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(1) Equality:-
(a , b) = (c , d) if and only if a = c , b = d
(2) Addition:-
(a , b) + (c , d) = (a + c , b + d) CC
(3) Multiplication:-
(a , b) . (c , d) = (ac + bd , ad + bc) CC
The additive inverse of (a , b) CC is (−a , −b)
The Multiplicative inverse of (a , b) CC is
a b
2 , 2
a b a b2
2
Quadratic Formula:-
b b2 4ac
x
2a
The Cube Roots of Unity:-
The cube roots of unity are:-
1, ω, ω2
where,
1 3 1 3
and 2 are the complex cube roots of unity.
2 2
Note:-
1 + ω + ω2 = 0
ω3 = 1
Nature of Roots :-
For the nature of roots, we have the following formula.
Discriminate: D = b2 – 4ac.
Note:-
If D = 0, the roots are real equal
If D > 0, the roots are real and unequal
If D < 0, the roots are complex and unequal
If D is a perfect square, the roots are rational and unequal; otherwise they are irrational.
Sum of Roots
b Coefficient of x
a Coefficient of x2
Product of Roots
c Cons tan t
a Coefficient of x2
To form a quadratic equation whose roots are given, we have the following formula:
x2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0
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TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
Determinant
For 2 × 2 order matrix
a a a a
If A 11 12 , then A 11 12 a11a 22 a12a 21
a 21 a 22 a 21 a 22
For 3 × 3 order matrix
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13
If A a 21 a 22 a 23 , then A a 21 a 22
a
a 23 = a11 22
a 23 a a a a
a12 21 23 a13 21 22
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32 a 33
Arithmetic Progression(A.P.):-
The standard form of an A.P is:
a , a + d , a + 2d , a + 3d , . . . , a + (n – 1)d
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TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
General Term of G.P:-
Tn ar n 1
where,
a = 1st term, r = common ratio, n = no. of terms
Sn
a 1 rn
,
when r < 1
1 r
Sn
a rn 1
,
when r < 1
r 1
where,
a = 1st term, r = common ratio, n = no. of terms
Sum of Infinite Geometric Series:-
a
S
1 r
Geometric Mean
G ab
Note:- To find more than one G.M.’s we need to find the Common ratio ‘r’ which is given by the
following formula:
1
b n 1
r
a
where,
a = 1st term, b = last term, n = no. of G.M’s
Harmonic Progression(H.P.):-
The standard form of an G.P is:
1 1 1 1
, , ,......,
a a d a 2d a (n 1)d
Harmonic Mean
2ab
a, H, b H
ab
where,
a = 1st term, b = last term
Permutation
n!
n
Pr
( n r )!
Combination
n!
n
Cr
(n r )! r!
Sum of First n Natural Numbers
n (n 1)
n
2
Sum of Squares of First n Natural Numbers
n (n 1)(2n 1)
n2
6
Sum of Cubes of First n Natural Numbers
2
n (n 1)
n3
2
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TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
Binomial Formula
a bn a n na n 1b n(n 1) a n 2b2 n(n 1)(n 2) a n 3b3 ...... n(n 1)...(n r 1) a n r br ...... bn
2! 3! r!
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)...(n r 1) r
1 x n 1 nx x ...... x ......
2! r!
II I
sin, cosec +ve All +ve
all other –ve
Trigonometric Identities
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
sin2θ = 1 − cos2θ
cos2θ = 1 – sin2θ
1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
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TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan
cot cot 1
cot
cot cot
cot cot 1
cot
cot cot
cot cot 1
cot
cot cot
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TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
The Law of Tangents
tan
2 ab
a b
tan
2
tan
2 bc
bc
tan
2
tan
2 ca
ca
tan
2
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TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
Case 2:- When measures of two angles and the measure of one side are known:
1 sin sin
a2
2 sin
1 2 sin sin
b
2 sin
1 sin sin
c2
2 sin
Case 3:- When measures of three sides are known:
abc
ss a s bs c where, s
2
Case 4:- When measures of base and the measure of height is known
base height
1
2
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