3 Types of Pulleys

Updated February 22, 2018

By Bryan Trandem

In classic mechanical physics, a pulley is one of the six "simple machines," along
with the lever, inclined plane, screw, wheel and axle, and wedge. In the classic
description of the renaissance scientists who first defined them, a simple
machine is a device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force.

A pulley consists of a rope and a hub or "drum" in which there is a grooved wheel
mounted with an axle. The pulley has a wide range of applications in many
circumstances and can be used to make a variety of moving and lifting tasks
easier. There are three basic types of pulleys, one that changes the direction of
the force, one that changes the magnitude, and one that changes both the
magnitude and direction.

Fixed Pulley
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A fixed pulley is one in which the drum is secured to a single spot. While the force
required to lift or move an object is no different than if you were lifting it by hand,
the fixed pulley allows you to change the direction of the force needed. For
example, when attached to a bucket pulling water from a well, a fixed pulled
allows you to pull laterally to raise the bucket in a more convenient manner than if
you were hauling a bucket of water up vertically, hand over hand. The bucket of
water will still feel like the same weight, but lifting is more convenient.

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Movable Pulley
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A movable pulley is one in which drum moves as you are moving the load. There
is no change in the direction of force that you need to apply, but the load will
"feel" lighter than it is. If you were hauling a heavy hay bale up into the loft of a
barn, for example, a movable pulley would make the load feel much lighter,
although the direction you are pulling would be the same.

Compound System
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In a compound pulley system, there is both a moveable pulley as well as a fixed

pulley. This means that not only does the load "feel" lighter, but you can also
change the direction of the force. Although this type of configuration makes it
possible to move heavy loads very easily, the tradeoff is that considerably more
motion is required to do the work.

Complex Pulley Systems

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Pulleys can be multiplied in any number of ways to accomplish a variety of tasks.

A block and tackle, for example, is a pulley configuration that contains two or
more individual drums, each containing two or more wheels rotating on the same
axle. The rope loops back and forth between the pulley drums, weaving through
the individual wheels within those drums. These configurations can get quite
elaborate, as is sometimes seen in large sailboats where a single sailer may
need to control sails that are under huge force from strong winds.

Complex pulley systems like this can move enormously heavy loads, provided
they are anchored very firmly. But while the magnitude of force required is greatly
reduced, the amount of that reduced magnitude (the amount the rope must travel
to accomplish the work) is greatly increased.