RIPH:

Evolution of Philippine Constitution

• 1897 Biak na Bato - it provision the constitution of Philippine republic during the
Philippine revolution. President Emilio Aguinaldo lead the Filipinos. Isabelo Artacho
drew or graphed the 1897 constitution and borrowed it from Cuba (one of the colony of
Spain).
- Madali lang nawala ng dahil sa war. Hindi naging effective at hindi rin na-implement
nang maayos kaya nabago after 3 years.

BRANCHES/ORGANS
A. Supreme Council - lead by the president
4 Departments
- Interior - uso na ang war
- Foreign Affairs - alliance
- Treasury - budget para sa pagpapalakas ng hukbo
- War - peaceful way ba or makipagcommunicate sa America
B. Supreme Council of Race and Justice - proves sentences rendered by the courts.
Maihahambing sa Judiciary branch na government natin. Nagpapataw ng parusa
First Chief Justice - Cayetano Arellano (sa kanya pinangalan ang Arellano University)
C. Assembly of Representatives - like the Legislative branch or Congress (have the power
to make laws or constitution) which was contend

• 1899 Malolos Constitution (Political Constitution of 1899) - happened in Malolos

Bulacan. Was patterned after Spanish constitution and written in Spanish. 39 articles
divided by 14 titles. 8 articles of transitory. Mas marami ng nasasakop ang constitution
na ito. This is unicameral so meron lang siyang Assembly of Representatives
(Legislative) pero meron pa rin siyang judiciary and executive branches. Executive
power was vested in President. Representatives will elect the President. Judiciary -
justices
- Hindi siya na-enforce dahil sa pagkakabenta ng Philippines at transition period. After
two years (1901), Filipino-American war

• 1935 Commonwealth Constitution - type of government where we have positions

na. Manuel Quezon is the first president under this constitution. Drafted by the United
States. OsRox Mission (Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas). 10 years transition -
Tydings Mc Duffie Law (ibibigay ng America ang kalayaan natin after 10 years para
maging independent tayo at magkaroon ng sariling government. Naudlot ng one year.
July 4, 1946 ang kalayaan). It is unicameral (National Assembly) with president and
vice-president. Manuel Roxas is the last president under this constitution. Hare-Hawes
Cutting Act - nag-introduce ng Tydings Mc Duffie
• 1973 Authoritarian Constitution
September 21, 1972 - Marcos implemented Martial Law (start of Marcos' regime for 20
years from 1966-1986) and nabuo ito. Dahil dito nasuspend ang "Writ of Habeas
Corpus" or Bring me the body (Pag buhay ka, makikita ka. Pag patay ka, makikita yung
evidence na patay ka) -- kaya nawawala yung mga taong against sa Martial Law
- Naging maunlad naman yung economy natin
- Parliamentary style of government -- President (Head of State) and Prime Minister
(Head of Government)
- EDSA Revolution People Power (February 25, 1986) - hinangaan ng ibang countries
because we were able to make chaos in a peaceful way.
- President Cory Aquino - known as the Mother of Democracy as she restored back the
democratic government.

• 1987 Current Constitution

- Democratic Republican State
- bumalik yung three branches: Executive, Legislative and Judiciary
- Freedom of Filipinos

3 Methods on how to Amend (babawasan or dadagdagan) our Constitution:

1. Constituent Assembly - Congress votes and decides what to amend to single body
2. Constitutional Convention - 2/3 votes of members congress
3. People's Initiative - 12% of registered voter

Federalism - central governing authority

Philippines - unitary government
- unitary system; the sources and administrative powers are concentrated to national
government.

Agrarian Reform
Farm farm farm - farmers or landtest
CARL - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law