = VC(0+)

V1(0+) = VC(0+) - V2(0+)
VR2 VR2
V1(0+) = -
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
V1(0+) = 0 Volts
(b)
At t =  capacitor will be fully discharged and acts as an open circuit.
Hence
VC() = 0 V
iL() = 0 A
V2() = iL()R2
V2() = (0)R2
V2() = 0 Volt
(c)
For t  0, the equivalent network is
V1
V2
V2 V1
Applying KCL at node „V1‟
1 dV1
(V1 – V2)dt + C = 0 … (i)
L dt
d -V2
C (V1 + V2) = … (ii)
dt R2
As
V1 = V1 + V2
1 d(V1 + V2)
(V1 + V2 – V2)dt + C =0
L dt
1 d(V1 + V2)
V1dt + C =0
L dt
Differentiating (i) with respect to „t‟
1 d2V1 d2V2
V1 + C +C = 0 … (iii)
2 2
L dt dt
Differentiating (ii) with respect to „t‟
d2 -1 dV2
C (V1 + V2) = … (iV)
dt2 R2 dt
After simplification we get the values of dV1/dt & dV2/dt.

(d)
Refer part c.
Q#5.15: The switch K in the network of the figure is closed at t = 0 connecting the
battery to an unenergized network. (a) Determine i, di/dt, and d 2i/dt2 at t = 0+. (b)
Determine V1, dV1/dt, and d2V1/dt2 at t = 0+.
V0 i
V1
Equivalent circuit after switching
Here
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 Volt
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A
i(0+) = 0 A
iL(0+) = i(0+)
Applying KVL around outside loop
di
L + iR2 = V0 … (i)
dt
At t = 0+
di(0+)
L + i(0+)R2 = V0 … (i)
dt
By putting corresponding values we get
di(0+) V0
=
dt L

d2 i di
L + R2 =0
dt2 dt
At t = 0+
d2i(0+) di(0+)
L + R2 =0
dt2 dt
Simplifying we get
d2i(0+) -RV0
=
dt2 L2
Referring to the network at t = 0+

V1(0+) = VR1(0+) = iR1(0+)(R1)
V0
iR1(0+) =
R1
V0R1
V1(0+) =
R1
V1(0+) = V0
(b)
Also
V1 = V0 for all t  0
dV1(0+) d2V1(0+)
= =0
2
dt dt
Q#5.16: The network of Prob. 5.15 reaches a steady state under the conditions
specified in that problem. At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch K is opened.
Solve for the quantities specified in Prob. 5.15 at t = 0+.
V0
R2
V0
iL(0-) =
R2
VC(0-) = VR2(0-) = iL(0-)(R2)
V0
VC(0-) = VR2(0-) = (R2)
R2
VC(0-) = VR2(0-) = V0
As
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = V0
+
-
i(0+)
V0
i(0+) = iL(0-) = iL(0+) =
R2
V1(0+) = V0 – VR1(0+)
V1(0+) = V0 – iL(0+)R1
V0
V1(0+) = V0 – R1
R2
R2 – R1
V1(0+) = V0 –
R2
Equivalent circuit for t  0
R1
L
i
R2
Applying KVL around the loop

1 di
i(R1 + R2) + idt + L = 0 … (i)
C dt
Also
VR1 + VR2 + VL + VC = 0
i(0+)R1 + i(0+)R2 + VL(0+) + VC(0+) = 0
VL(0+) = -i(0+)R1 - i(0+)R2 - VC(0+)

Here
VC(0+) = -V0
V0
i(0+) =
R2
V0 V0
VL(0+) = - R1 - R2 – (-V0)
R2 R2
V0
VL(0+) = - R1 – V0 + V0
R2
V0
VL(0+) = - R1
R2
And
di
VL = L
dt
di(0+) VL(0+)
=
dt L
Putting corresponding value
di(0+) -V0R1
=
dt R2 L
Differentiating eq. (i) with respect to „t‟

1 di
i(R1 + R2) + idt + L = 0 … (i)
C dt
di i d2i
(R1 + R2) + +L =0
dt C dt2
At t = 0+
di(0+) i(0+) d2i(0+)
(R1 + R2) + +L =0
2
dt C dt
Here
di(0+) -V0R1
=
dt R2 L
V0
i(0+) =
R2
d2i(0+) V0 R1(R1 + R2) 1

= -
dt2 R2 L C
Also
di
V1 = L + iR2
dt
dV1 d2 i di
=L + R2
dt dt2 dt
At t = 0+
dV1(0+) d2i(0+) di(0+)
=L + R2
dt dt2 dt
By putting corresponding values and simplifying
dV1(0+) V0 R12 1
= -
dt R2 L C
We know
-1
V1 = idt - iR1
C
dV1 -i di
= - R1
dt C dt
d2V1 -di 1 d2i
= - R1
dt2 dt C dt2
At t = 0+
d2V1(0+) -di(0+) 1 d2i(0+)
= - R1
dt2 dt C dt2
d2V1(0+) V0R1 2 R1(R1 + R2)
= -
dt2 R2L C L
Q#5.17: In the network shown in the accompanying figure, the switch K is changed
from a to b at t = 0. Show that at t = 0+,
V
i1 = i 2 = -
R1 + R2 + R3
i3 = 0
a C3
L2
b
V R2
+ R3
i1 i2
- i3
R1 L1
C1 C2
+ -
At t = 0-, capacitor C3 is fully charged to voltage V that is VC3(0-) = V and behaves
as an open circuit, so current in L1, L2 becomes and other two capacitors also fully
charged.
iL1(0-) = iL1(0+) = 0 A
iL2(0-) = iL2(0+) = 0 A
VC1(0-) = VC1(0+) = 0 V
VC2(0-) = VC2(0+) = 0 V
+ -
+ -
i2
i1
Hence
-V
i1 = i 2 =
R1 + R2 + R3
C1 behaves short circuit being uncharged at t = 0- & L1 behaving open circuit since
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A
and i3 = 0 [L2 behaving open circuit].
Q#5.18: In the given network, the capacitor C1 is charged to voltage V0 and the
switch K is closed at t = 0. When
R1 2 M
V0 1000 V
R2 1 M
C1 10 F
C2 20 F
2 2
solve for d i2/dt at t = 0+.
+
C1 i1
V0 C2
- i2
R2
R1
i2
VC1(0-) = V0
VC2(0-) = 0 V
V0 i1 i2
-
VC1(0+) = V0
VC2(0+) = 0 V
For t  0
For loop 1:
1
R2(i1 – i2) + i1dt = 0 … (i)
C1
For loop 2:
1
R2(i2 – i1) + i2dt + R1i2 = 0 … (ii)
C2
1
R2(i1 – i2) = - i1dt
C1
1
R2(i2 – i1) = i1dt … (iii)
C1
Taking loop around outside
i2R1 = V0
V0
i2 = … (a)
R1
In loop 1
According to KVL:
R2(i1 – i2) = V0
R2i1 – R2i2 = V0
Putting the value of i2 and simplifying
V0(R1 + R2)
i1 = … (b)
R1R2
Putting corresponding values we get
i1(0+) 1.5(10-3) Amp.
i2(0+) 5(10-4) Amp.
Substituting value of R2(i2 – i1) in eq. (ii)
1 1
i1dt + i2dt + R1i2 = 0
C1 C2
i1 di2 i2
+ R1 + = 0 … (iv)
C1 dt C2
At t = 0+
i1(0+) di2(0+) i2(0+)
+ R1 + =0
C1 dt C2
di2(0+)
= -8.75(10-5) Amp/sec.
dt
Differentiating eq. (iii) with respect to „t‟

di2 di1 i1
R2 - R2 =
dt dt C1
At t = 0+
di2(0+) di1(0+) i1(0+)
R2 - R2 =
dt dt C1
By putting corresponding values and simplifying
di1(0+)
= -2.375(10-4) Amp/sec.
dt
Differentiating eq. (iv) with respect to „t‟

1 di1 d2 i2 1 di2
+ R1 + =0
C1 dt dt2 C2 dt
At t = 0+
1 di1(0+) d2i2(0+) 1 di2(0+)

+ R1 + =0
C1 dt dt2 C2 dt
d2i2(0+)
= 1.40625(10-5) Amp/sec2.
dt2
Q#5.19: In the circuit shown in the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 connecting
a voltage, V0sin t, to the parallel RL-RC circuit. Find (a) di1/dt and (b) di2/dt at t =
0+.
+
i1 i2
-
+ www.electrical.net.tc Page 44
At t  0
di2
Ri2 + L = V0sin t … (i)
dt
Applying KVL around inside loop
1
Ri1 + i1dt = V0sin t … (ii)
C
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 A
VC(0+) = 0 V
V0sin t
i1 =
R
At t = 0+
V0sin (0+)
i1(0+) =
R
V0sin 0
i1(0+) =
R
i1(0+) = 0 A
From (i)
At t = 0+
di2(0+)
Ri2(0+) + L = V0sin (0+) … (i)
dt
di2(0+)
= 0 Amp/sec
dt
Differentiating eq. (ii) with respect to „t‟

1
Ri1 + i1dt = V0sin t … (ii)
C
di1 i1
R + = V0cos t
dt C
At t = 0+
di1(0+) i1(0+)
R + = V0cos (0+)
dt C
By putting corresponding values & simplifying we get
di1(0+) V0 
=
dt R
Q#5.20: In the network shown, a steady state is reached with the switch K open with
V 100 V
R1 10 
R2 20 
R3 20 
L 1H
C 1 F
. At time t = 0, the switch is closed.
(a) Write the integrodifferential equations for the network after the switch is
closed.
(b) What is the voltage V0 across C before the switch is closed? What is its
polarity?
(c) Solve for the initial value of i1 and i2(t = 0+).
(d) Solve for the values of di1/dt and di2/dt at t = 0+.
(e) What is the value of di1/dt at ?
Circuit diagram:
i
i2 i1
R2
R1
R3
Simplifying
VC(0-)
VC(0-) = iR2(R2) = VR2

Here
V
iR2 =
R1 + R2
VR2
VR2 =
R1 + R2
VC(0-) = VR2 = 66.667 V
V
iL(0-) =
R1 + R2
iL(0-) = 3.334 A
For t  0
i2 i1
di1
R2i1 + L = V … (i)
dt
Applying KVL around inside loop
1
R3i2 + i2dt = V … (ii)
C
Since
10
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = iR2(0-) = i1(0-) = i1(0+) = Amp.
3
V – VC(0+)
i2(0+) =
R3
Here
VC(0+) = 6.667 Volts
Putting corresponding values & simplifying
i2(0+) = 1.667 Amp.
From eq. (i)
At t = 0+
di1(0+)
R2i1(0+) + L = V … (i)
dt
di1(0+)
= 33.334 Amp/sec.
dt
Differentiating eq. 2:
di2 i2
R3 +=0
dt C
At t = 0+
di2(0+) i2(0+)
R3 + =0
dt C
di2(0+)
= 83.334(104) Amp/sec.
dt
From eq. (i)
At t = 
di1()
R2i1() + L = V … (i)
dt
Here
di1()
= 0 Amp/sec
dt
i1() = 5 Amp.
Equivalent circuit after switching:
+
iL(0+) -
VC(0+)
Q#5.21: The network shown in the figure has two independent node pairs. If the
switch K is opened at t = 0, find the following quantities at t = 0+:
(a) V1
(b) V2
(c) dV1/dt
(d) dV2/dt
Circuit diagram:
V1 V2
i(t) K R1 C
R2
Initial conditions:
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 V
1 V1
(V1 – V2)dt + = i(t) … (i)
L R1
(V1 – V2) 1 dV1 di(t)

+ =
L R1 dt dt
At t = 0+
(V1(0+) – V2(0+)) 1 dV1(0+) di(0+)
+ =
L R1 dt dt
dV1(0+) di(t)(0+) V1(0+) R1

= -
dt dt L

1 V2 dV2
(V2 – V1)dt + +C = 0 … (ii)
L R2 dt
At t = 0+
(V2(0+) – V1(0+)) 1 dV2(0+) dV2(0+)
+ +C =0
L R2 dt dt
dV2(0+)
= 0 V/sec.
dt
Equivalent circuit at t = 0+ V1(0+) V2(0+)
Q#5.22: In the network shown in the figure, the switch K is closed at the instant t =
0, connecting an unenergized system to a voltage source. Show that if V(0) = V,
then:
di1(0+)/dt, di2(0+)/dt =? L1 L2
R1
L3
+ R3
i1 i2
-
R2
iL1(0-) = iL1(0+) = 0 A
iL2(0-) = iL2(0+) = 0 A
For t  0
According to KVL
Loop 1:
di1 d(i1 – i2) d(i1 – i2) di1 di2

R1i1 + L1 + L3 + R2(i1 – i2) + M13 + M31 + (-M32) = V(t)
dt dt dt dt dt
After simplification
di1 di2
i(R1 + R2) – i2R2 + (L1 + L3 + 2M13) - (L3 + M13 + M23) = V(t) … (i)
dt dt
i1(0+) = i2(0+) = 0
At t = 0+
di1(0+) di2(0+)
i(0+)(R1 + R2) – i2(0+)R2 + (L1 + L3 + 2M13) - (L3 + M13 + M23) = V(t)
dt dt
di1(0+) di2(0+)
(L1 + L3 + 2M13) - (L3 + M13 + M23) = V … (ii)
dt dt
According to KVL
Loop 2:
di2 d(i2 – i1) d(i2 – i1) di1 di2
R3i2 + L2 + L3 + R2(i2 – i1) + M23 - M31 + M32 =0
dt dt dt dt dt
After simplifying
di2 di1
i2(R3 + R2) – i1R2 + (L2 + L3 + 2M23) - (L3 + M13 + M23) = 0 … (iii)
dt dt
At t = 0+
di2(0+) di1(0+)
i2(0+)(R3 + R2) – i1(0+)R2 + (L2 + L3 + 2M23) - (L3 + M13 + M23) = 0
dt dt
di2(0+) di1(0+)
(L2 + L3 + 2M23) - (L3 + M13 + M23) = 0 … (iv)
dt dt
From (ii) & (iv) we can determine the values of di 1(0+)/dt & di2(0+)/dt.
MASHAALLAH BHAI’S REFERENCE:
In order to indicate the physical relationship of the coils and, therefore, simplify the
sign convention for the mutual terms, we employ what is commonly called the dot
convention. Dots are placed beside each coil so that if currents are entering both
dotted terminals or leaving both dotted terminals, the fluxes produced by these
currents will add.
If one current enters a dot and the other current leaves a dot, the mutual induced
voltage and self-induced voltage terms will have opposite signs.
Q#5.23: For the network of the figure, show that if K is closed at t = 0, d 2i1(0+)/dt2?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1
+
i1 C i2 R2
V(t)
-
Initial conditions:
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A = i2(0+)
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 V
V(t)
i1(t) =
R1
At t = 0+
V(0+)
i1(0+) =
R1
For t  0
Loop 1:
1
R1i1 + (i1 – i2)dt = V(t) … (i)
C
di1 (i1 – i2) dV(t)

R1 + = … (ii)
dt C dt
At t = 0+
di1(0+) (i1(0+) – i2(0+)) dV(0+)
R1 + =
dt C dt
di1(0+) dV(0) V(0) 1

= -
dt dt R1C R1
Differentiating (ii) with respect to „t‟

d2i1 1 di1 di2 d2V(t)
R1 + - =
dt2 C dt dt dt2
At t = 0+
d2i1(0+) 1 di1(0+) di2(0+) d2V(0+)

R1 + - =
2
dt C dt dt dt 2
From here we can determine the value of d2i1(0+)/dt2.
Q#5.24: The given network consists of two coupled coils and a capacitor. At t = 0,
the switch K is closed connecting a generator of voltage, V(t) = V sin (t/(MC)1/2).
Show that
Va(0+) = 0, dVa(0+)/dt = (V/L)(M/C)1/2, and d2Va(0+)/dt2 = 0.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
- www.electrical.net.tc Page 55
Va
V(t)
diL(0+)
Va(0+) = VC(0+) + M
dt
We know for t  0, according to KVL
di 1
L + idt = V(t) … (a)
dt C
At t = 0+
di(0+)
L + VC(0+) = V(0+)
dt
Here
VC(0+) = 0 V
V(t) = V sin (t/(MC)1/2)
V(0+) = V sin ((0+)/(MC)1/2)
V(0+) = V sin (0)
V(0+) = V (0)
V(0+) = 0 V
di(0+)
= 0 Amp/sec.
dt
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = i(0+) = 0 A
Now
di(0+)
Va(0+) = VC(0+) + M … (i)
dt
Va(0+) = 0 Volt
Now
dVa dVC d2 i
= +M … (b)
2
dt dt dt
Differentiating (a) with respect to „t‟
d2 i i dV(t)
L + = … (a)
2
dt C dt
Here
V
d(V(t)) = cos (t/(MC)1/2)
1/2
(MC)
At t = 0+
d2i(0+) i(0+) dV(0+)
L + = … (c)
dt2 C dt
d2i(0+) V
=
dt2 L(MC)1/2
At node a, apply KCL
1 dVC
(VC – V(t)) + C = 0 … (c)
L dt
Rearranging
dVC(0+)
iL(0+) + C =0
dt
dVC(0+)
0+C =0
dt
dVC(0+)
=0
dt
dVa dVC d2 i
= +M … (b)
2
dt dt dt
At t = 0+
dVa(0+) dVC(0+) d2i(0+)
= +M … (b)
dt dt dt2
dVa(0+) V M
=
dt L C
Differentiating (b) with respect to „t‟

d2Va d2VC d3 i
= +M
2 2
dt dt dt3
Differentiating (c) with respect to „t‟
d3i(0+) 1 di(0+) d2V(0+)
L + = … (c)
3 2
dt C dt dt
d2V(0+)
=?
dt2
V
d(V(t)) = cos (t/(MC)1/2)
1/2
(MC)
-V
2
d (V(t)) = sin (t/(MC)1/2)
(MC)
-V
2
d (V(0+)) = sin (0+/(MC)1/2)
(MC)
-V
d2(V(0+)) = sin (0)
(MC)
-V
d2(V(0+)) = (0)
(MC)
d2V(0+)
=0
2
dt
d3i(0+)
= 0 Amp/sec3
3
dt
Differentiating (c) with respect to „t‟
(VC – V(t)) d2VC
+C = 0 … (c)
2
L dt
At t = 0+
(VC(0+) – V(0+)) d2VC(0+)
+C = 0 … (c)
L dt2
d2VC(0+)
= 0 V/sec2
dt2
d2Va d2VC d3 i
= +M
2 2
dt dt dt3
At t = 0+
d2Va(0+) d2VC(0+) d3i(0+)
= +M
2 2
dt dt dt3
d2Va(0+)
= 0 Volt/sec2
dt2
Q#5.25: In the network of the figure, the switch K is opened at t = 0 after the
network has attained a steady state with the switch closed. (a) Find an expression
for the voltage across the switch at t = 0+. (b) If the parameters are adjusted such
that i(0+) = 1 and di/dt (0+) = -1, what is the value of the derivative of the voltage
across the switch, dVK/dt (0+) ?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+ VK -
R2
R1 C
V
i
Initial conditions:
i(0+) = 1
di(0+)
= -1
dt
Equivalent network after switching:
VK
sc
V
iL =
R2
V
iL(0-) = iL(0+) =
R2
At t = 0+
VK(0+) = VR1(0+)
VR1(0+) = iL(0+)(R1)
Putting corresponding value we get
V
VR1(0+) = R1
R2
For t  0
1
VK = iR1 + idt
C
dVK di i
= R1 +
dt dt C
At t = 0+
dVK(0+) di(0+) i(0+)
= R1 +
dt dt C
Putting corresponding value we get
dVK(0+) 1
= -R
dt C
Q#5.26: In the network shown in the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0

connecting the battery with an unenergized system.
(a) Find the voltage Va at t = 0+.
(b) Find the voltage across capacitor C1 at t = .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1
Va
K
C1 C2
R2
V L
After simplification:
R2
Va(0+) = V
VC1() = V.
Q#5.27: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0. At t = 0-, all
capacitor voltages and inductor currents are zero. Three node to datum voltages are
identified as V1, V2, and V3.
(a) Find V1 and dV1/dt at t = 0+.
(b) Find V2 and dV2/dt at t = 0+.
(c) Find V3 and dV3/dt at t = 0+.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V1 V3
+
V2
-
Using KCL at node ‘V1’

For t  0
(V1 – V(t)) dV1 (V1 – V2) 1

+ C1 + + (V1 – V3)dt = 0 … (i)
R1 dt R2 L
(V2 – V1) dV2 1

+ C2 + V2dt = 0 … (ii)
R2 dt L2
1 dV3
(V3 – V1)dt + C3 = 0 … (iii)
L1 dt
At t = 0+, capacitor C1 becomes short circuit as a result of which
V1(0+) 0V
V2(0+) 0V
V3(0+) 0V
At t = 0+
1 dV3
(V3 – V1)dt + C3 = 0 … (iii)
L1 dt
dV3(0+)
iL1(0+) + C3 =0
dt
dV3(0+)
= 0 Volt/sec
dt
Here
iL1(0-) = iL1(0+) = 0 A
At t = 0+
(V2(0+) – V1(0+)) dV2(0+)

+ C2 + iL2(0+) = 0 … (ii)
R2 dt
iL2(0-) = iL2(0+) = 0 A
dV2(0+)
=0
dt
At t = 0+ eq. (i) reveals iL3(0+)

(V1(0+) – V(0+)) dV1(0+) (V1(0+) – V2(0+)) 1
+ C1 + + (V1(0+) – V3(0+))dt = 0
R1 dt R2 L
dV1(0+)
= 0 Volt/sec.
dt
Q#5.28: In the network of the figure, a steady state is reached, and at t = 0, the
switch K is opened.
(a) Find the voltage across the switch, VK at t = 0+.
(b) Find dVK/dt at t = 0+.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VK
+ -
Equivalent network before switching
R1 R2
i(0-)
R3
At t = 0-
VC1(0-) = i(o-) R2
V
i(0-) =
R1 + R2 + R3
VR2
VC1(0-) =
R1 + R2 + R3
VC1(0-) = i(o-) R2
VR3
VC1(0-) =
R1 + R2 + R3
VC2(0-) = V – VR1(0-)
V1 K
At t  0
At node K, according to KCL
d dVk VK – V1
C1 (VK – V1) + C3 + =0
dt dt R2
dV1 1 dVK (VK – V1)

= (C3 + C1) + … (i)
dt C1 dt R2
At node ‘V1’ according to KCL

(V1 - V) dV1 d(V1 - VK) (V1 - VK)
+ C2 + C1 + =0
R1 dt dt R2
dV1 1 dVK (VK – V1) (V – V1)

= C1 + + … (ii)
dt (C1 + C2) dt R2 R1
Equating (i) & (ii) we get dVK/dt at t = 0+.

Hint:
V1(0+) = VC2(0-) = V – VR1(0-)
Here
VR1
VR1(0-) =
R1 + R2 + R3
VR2 + VR3
V – VR1(0-) =
R1 + R2 + R3
Q#5.29: In the network of the accompanying figure, a steady state is reached with
the switch K closed and with i = I0, a constant. At t = 0, switch K, is opened. Find:
(a) V2(0-) =?
(b) V2(0+) =?
(c) (dV2/dt)(0+).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1 2
R2 +
V2
I0
R1 R3 L
Equivalent network at t = 0-
I0
I0
R1 R2
Now
According to current divider rule:
R1I0
iR2 =
R1 + R2
We know V2(0-) = VL(0-) = 0
+ -
I0
R1
+ -
+
I0R1 VC(0+)
-
iL(0+)
V2(0+)
+ -
VC(0+)
+
- I0R1
At node „V1‟
V1 d(V1 – V2)
+C = I0 … (i)
R1 dt
At node „V2‟
V2 d(V2 – V1) 1
+C + V2dt … (ii)
R3 dt L
From eq. (ii)
d(V1 – V2) V2 1
C = + V2dt
dt R3 L
Substituting the value of Cd(V1 – V2)/dt in (i) we get

V2 1 V1
+ V2dt + = I0
R3 L R1
At t = 0+
V2(0+) 1 V1(0+)
+ V2(0+)dt + = I0 … (iii)
R3 L R1
I0R1R2
V1(0+) =
R1 + R2
Differentiating eq. (iii) with respect to „t‟ and from here putting the value of
dV1(0+)/dt in eq. (i) we get dV2(0+)/dt.
Hint:
In eq. (i)
V1(0+) I0R1R2
=
R1 (R1 + R2)R1
dV2(0+) -I0R1R3
=
dt C(R1 + R2)(R1 + R3)
dV1(0+) -R1 dV2(0+)

=
dt R3 dt
THE END.

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www.electrical.net.

Switch is closed at t = 0 (reference time)

Rise i(0+) Short circuit

Applying KVL for t  0

Differentiating eq. 1 with respect to „t‟

Putting the corresponding values

Element and initial condition Equivalent circuit at t = 0+

Applying KVL for t  0

Q#5.3: In the network of the figure, K is changed from position a to b at t = 0. Solve

Applying KVL for t  0

Applying KCL at node 1:

Differentiating eq. 1 with respect to „t‟

1 dV2 1 d2V2 1 dV2 d(e-t)

1 dV2 1 d2V2 1 dV2 1 d(e-t)

3 dV2 1 d2V2 1 d(e-t)

Putting corresponding values and simplifying

No current flows through R so

Differentiating (1) with respect to „t‟

Equivalent circuit before switching:

V(0+) = 100 Volts

Equivalent circuit before switching:

Req = (10 + 20)  10

After simplification Req

Va(0-) = 3.334 Volts

Also equivalent network at t = 0+

Applying KCL at node Va

Va(0+) = 1.905 Volts

Q#5.10: In the accompanying figure is shown a network in which a steady state is

Equivalent circuit before switching

Applying KCL at node Va

Req = (10 + 20)  10

After simplification Req

iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0.667 Amp.

Applying KCL at node Va iL()

iL() = 0.6 Amp.

VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 5 Volts

Vb() = 4.286 Volts

Q#5.13: In the accompanying network, the switch K is closed at t = 0 with zero

Equivalent network after switching

According to statement under Q#5.13

V1(0+) + V2(0+) = VC(0+)

V1() = 0 Volts Self justified

According to KCL at node ‘V1’

According to KCL at node ‘V2’

By putting the value of V1 in (iii) & (iv)

1 dV d(V1 + V2) d2(V1 + V2) 1

1 dV dV1 dV2 d2V1 d2V2 1

V1(0-) + V2(0-) = VC(0-)

Equivalent network after switching

V1(0+) + V2(0+) = VC(0+)

Differentiating (ii) with respect to „t‟

After simplification we get the values of dV1/dt & dV2/dt.

Equivalent circuit after switching

Differentiating (i) with respect to „t‟

Referring to the network at t = 0+

Equivalent circuit for t  0

Applying KVL around the loop

VL(0+) = -i(0+)R1 - i(0+)R2 - VC(0+)

Differentiating eq. (i) with respect to „t‟

d2i(0+) V0 R1(R1 + R2) 1

Equivalent circuit before switching

After simplification we get