21st Century Literature from

the Philippines and the World

Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Philippine Literary Genres: 21st Century
Literature, Contemporary and Pre-
colonial Literature with Emphasis of the
Elements, Structures, and Traditions
21st Century Literature of the Philippines and the World– Grade 11-12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Philippine Literary Genres: 21st Century Literature,
Contemporary and Pre-colonial Literature with Emphasis of the Elements,
Structures, and Traditions!
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education Schools Division Office Quezon City

Quezon City Local Government
Schools Division Superintendent Jenilyn Rose B. Corpuz
Honorable Mayor Josefina Belmonte Alimurong

Development Team of the Module

Writer: JULIANA L. MAYHEW

Editor: CRISTINA F. ABANADOR
Reviewers: MA. NIMFA R. GABERTAN, RYAN RIC E. MARY
Illustrator: RYAN RIC E. MARY.
Layout Artist: RYAN RIC E. MARY
Management Team: JENILYN ROSE B. CORPUZ, CESO VI, SDS
FREDIE V. AVENDANO, ASDS
JUAN C. OBIERNA, Chief, CID
MA. NIMFA R. GABERTAN, EPS, English
HEIDEE F. FERRER, EPS, LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division Office Quezon City

Quezon City Local Government Unit

Department of Education: National Capital Region

Office Address: Nueva Ecija St. BagoBantay, Quezon City

Telefax: 3456-0343
E-mail Address: sdoqcactioncenter@gmail.com
 21st Century Literature from
the Philippines and the World
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Philippine Literary Genres: 21st Century
Literature, Contemporary and Pre-
colonial Literature with Emphasis of the
Elements, Structures, and Traditions
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Module 3 of the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and
the World- Grade 11-12 Supplementary Learning Material for the First Quarter on the
Philippine Literary Genres: 21st Century Literature, Contemporary and Pre-
colonial Literature with Emphasis of the Elements, Structures, and Traditions!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators
both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher, or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st-century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to Module 3 of the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and
the World- Grade 11-12 Supplementary Learning Material for the First Quarter on the
Philippine Literary Genres: 21st Century Literature, Contemporary and Pre-
colonial Literature with Emphasis of the Elements, Structures, and Traditions!
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity, or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the

iii
 answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentences/paragraphs to be filled into the
process what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity that will help
What I Can Do you transfer your new knowledge or skill in
real-life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends to the
retention of learned concepts.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain a
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to aid you in your studies to gain mastery of the
various dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to contemporary. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into six lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 – Philippine Literary Genres: 21st Century Literature, Contemporary
and Precolonial Period
● Lesson 2 – Various Elements, Structure, and Traditions in the 21st Century
Literature, Contemporary and Precolonial
● Lesson 3 – Distinguishing the distinct features of the 21st Century Literature
o And Making Comparisons with the Literature in the Past

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the different genres, elements, structures, and traditions in literature in
the 21st century, contemporary and pre-colonial periods;
2. compare and contrast the various 21st-century literary genres and the ones
during the earlier time with their elements, structures, and traditions;
3. distinguish the distinct features of the 21st-century literature from the earlier
literature.

What I Know

Warm-Up

To check your background knowledge and understanding about the differences

between the genres in the 21st-century literature and the genres during the precolonial
era, try to fill-out the K-W-L chart on your own first. You can fill-out the third column
after you have gone through with the lesson.

1
 K-W-L Chart

What I Know What I want to What I have

know learned

21st Century Literature/

Contemporary Literature

Precolonial Literature

Later on, compare and contrast what you know about the Philippine literature in
the 21st century and the precolonial periods. You can write their comparison in a Venn
Diagram.

2
 Philippine Literary Genres:
Lesson
21st Century Literature,
Contemporary and
1 Precolonial Literature with
Emphasis on the Elements,
Structures, and Traditions
This section will help you link the current lesson with the previous one. In your
previous lesson, you learned about the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of
the Philippine literary history from the pre-colonial to the contemporary giving focus on
the literature from the different regions, provinces, and towns respectively. However, in
lesson 2 you will specifically learn about the various genres in the 21st-century
literature and during the pre-colonial period emphasizing their different elements,
structures, and traditions which can be inferred from the sample texts and discussion
of the lesson.

What’s In

“Philippine literature withstood time and periods and has evolved through generations.
For every period that passed, different genres appeared, and these literary works were rooted in
all regions reflecting their culture, society, and lifestyle.

The early stages of Filipino Literature consist of the Pre-Spanish period, the Spanish
period, and the Propaganda and Revolutionary Periods. In the Pre-Spanish period, literature was
in oral form as the technology of printing wasn’t available yet. Works such as epics, legends,
folklore, salawikain, bugtong, sawikain, songs such as the Oyayi or Hele are passed on from
generation to generation and they are still well-known up to this day as they are being taught in
schools. Philippine Literature changed during the Spanish Period. It was centered on the
Christian faith. Pre-Spanish literary types continued to develop; however, there was a gradual
shift of interest from nature and natural phenomena to the lives of the saints, hymns, miracles,
and invocations based on the teachings of the Catholic Church. The works during this time are
imitative of the Spanish theme, forms, and traditions.” Retrieved from
https://21stcenturylitph.wordpress.com/introduction-to-philippine-literature/

3
 Notes to the Teacher
This part of the lesson contains some Philippine literary texts and
useful activities to help you guide your learners on how to link the
previous lesson with the new one and to make comparisons for a
more lasting and meaning learning.

What’s New

What is the literary genre?

A literary genre is a type of literature. The basic types of literature are fiction,
non-fiction, poetry, and drama. But these basic types of literature have sub-types:
Fiction: a novel, short story
Nonfiction: essay, editorial, news story, feature story
Poetry: verse, narrative poetry, epic poetry, free verse
Drama: classical, tragedy, comedy

Literary Forms Based on Philippine Historical Period

1. ANCIENT LITERATURE/FOLK LITERATURE

A. Myth -a traditional story in prose concerning details of gods and demigods
and the creation of the world and its inhabitants occurring in timeless
past. It describes and portrays in symbolic language the origin of the basic
elements and assumptions of a culture.
Example: The Gods and Goddesses (Ilocos)
Mag-asawang Tubig (Tagalog)
Why is there a High Tide during Full Moon (Ibanag)

B. Heroic Narrative or Epic -folk epics that narrate the adventures of tribal heroes
who embody in themselves the ideas and values of the tribe.
Example: Indarapatra at Sulayman

C. Ethnological Legends -are traditional narratives or collection of related

narratives, popularly regarded are historically factual but a
mixture of fact and fiction. They explain how things came to be, why
things are as they are.
Example: Legend of Mayon Volcano
Legend of the Dama de Noche
Legend of Banana Plant

4
 D. Folk Tale -a prose narrative regarded as:
1. Animal Tale – a folk tale using animals as characters
Example: The Monkey and the Turtle

2. Folk Speech -the simplest form of oral literature

a. Riddles – description of objects in terms intended to suggest
something entirely different
Example: Dalawang batong maitim, malayo ang dinarating.
(Two black stones that reach far.) - mouth
b. Proverbs – short popular sayings that express effectively some
commonplace truth or useful thought. They generally
express codes of conduct, community beliefs, etc.
Example: Ang hindi lumingun sa pinanggalingan, hindi
makararating sa paroroonan.

3. Folk Songs – verses set into music by the members

Examples: Manang Biday

II. CONTEMPORARY LITERARY FORMS

A. Poetry

Poems are literary attempts to share personal experiences and feelings. In

general, poetry is about significant human experiences. Its subject matter is
about the poet’s personal life or the lives of those around him.

The following elements of poetry will help a reader understand a poem.

1. The poetic Line. It is the basic unit of composition in poems, an idea or feeling
which is expressed in one line and is frequently continued into the next line.
This is called enjambment or run-on lines.
2. The Sound Words. A poet conveys his ideas through a pattern of sounds that
is a part of the total meaning. These sound effects are the products of
organized repetition.
a. Rhyme repeats similar or corresponding sounds in some apparent scheme.
b. Rhythm is the result of systematically stressing or accenting words and
syllables attained through patterns in the tuning, spacing, and repetition
of the elements.
c. Alliteration means the repetition for the effect of initial vowels or
consonants (e.g., He clasps the crags with crooked hands- Tennyson)
d. Assonance refers to a partial change in which vowels are alike but the
consonant sounds are unlike (e.g., Maiden crowned with glossy blackness
-George Eliot).
e. Onomatopoeia refers to a word that phonetically mimics or resembles the
sound of the thing it describes. (e.g., dog’s “bark,” a cat’s “meow,” or a coo’s
“moo”).
3. The meter is a regularized and patterned rhythm. There are four conventional
types of meter in English poetry, each being distinguished from the others by
the number and accent of syllables. They are the Iambic meter, Trochaic
meter, Anapestic meter, and Dactylic meter.

5
 4. Imagery is a vivid and vibrant form of description that appeals to readers'
senses and imagination. This includes sounds, textures, odors, feel, and
sometimes tastes.
5. Tone. This reveals the attitude toward the subject and in some cases the
attitude of the persona or implied speaker of the poem as well. (e.g., cheerful,
sad, reflective, serious, angry, anxious, happy, etc.)
6. Figures of Speech. A word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from
its literal definition. It can be a metaphor or simile, designed to make a
comparison. It can be the repetition of alliteration or the exaggeration of
hyperbole to provide a dramatic effect.

Table 1. Types of Figures of Speech. Their meaning and examples

Types of Figures Meaning Examples

of Speech

Simile -comparison between two dissimilar objects Your beauty shines like a
utilizing the words “like”, “as ___as.” diamond.

Metaphor -makes an implicit, implied, or hidden Good books are food and
comparison between two unrelated things. drink to an avid reader.

Personification -gives an inanimate object or an abstract At last, the wind sighed

idea a human attribute. itself to sleep.

Apostrophe -a speaker directly addresses someone (or "O death, where is thy
something) that is not present or cannot sting? O grave, where is
respond in reality. thy victory?"

Metonymy -the name of one thing used in place of The pen is mightier than
another suggested or associated with it. the sword.

Antithesis -the contrast or opposition of thoughts, His body is active but his
words, or ideas. Contrasting words or ideas mind is sluggish.
make each other emphatic.

Hyperbole -the exaggeration for effect and not to Morning, noon, and night
deceive or to be taken literally. her tongue was
incessantly doing.

Irony -the method of humorous and subtly It was very kind to remind
sarcastic expression in which the intended me of my humiliation.
meaning of the words is the direct opposite
of what is meant.

B. Short Stories
A short story is a work of fiction that is usually written in a narrative format. The
important elements of the short story are:

1. Setting – the time and location in which a story takes place.

2. Plot – the sequence of events in a story. The following are the elements of a
plot:

6
 Exposition The introductory material that creates the tone, introduces the
characters and presents other facts necessary to understand the story.

Rising Action A series of events that build from and during the conflict. It begins with
the inciting force and ends with a climax.

Crisis The conflict reaches a turning point of the story meet and the conflict
becomes most intense. The crisis occurs before or at the same time with
the climax.

Climax This is the result of the crisis. It is the highest point of the story for the
reader. The point at which the outcome of the conflict can be predicted.

Falling Action These are the events after the climax which close the story.

Resolution This is the ending of the story which rounds out and concludes the
action. It can resolve the conflict or close the actions.

3. Conflict – is essential to the plot; without conflict, there is no plot. It is the

opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot
move. Conflict is not merely limited to open arguments; rather, it is any form
of opposition that the main character faces.
4. Character – may refer to the person in a work of fiction or the characteristics
of a person.
5. Theme – the central idea or insight that comments human condition; a truth
in life which the heart of the story.

What is It

Fernando Mamuri Maramág was born on January 21, 1893, in Ilagan, Isabela.
He was educated in the Philippine Normal School, and then transferred to the
University of the Philippines. ... His essays were anthologized in Leopoldo Yabes'
Filipino Essays in English 1910-1954 (1954). He passed away on October 23,
1936.

The Rural Maid

Fernando M. Maramag

Thy glance, sweet maid, when first we met,

Had left a heart that aches for thee,
I feel the pain of fond regret –
The heart, perchance, is not for me.

We parted: though we met no more,

My dreams are dreams of thee, fair maid;
I think of thee, my thoughts implore
The hours my lips on thine are laid.

7
 Forgive these words that love impart,
And pleading, bare the poet’s breast;
And if a rose with thorns thou art,
Yet on my breast that rose may rest.

I know not what to name thy charms,

Thou art half-human, half-divine;
And if I could hold thee in my arms,
I know both heaven and earth were mines.

Study Guide Questions

1. What love story is depicted in the poem? What is the mood in the poem?
2. Who is speaking? Describe his emotions for the one he loves.
3. What attitudes are being projected? Pick out the lines that demonstrate these
attitudes.
4. How does the poem lead the readers to sympathize with the speaker?
5. How do you think the speaker will face his future without his maid?

Reflection Questions
1. Have you experienced being snubbed by someone you loved or liked? Narrate
what you felt. How did you move on?
2. Relate the poem to a true-to-life experience. It can be your personal experience
or of someone you know. Write your essay in your journal or the Microsoft word
file.

What’s More

III. 21st Century Literature: Forms, Modes, and Genres

A. What is 21st Century Literature?
21st Century Literature refers to the world literature produced during the 21 st
century roughly from 2001 up to the present. 21st-century literature is the new form of
literary work created within the last decade and written by contemporary authors. It
deals with current themes or issues and reflects a technological culture.
B. 21st Century Literary Genres
1. ILLUSTRATED NOVEL – The story is through text and illustrated images. I illustrate,
the novel 50 % of the narrative is presented without words. The reader must interpret
the images to comprehend completely the story. The textual portions are presented in
the traditional form but some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.
Example: The Arrival by Shaun Tan

8
2. DIGI-FICTION – is called triple media literature as it combines the three media: book,
movie/video, and Internet website. To get the full story, one must engage in navigation,
reading, viewing, in all three formats.
Example: Level 26 by Anthony E. Zuiker
3. GRAPHIC NOVELS – the narratives are in comic book formats and the story is
conveyed to the reader using the comic form.
Example: Mighty Jack by Ben Hatke
4. MANGA – is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books
and graphic novels originally published in Japan. This is considered as an artistic and
storytelling style.
Example: Sonen – Boy’s Manga (Naruto)
5. DOODLE FICTION – a literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle
writing and drawings, and handwritten graphics in place of the traditional font. The
drawings tend to enhance the story, often by adding humorous elements that would be
missing if the illustrations were omitted.
Example: The Diary of the Wimpy Kid
6. TEXT-TALK NOVELS – This refers to the blog, email, and IM format narratives. The
stories told are almost completely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges.
Example: Girl Online by Zoe Sugg
7. FLASH FICTION – is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity. It could range
from a single word to a thousand.
8. SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION – an expression consisting of six-words only with explicit
and underlying meaning.
Example: For sale: Baby Socks; Never Worn (Ernest Hemingway)
9. SCIENCE FICTION – a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts
such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, parallel universe, etc.
Example: Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
10. BLOG – a website containing short articles called posts that change regularly. It can
be written by one person containing his own opinions, interests, and experiences; but
some are written by many different people.
11. CREATIVE NON-FICTION – This is also known as literary non-fiction or narrative
non-fiction. It uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives.
12. HYPER POETRY – digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up. This can
involve either set of words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but
sit on the page much as traditional poetry does.

9
 Contagious Laughter
Zorlone

Jacob’s contagious laughter spilled throughout the room like daylight

Creeping through curtains on a sunny afternoon. He told his latest adventure to his
friends. It was during Saturdays when he could relax and get together with the other
workers at the factory.

“I envy you, Jacob,” one of the men told him. “You are lucky! Nailing that pretty brunette,
Agnes!”

Jacob gave another boisterous laugh then winked in agreement with the man.

When he reached home, his patient wife was fanning their daughter relentlessly because
their electricity was cut off. He merely smiled then sat opposite the sofa and immediately
fell asleep.

His wife walked towards him then wiped the sweat off his broad forehead. “Thank you,
Agnes,” he slurred.

Anne looked blankly at her husband’s sleeping face. Not knowing what she felt, but
immediately tasted salt from her lips. Retrieved from https://www.140flashfiction.com/

Comprehension Questions:

1. What do you think is the literary genre of the given text?

2. What is the theme and tone of the story?
3. What does the line “she immediately tasted salt from her lips mean”?
4. Does the wife sense the infidelity of her husband? Explain your answer.
5. How does Jacob commit infidelity to his wife?

● Before discussing what the students take from the lesson, they have to complete
the third column of the K-W-L Chart in the first activity.

What I Have Learned

1. Philippine literature has evolved in distinct periods from precolonial down

to the contemporary up the present time which is the emergence of modern
technology in literature.
2. 21st-century literature is literature created by contemporary authors in
the last decade which started from 2001 up the present.
3. 21st-century literature is a new face of literature. It does not strictly follow
the traditional literature as it conforms to the culture of technology.
4. 21st-century literary genres do not usually follow the rules of traditional
literary writing.

10
 5. Literature has four basic types: fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and drama.
Each has sub-types.
6. Poems are literary attempts to share personal experiences and feelings,
but they usually give significance to the human experience.
7. Poetry has several elements: poetic line, sound words, meter, imagery,
tine, and figures of speech. These elements help the readers to understand
and appreciate the poem better.
8. A short story is another contemporary literary form. This is a work of
fiction that is written in a narrative format and has five elements: setting,
plot, conflict, character, and theme. These elements constitute a
meaningful story.
9. Some of the genres in 21st-century literature employ graphic
presentations and presents stories in a simpler, entertaining, and
comprehensible way.
10. 21st-century literature is more artistic and creative in telling stories compared
to the early literature in the past.

What I Can Do

This lesson enables the students to do the following:

1. identify the different literary elements
2. that differentiate the various literary genres in the 21st-century literature
and contemporary literature.
3. distinguish the distinct features of the 21st-century literature from the
earlier literature.

Assessment

True or False. Write TRUE if you agree to the statement, and FALSE if you disagree.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Digi-fiction requires the combination of the three media: book, video, and radio.
2. To get the full story, one must engage in navigation, reading, and viewing.
3. Naruto is an example of Manga that was originally published in Japan.
4. Personal text messages can be classified as doodle fiction.
5. During the pre-colonial period or pre-Spanish period, literature was in oral form.
6. Myth is a traditional story in prose that deals with a supernatural being.
7. Plot shows the exact sequence of the events in the story.

11
8. In the illustrated novel, the reader must be able to interpret the message to
comprehend the story.
9. Drawings are incorporated in doodle fiction to enhance the story.
10. 21st-century literature often breaks the rules of traditional literary writing.

12
 Additional Activities

Look for two literary text samples; one, in the 21st-century literature and the
other from the earlier literary periods. Make a comparison between the two texts in
terms of their elements, structures, and traditions. Write your answers in a graphic
organizer.

13
 14
Assessment
False - Internet Website
True
True
False – text-talk novel
True
True
True
False - image
True
True
Answer Key
References

Lacia, F. C., et. al..(2015). The literature in the Philippines. GEC Series. 3rd Ed.
Manila, REX Book Store. ISBN 978-971-23-7741-9.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century_in_literature#:~:text
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/figure-of-speech-examples.html
https://www.140flashfiction.com/
https://www.google.com/search?q=example+of+graphic+novel+with+title+and+aut
hor&tbm=isch&ved
https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and-terms/apostrophe
https://literarydevices.net/metaphor/
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/poetry-101-what-is-imagery-learn-about-the-
7-types-of-imagery-in-poetry-with-examples#:~:text
http://panitikan.ph/2014/06/07/fernando-mamuri-maramag/#:~:text
https://www.tagaloglang.com/mga-bugtong-at-sagot-tagalog-riddles-answers/
https://www.slideshare.net/AttheaJaneLepiten/philippine-literature-and-texts-
precolonial-times-and-spanish-colonizations-77510710
https://www.slideshare.net/darinjohn2/21st-century-literary-genres-by-calle-friesen
https://www.slideshare.net/lhengacusan/21st-century-literary-genre
https://21stcenturylitph.wordpress.com/introduction-to-philippine-literature/

15
16