Hkdse Chemistry - A Modern View (Chemistry and Combined Science)

HKDSE CHEMISTRY – A Modern View
(Second Edition)
(Chemistry and Combined Science)
Coursebook 3B
Suggested answers
Chapter 28 Chemical cells in daily life Page

Number
 Class Practice 1
 Think About 1
 Chapter Exercise 1
Chapter 29 Simple chemical cells
 Think About 4
Chapter 30 Redox reactions
 Think About 10
 Try It Now 10
 Writing Practice 10
Chapter 31 Redox reactions in chemical cells
 Think About 15
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014

Chapter 32 Electrolysis
 Think About 18
 Writing Practice 19
 Part Exercise 22
Chapter 33 Energy changes in chemical reactions
 Think About 25
Chapter 34 Standard enthalpy change of reactions
 Self- test 29
 Think About 30
Chapter 35 Hess’s Law
 Self- test 36
 Think About 37
 Part Exercise 43
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014

HKDSE CHEMISTRY ⎯ A Modern View (Second Edition) Coursebook 3B
Chapter 28 Chemical cells in daily life
Class practice
A28.1 (p.28-5)
(a) (6)
(b) (4)
(c) (5)
(d) (1)
(e) (3)
(f) (7)
(g) (2)
A28.2 (p.28-9)
(a) Hearing aids are small and they need very small cells. Silver oxide cells (shaped
like a button) would serve this purpose.
(b) Silver and its compounds (e.g. silver oxide) are expensive.
(c) It is a dry cell because the electrolyte in silver oxide cells is a paste rather than a
liquid.
A28.3 (p.28-12)
(a) Zinc-carbon cell should be used because it is cheap. Besides, a TV remote
control needs not draw a large current.
(b) No. As the shelf life of silver oxide cells is two years, only four silver oxide cells
will be consumed in two years.
Price of four silver oxide cells (without special offer) = 4 × $8.0 = $32.0
Therefore, a package of specially-priced cells ($34.90) is more expensive.
Think about
Think about (p.28-2)
1. A chemical cell is a device in which chemical energy is converted into electrical
energy.
2. Lithium ion cell
3. Some materials in chemical cells are harmful or even toxic. When they are
discarded, they cause pollution to the environment.
Chapter exercise (p.28-18)

1. electricity
2. zinc-carbon; alkaline manganese; silver oxide
3. lithium ion; nickel-metal hydride; lead-acid accumulator
4. mercury; secondary
5. D
Lead-acid accumulator is a wet cell as the electrolyte in the cell is a solution.
6. B
Lithium ion cell can be recharged and used again. It is a secondary cell.
7. A
The maximum voltages of zinc-carbon cells and alkaline manganese cells are the
same (1.5 V).
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 1

8. D
Alkaline manganese cell is able to operate continuously at a relatively high
discharge rate.
9. D
The zinc surface of zinc-carbon cell is usually treated with mercury to form an
amalgamated electrode. This slows down the corrosion of zinc electrode by the
electrolyte.
10. C
Nickel-metal hydride cell is a dry cell as the electrolyte is a paste rather than a
liquid.
11. B
Wheelchairs should be powered by lead-acid accumulator which can produce a
high current continuously.
12. A
Refer to p.7 of chapter 28 for details.
13. B
Lithium ion cells (3.7 V) produce a higher voltage than nickel-metal hydride
cells (1.2 V).
14. D
Rechargeable batteries usually contain valuable metals, like nickel, iron,
cadmium etc., which can be recovered for use in other products.
15. C
Water is present in the paste of electrolyte.
16. B
Refer to p.8 of chapter 28 for details.
17. (a) Primary cells are not rechargeable whereas secondary cells can be recharged
and used again.
(b) Primary cells: zinc-carbon cells, alkaline manganese cells, silver oxide cells
(Any TWO)
Secondary cells: lithium ion cells, nickel-metal hydride cells, lead-acid
accumulator (Any TWO)
(c) Zinc-carbon cells. This is because zinc-carbon cells are cheap / a portable
radio does not draw a large current during operation.
18. (a) Silver oxide cell. This is because it is small and lightweight.
(b) Lithium ion cell. This is because it has a high energy density and is able to
operate at a relatively high discharge rate.
(c) Alkaline manganese cell. This is because it has a long service life and is
able to operate continuously at a relatively high discharge rate.
(d) Lithium ion cell or nickel-metal hydride cell. This is because they have high
energy densities and are able to operate at a relatively high discharge rate.

19. (a) Zinc-carbon cell. This is because it is cheap and the alarm clock draws only
a small amount of current during operation.
(b) Alkaline manganese cell. This is because it has the longest service life.
Besides, its voltage remains steady during discharge.
(c) For silver oxide cell, each dollar can let the motor toy car to run for
30 min
= 4.6 min
6.5
For zinc-carbon cell, each dollar can let the motor toy car to run for
65 min
= 32.5 min
2
For alkaline manganese cell, each dollar can let the motor toy car to run for
170 min
= 42.5 min
4
Hence, alkaline manganese cell is more economical to buy.
(d) Heat of fire causes the gas inside the cell to expand and results in explosion.
20. (a) The service life of alkaline manganese cells is much longer than zinc-carbon
cells. Besides, alkaline manganese cells can operate continuously at a
relatively high discharge rate while zinc-carbon cells cannot.
(b) – The service lives of the two cells can be compared by using a
motorized toy.
– Put a certain number of alkaline manganese cell(s) of a particular size
in a motorized toy. The cell(s) is/are allowed to discharge continuously
until the motorized toy stops.
– Measure the time needed for the toy to stop. Repeat the experiment
with the same number and size of zinc-carbon cell(s) and then compare
the result.
(c) MP3 players/ motorized toys/ photo flashguns/ shavers/ portable TVs
(Accept other appropriate answers.)
(d) They are not rechargeable. The used cells will be thrown away and this
causes a waste of materials.

Chapter 29 Simple chemical cells
Class practice
A29.1 (p.29-6)
(a) X is a bulb / voltmeter / digital multimeter.
It is used to show that electrons are flowing in the external circuit.
(b) From zinc to copper
(c) Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e−
(d) (i) Malic acid ionizes in water, providing mobile ions for the chemical cell to
complete the circuit.
(ii) Lemon / kiwi fruit (Accept other reasonable answers.)
A29.2 (p.29-11)
1. (a) Mg/Pb, Fe/Pb and Zn/Pb
(b) Mg/Pb. This is because Mg and Pb are the furthest apart in the
Electrochemical Series among all metal couples which give a positive
voltage.
2. (a) Metal X is at a higher position in the Electrochemical Series because metal
X loses electrons to copper.
(b) (i) The direction of the flow of electrons in the external circuit is reversed
(i.e. from copper to silver).
(ii) The mass of the copper electrode decreases.
(c) The bulb does not light up because sugar solution does not contain ions to
conduct electricity.
A29.3 (p.29-16)
(a) From iron electrode to copper electrode. This is because iron loses electrons
more readily than copper.
(b) Positive electrode
(c) (i) Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e−
(ii) Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s)
(d) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(e) If the porous device is not used, the copper(II) ions will come into contact with
the iron electrode. A direct displacement reaction will occur on the iron surface
and some brown deposits (copper) form on the iron electrode.
(f) The iron key would rust faster. This is because the presence of salt solution/ the
connection of an iron object with a less reactive metal will speed up the process
of rusting.
Think about
1. No, it cannot.
2. It is used as an electrolyte.
3. A simple chemical cell consists of two different metals dipped in an electrolyte.
The two metals are connected by an external wire.

The voltmeter does not show a reading when sugar solution is used because it is not
an electrolyte.


1. metals; electrolyte; metals; wire
2. electromotive force (or e.m.f.); higher
3. Electrochemical Series; lose, cations
4. salt bridge; complete; charges
5. porous device
6. D
A simple chemical cell can be set up by dipping two different metals in an
electrolyte. The two metals are connected by electric wires.
7. C
Only option C contains two different metals and an electrolyte which are the
essential components for building a simple chemical cell.
8. B
Electrons flow from magnesium to copper in the external circuit because
magnesium is at a higher position than copper in the Electrochemical Series.
9. B
The further apart the two metals are in the Electrochemical Series, the higher is
the voltage of the cell.
10. C
Electrons flow from P to R, indicating that P is at a higher position than R in the
Electrochemical Series. Electrons flow from P to Q, indicating that P is at a
higher position than Q in the Electrochemical Series. The cell with a metal
couple P/Q gives a higher voltage than the cell with a metal couple P/R. Hence,
the tendency of a metal to lose electrons is P > R > Q. Electrons flow from S to Q,
indicating that S is at a higher position than Q in the Electrochemical Series. If
the polarities of the electrodes S and Q are reversed, the voltage of the cell is
+2.01 V. This indicates that S and Q are the furthest apart in the Electrochemical
Series.
11. B
Zinc ion is colourless. There is no change in the colour of solution in the half cell
Y.
12. A
Electrons flow from metal P to metal Q in the external circuit, indicating that P
is more reactive than Q.
13. (a) Positive electrode: copper electrode

Negative electrode: zinc electrode
(b) (i) Gas bubbles appear at the copper electrode.
(ii) Gas bubbles appear at the zinc electrode and the zinc electrode
dissolves/ becomes thinner gradually.
(c) (i) The copper electrode becomes thicker.
(ii) The zinc electrode dissolves and brown deposits form on its surface
gradually.

(d) (i) The brightness of the bulb increases. Magnesium is at a higher position
than zinc in the Electrochemical Series. Magnesium loses electrons
more readily to copper than zinc does.
(ii) The bulb does not light up. There is no difference in the tendency of
losing electrons between the two copper strips and so there will be no
electron flow in the external circuit.
14. (a) A metal couple is a combination of two different metals connected to an

external circuit.
(b) The filter paper separates the two metal strips, preventing a short circuit.
Besides, the salt solution allows movement of ions to complete the circuit.
(c) From copper to silver
(d) The voltmeter would give a positive reading.
(e) It would cause a short circuit. Thus, the voltmeter reading would drop to
zero.
(f) The voltage would be higher. This is because magnesium is at a higher
position than copper in the Electrochemical Series.
15. (a) Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s)

(b) Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e−
(c) From zinc strip to copper container
(d) (i) The porous device is used to separate the two electrolyte solutions and
prevent them from direct mixing. Besides, it allows ions to pass
through to complete the circuit.
(ii) There would be a displacement reaction occurring at the surface of the
zinc electrode: Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s). Once the zinc
strip is coated with copper, both electrodes become copper electrodes
and so the voltage of the cell drops to zero.
16. (a) From zinc electrode to copper electrode

(b) Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
(c) Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
(d) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(e) There would be a displacement reaction occurring at the surface of the zinc
electrode. Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s). Once the zinc electrode is
coated with copper, both electrodes become copper electrode and so the
voltage of the cell drops to zero.
17. (a) Iron

(b) It acts as an electrolyte.
(c) Gas bubbles appear at the copper electrode.
2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)
(d) (i) Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e−
(ii) Metal X (iron) reacts with dilute sulphuric acid and forms hydrogen
gas.
(e) Pure sulphuric acid does not contain any ions to conduct electricity.

Chapter 30 Redox reactions
Class practice
A30.1 (p.30-6)
1. (a) Carbon gains oxygen in the reaction. It undergoes oxidation. Steam loses
oxygen in the reaction. It undergoes reduction.
(b) H2O(g) is the oxidizing agent. C(s) is the reducing agent.
2. (a) During the reaction, each copper atom loses two electrons to form a
copper(II) ion. Copper undergoes oxidation. Each silver ion gains one
electron to form a silver atom. Silver ion undergoes reduction.
(b) Ag+(aq) is the oxidizing agent. Cu(s) is the reducing agent.
A30.2 (p.30-9)
(a) O.N. of S = 0
(b) (+2) × 3 + (O.N. of N) × 2 = 0
∴O.N. of N = –3
(c) (+1) × 2 + (O.N. of S) + (–2) × 4 = 0
∴O.N. of S = +6
(d) (+1) × 2 + (O.N. of S) + (–2) × 3 = 0
∴O.N. of S = +4
(e) (+1) × 2 + (O.N. of Cr) + (–2) × 4 = 0
∴O.N. of Cr = +6
(f) For NH4+,
(O.N. of N) + (+1) × 4 = +1
∴O.N. of N = –3
(g) (O.N. of Cr) × 2 + (–2) × 7 = –2
∴O.N. of Cr = +6
(h) (O.N. of N) + (–1) × 3 = 0
∴O.N. of N = +3
A30.3 (p.30-11)
1. (a) (i) Redox
(ii) O2
(iii) CH4
(iv) Carbon
(b) (i) Not redox
(ii), (iii) and (iv) not applicable
(c) (i) Redox
(ii) Cl2
(iii) FeSO4 (or Fe2+)
(iv) Iron
2. (a) (i) A reddish brown precipitate forms.

(ii) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)
(iii) The reaction is not a redox because the oxidation number of every
element does not change during the reaction.
(b) (i) Zn(s) + 2Fe3+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq)
(ii) The reaction is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of iron

decreases from +3 to +2 while that of zinc increases from 0 to +2.

(iii) Fe3+(aq)
A30.4 (p.30-16)
(a) (i) Cl2(g) +2e– → 2Cl–(aq)
(ii) 2Br–(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2e–
(iii) Cl2(g) + 2Br–(aq) → 2Cl–(aq) + Br2(aq)
(b) (i) NO3–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e– → NO2(g) + H2O(l)
(ii) Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2e–
(iii) Mg(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 4H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
A30.5 (p.30-17)
(a) When iron(II) sulphate solution is added to acidified potassium permanganate
solution, the purple permanganate ions are reduced to very pale pink / colourless
manganese(II) ions. The green iron(II) ions are oxidized to yellow iron(III) ions.
(b) (i) Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e–
(ii) MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(iii) 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(c) KMnO4(aq) (or MnO4–(aq)) is the oxidizing agent because the oxidation number
of manganese decreases from +7 to +2. FeSO4(aq) (or Fe2+(aq)) is the reducing
agent because the oxidation number of iron increases from +2 to +3.
A30.6 (p.30-20)
(a) K+(aq)
(b) SO2(g)
(c) Fe2+(aq)
A30.7 (p.30-22)
1. (a) Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)
2. (a) From Zn to Cu
(b) From Mg to Ag
(c) From Zn to Pb
3. (a) Electrons flow from metal X to copper in the external circuit. This is
because metal X loses electrons more readily than copper / X is higher than
copper in the Electrochemical Series.
(b) (i) Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
(ii) X(s) →X2+ (aq) + 2e–
(c) X(s) + Cu2+(aq) → X2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(d) (i) Electrons would flow from zinc to metal X in the external circuit.
(ii) Zn(s) + X2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + X(s)
A30.8 (p.30-26)
1. (a) The colourless potassium iodide solution changes to brown. Chlorine is a
stronger oxidizing agent than iodine, it displaces iodine out from the
potassium iodide solution.
(b) Cl2(aq) + 2I–(aq) → 2Cl–(aq) + I2(aq)
(c) Chlorine water
2. (a) (i) Cl2(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + OCl–(aq) + H2O(l)
(ii) 3Cl2(aq) + 6OH–(aq) → 5Cl–(aq) + ClO3–(aq) + 3H2O(l)

(b) (i) From 0 to –1 and +1 in Cl–(aq) and OCl–(aq) respectively

(ii) From 0 to –1 and +5 in Cl–(aq) and ClO3–(aq) respectively
A30.9 (p.30-28)
(a) Tube 1: colourless gas bubbles evolve.
Tubes 2 and 3: brown fumes form.
(b) Tube 1: Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
Tube 2: 3Mg(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 3Mg2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
Tube 3: Mg(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 4H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) Tube 1: nitric acid shows the property of typical acid.
Tubes 2 and 3: nitric acid shows the property of oxidizing agent.
(d) Tube 1: there is no observable change.
Tubes 2 and 3: brown fumes form.
A30.10 (p.30-30)
(a) Tube 1: colourless gas bubbles evolve.
Tube 2: a colourless gas with a choking smell of burning sulphur evolves.
(b) Tube 1: Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
Tube 2: Mg(s) + 2H2SO4(l) → MgSO4(s) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) Tube 1: sulphuric acid shows the property of typical acid.
Tube 2: sulphuric acid shows the property of oxidizing agent.
(d) Tube 1: there is no observable change.
Tube 2: a colourless gas with a choking smell of burning sulphur would evolve.
A30.11 (p.30-32)
Figure 30.9: Br2(aq) + SO32–(aq) + H2O(l) → 2Br–(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq)
Figure 30.10: Cr2O72–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 3SO32–(aq)
→ 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3SO42–(aq)
Figure 30.11: 2MnO4–(aq) + 5SO32–(aq) + 6H+(aq)
→ 2Mn2+(aq) + 5SO42–(aq) + 3H2O(l)
A30.12 (p.30-33)
(a) Copper(II) oxide
(b) Sulphur dioxide
(c) Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(l) → CuSO4(s) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(d) The solution in tube A turns blue because of the formation of blue copper(II)
ions.
(e) The solution in tube B turns red because sulphur dioxide dissolves in water to
form an acidic solution.
(f) The acidified potassium dichromate solution changes from orange to green.
Sulphur dioxide reduces orange dichromate ions to green chromium(III) ions.
Cr2O72–(aq) + 3SO2(g) + 2H+(aq)→ 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) + H2O(l)

Think about
1. Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction reactions.
2. Rusting of iron nails, burning of fuels, respiration, etc.
3. For example, chlorine bleach and mild bleach (hydrogen peroxide) bleach by
oxidation. Antioxidants are added to food to slow down the oxidation.

1. The density of heptane is lower than that of water.
2. Bromine has a simple molecular structure. It is more soluble in non-aqueous
solvents than in water. Refer to chapter 9 for details.
Try it now (p.30-8)

○1 Oxidation number of H = +1
Oxidation number of O = –2
○ The sum of oxidation numbers of all elements in HCO3– is –1.
2
(+1) + (O.N. of C) + (–2) × 3 = –1

∴oxidation number of C = +4
Writing practice
Writing practice 30.1 (p.30-10)
(a) carbon; 0; +4; oxygen; 0;–2
(b) does not change
(c) It is not a redox reaction because the oxidation number of every element does not
change during the reaction.
(d) It is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of sodium increases from 0 to
+1 and that of hydrogen decreases from +1 to 0.

(a) oxidizing; reducing
(b) oxidizing; decreases; +2; 0; increases; 0 ; +2
(c) Br2(aq) is the oxidizing agent because the oxidation number of bromine
decreases from 0 to –1. KI(aq) is the reducing agent because the oxidation
number of iodine increases from –1 to 0.
(d) KMnO4(aq) is the oxidizing agent because the oxidation number of manganese
decreases from +7 to +2. FeSO4(aq) is the reducing agent because the oxidation
number of iron increases from +2 to +3.

1. redox
2. (a) loses
(b) gains
3. (a) oxidizes; gaining
(b) reduces; losing
4. (a) increases
(b) decreases
5. Electrochemical Series
6. strong; weak
7. oxidizing; chloride ion
8. disproportionation

9. oxidizing, nitrogen monoxide

10. oxidizing; nitrogen dioxide
11. oxidizing; sulphur dioxide
12. reducing; sulphate ion
13. (a) 0
(b) +2
(c) +3
(d) −4
(e) +6
(f) +5
(g) +7
(h) −2
(i) +1
14. (a) 2MnO4−(aq) + 10I−(aq) + 16H+(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq) + 5I2 (aq) + 8H2O(l)

(b) ClO3−(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) + 6H+(aq) → Cl2(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 3H2O(l)
(c) 2Fe3+(aq) + Cu(s) → 2Fe2+(aq) + Cu2+(aq)
(d) Cr2O72−(aq) + 3SO2(g) + 2H+(aq) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42−(aq) + H2O(l)
(e) 2HNO2(aq) + SO32−(aq) → 2NO(g) + SO42−(aq) + H2O(l)
15. (a) (i) Colourless gas bubbles evolve.

(ii) Mg(s) + 2H2SO4(l) → MgSO4(s) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(b) (i) The purple acidified potassium permanganate solution changes to
yellow.
(ii) 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(c) (i) The brown / orange bromine water is decolorized.
(ii) Br2(aq) + SO32−(aq) + H2O(l) → 2Br−(aq) + SO42−(aq) + 2H+(aq)
16. C
The oxidation number of nitrogen decreases from 0 to −3 and that of hydrogen
increases from 0 to +1.
17. B
The oxidation number of an element is zero.
18. D
(+1) × 3 + (O.N. of Fe) + (−1) × 6 = 0
O.N. of Fe = +3
19. B
The oxidation number of chlorine decreases from +5 to −1 and that of oxygen
increases from −2 to 0. The oxidation number of sodium is the same (+1) on both
reactant and product sides.
20. A
The O.N. of oxygen is −2 on both reactant and product sides and that of
hydrogen increases from 0 to +1.
21. B
No electrical energy is produced when reactants are mixed directly.

22. C
Upon mixing with acidified potassium permanganate solution,
(1): iron(II) ion would be oxidized to iron(III) ion.
(2): no reaction takes place because both iron(III) ion and permanganate ion tend
to gain electrons.
(3): sulphite ion would be oxidized to sulphate ion.
23. D
24. D
(1): the oxidation number of nitrogen in NaNO3(aq) is +5.
(2): the oxidation number of nitrogen decreases from +5 to +4 (in NO2).
HNO3(aq) is reduced.
(3): the oxidation number of nitrogen decreases from +5 to +2 (in NO). HNO3(aq)
is reduced.
25. C
During the reaction, copper is oxidized to copper (II) nitrate.
26. D
(1): NO2 rather than NO should be produced in the reaction between copper and
concentrated nitric acid.
(2): nitrogen monoxide is a colourless gas.
(3): copper is the reducing agent. It is oxidized as the oxidation number of copper
increases from 0 to +2.
27. B
When very dilute nitric acid reacts with metals like magnesium, the following
reaction occurs: Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g). It is a redox reaction. The
oxidation number of Mg increases from 0 to +2. Magnesium is oxidized.
Concentrated nitric acid cannot oxidize gold and platinum.
28. D
Refer to p.30-29 for details.
29. B
Dilute sulphuric acid does not react with copper.
30. (a) Greenish yellow fumes form.

(b) 2MnO4−(aq) + 10Cl−(aq) + 16H+(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq) + 5Cl2(aq) + 8H2O(l)
(c) Potassium permanganate is the oxidizing agent because the oxidation
number of manganese decreases from +7 to +2. Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is the reducing agent because the oxidation number of chlorine
increases from −1 to 0.
(d) To prevent the escape of chlorine gas through the dropping funnel.
(e) The water in the moistened broken porcelain chips can absorb unreacted
hydrochloric acid vapour / hydrogen chloride gas, which is highly soluble in
water.
(f) The white potassium iodide solid turns dark brown.

(g) Cl2 + 2I− → 2Cl− + I2
31. (a) Brass dissolves and brown fumes form.

Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) →Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Zn(s) + 4HNO3(aq) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
OR, Cu(s) + 2NO3−(aq) + 4H+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Zn(s) + 2NO3−(aq) + 4H+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(b) (i) The colourless gas bubbles are hydrogen. We can test the gas with a
burning splint. Hydrogen burns with a ‘pop’ sound.
(ii) There is no reaction between copper and dilute sulphuric acid. The
reddish brown solid left in the test tube is copper.
32. (a) Copper turnings dissolve, colourless bubbles evolve; the colourless solution
turns blue.
(b) 3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq) → 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) OR
3Cu(s) + 2NO3−(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 3Cu2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)
(c) Dilute nitric acid is the oxidizing agent because the oxidation number of
nitrogen decreases from +5 to +2. Copper is the reducing agent because the
oxidation number of copper increases from 0 to +2.
(d) (i) Brown fumes appear at the mouth of the test tube.
(ii) 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
33. (a) C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

(b) Oxidizing property
(c) (i) The bromine water is decolorized.
SO2(g) + Br2(aq) + 2H2O(l) → SO42−(aq) + 2Br−(aq) + 4H+(aq)
(ii) The limewater turns milky.
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
(d) The orange dichromate solution turns green.
Cr2O72−(aq) + 3SO2(g) + 2H+(aq) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42−(aq) + H2O(l)

Chapter 31 Redox reactions in chemical cells
Class practice
A31.1 (p.31-4)
(a) Anode: metal P electrode
Cathode: metal Q electrode
(b) Metal P electrode
(c) Metal Q electrode
(d) Oxidation half equation: P(s) → P2+(aq) + 2e−
Reduction half equation: Q+(aq) + e− → Q(s)
A31.2 (p.31-8)
(a) Electrons flow from electrode U to electrode V in the external circuit. Br−(aq)
ions lose electrons at electrode U and are oxidized to Br2(aq). Thus, electrons
move into the external circuit from U to V. Hence, U is the negative electrode.
(b) The solution around electrode U turns orange/ brown.
The purple solution around electrode V fades / becomes colourless.
(c) Reaction at electrode U: 2Br−(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2e−
Reaction at electrode V: MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e− → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(d) 2MnO4−(aq) + 10Br−(aq) + 16H+(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq) + 5Br2(aq) + 8H2O(l)
A31.3 (p.31-10)
(a) (i) H2O2(aq) + 2e− → 2OH−(aq)
(ii) The oxidation number of oxygen decreases from −1 to −2 in the reaction.
Thus, the reaction is a reduction.
(b) (i) Cr3+(aq) + 8OH−(aq) → CrO42−(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3e−
(ii) The oxidation number of chromium increases from +3 to +6 in the reaction.
Thus, the reaction is an oxidation.
(c) 2Cr3+(aq) + 10OH−(aq) + 3H2O2(aq) → 2CrO42−(aq) + 8H2O(l)
(d) The colour of solution in the anode compartment changes from green to yellow
gradually.
(e) The two electrolytes mix together and react. No electrons flow in the external
circuit. As a result, the voltage of the cell drops to zero.
A31.4 (p.31-13)
(a) A paste of ammonium chloride is used so that ions are mobile and can conduct
electricity.
(b) No. Zinc participates in the electrode reaction according to the half equation:
Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e−
(c) Yes. Carbon does not participate in the electrode reaction. Thus, carbon rod is an
inert electrode.
A31.5 (p.31-17)
(a) At the anode: H2(g) + 2OH−(aq) → 2H2O(l) + 2e−
At the cathode: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e− → 4OH−(aq)
(b) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
(c) Any ONE:
Fuel cells cause less environmental problems. OR
Fuel cells have a higher efficiency of energy conversion.

(d) Any ONE:

They are used to provide electricity for electric vehicles / MP3 players / mobile
phones /notebook computers, etc. OR
They are used as remote power source for spacecraft. OR
They are used as backup power sources for hotels, hospitals, residential and
office buildings.
Think about
1. A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell converts chemical energy from a continuous supply
of hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (the oxidant) into electrical energy.
2. Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells have a high efficiency of energy conversion (about
70%) and can continue to generate electricity as long as the fuel is refilled.
3. Remote power sources for space exploration, backup power sources, power
sources for portable electronic devices.

1. (a) oxidation
(b) reduction
2. negative; positive
3. Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
2NH4+(aq) + 2MnO2(s) + 2e– → 2NH3(aq) + Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)
4. fuel cell
5. hydrogen; oxygen
6. C
At electrode P: Cr2O72–(aq) +14H+(aq) + 6e– → 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
At electrode Q: SO32–(aq) + H2O(l) → SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–
Therefore, electrons flow from electrode Q to electrode P through the external
circuit.
7. A
Oxidizing agent is a substance which oxidizes others by gaining electrons.
Reducing agent is a substance which reduces others by losing electrons.
8. B
If calcium chloride solution or potassium bromide solution is used for preparing
the salt bridge, Ag+(aq) ions in the right half cell may react with the Cl–(aq) or
Br–(aq) in the salt bridge to form insoluble AgCl(s) or AgBr(s) respectively. As a
result, the function of the cell is affected.
9. C
The powdered graphite increases the electrical conductivity of the mixture of
ammonium chloride and manganese (IV) oxide in the cell.
The zinc cup becomes thinner when the cell is used. This is because zinc is
involved in the cell reaction. At zinc electrode: Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
10. C
Zinc-carbon cell is a primary cell. Refer to p.31-11 for details.

11. D
In a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, hydrogen is oxidized at the anode.
12. (a) Anode: zinc strip; cathode: copper container

(b) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(c) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(d) (1) In the Daniell cell, Cu2+(aq) and Zn(s) are separated by a porous device.
There is no direct mixing of the chemicals. Copper deposits form on the
inner surface of the copper container. In the beaker, Cu2+(aq) and Zn(s) are
in direct contact. Copper deposits form on the surface of zinc strip.
(2) In the Daniell cell, the reaction generates energy mainly in the form of
electricity. In the beaker, the reaction generates energy mainly in the form of
heat.
13. (a) Oxidizing agent: sodium bromate(V) solution/ bromate(V) ion/ BrO3–(aq)
Reducing agent: iron(II) sulphate solution/ iron(II) ion/ Fe2+(aq)
(b) (i) BrO3–(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 6e– → Br–(aq) + 3H2O(l)
(ii) The reaction in this half cell is a reduction because the oxidation
number of bromine decreases from +5 to –1.
(c) (i) Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e–
(ii) The reaction in this half cell is an oxidation because the oxidation
number of iron increases from +2 to +3.
14. (a) Advantage: higher voltage can be produced / cheap

Disadvantage: voltage falls rapidly during discharge / short service life / not
rechargeable / cannot produce a steady current
(b) Zinc and graphite
(c) (i) Ammonium chloride
(ii) Heat the electrolyte with a dilute alkali, a colourless gas which turns a
moist red litmus paper blue will be produced.
(d) Zn(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2MnO2(s)
→ Zn2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) + Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)
(e) During storage, the zinc cup of the cell will react with H+(aq) ions present in
the electrolyte. Therefore, zinc will be used up finally even though the cell
is not being used.
15. (a) Hot concentrated potassium hydroxide solution

(b) H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) → 2H2O(l) + 2e–
(c) The reaction in the left half cell is an oxidation because the oxidation
number of hydrogen increases from 0 to +1.
(d) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– → 4OH–(aq)
(e) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
(f) The electrons flow from the left compartment to the right compartment in
the external circuit.

Chapter 32 Electrolysis
Class practice
A32.1 (p.32-7)
(a) (i) At the anode: bromine
At the cathode: lead
(ii) No electrolysis takes place.
(b) Molten lead(II) bromide contains mobile ions so it can conduct electricity. The
ions in solid lead(II) bromide are not mobile. It does not conduct electricity.
Hence, no electrolysis takes place.
(c) At the anode: 2Br–(l) → Br2(g) + 2e–
At the cathode: Pb2+(l) + 2e– → Pb(l)
A32.2 (p.32-10)
 H+(aq); OH–(aq)
 cation; metal
 H+(aq); hydrogen
 OH–(aq); oxygen
 halide ion; concentration
A32.3 (p.32-13)
(a) Cations present in the solution: Na+(aq), H+(aq)
Anions present in the solution: OH–(aq)
(b) (i) At the anode: oxygen
4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–
(ii) At the cathode: hydrogen
2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g)
(c) Volume ratio of the O2 to H2 formed is 1 : 2.
A32.4 (p.32-19)
(a) Chlorine; 2Cl–(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e–
(b) Hydrogen; 2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g)
(c) 2Cl–(aq) + 2H+(aq) → Cl2(g) + H2(g)
(d) From the equation in (c), the mole ratio of Cl2 to H2 is 1:1. Hence, the volume
ratio of Cl2 to H2 collected at electrode D and at electrode E is 1:1.
(e) Oxygen would be collected at electrode D and hydrogen would be collected at
electrode E.
A32.5 (p.32-23)
(a) At the anode: 4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–
At the cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
(b) The colour of the resultant solution is red.
(c) The respective products formed at the anode and at the cathode are the same as
that formed when 1.0 M copper(II) sulphate solution is electrolysed. This is
because Cu2+(aq) is lower than H+(aq) in the Electrochemical Series. Cu2+(aq)
ions are preferentially discharged at the cathode. Although the concentration of
SO42–(aq) has been increased much, the OH–(aq) is much higher than SO42–(aq)
in the Electrochemical Series. OH–(aq) ions are preferentially discharged at the
anode.

A32.6 (p.32-26)
1. (a) At the anode: oxygen
At the cathode: hydrogen
(b) At the anode: iodine
At the cathode: hydrogen
(c) At the anode: chlorine
At the cathode: copper
2. (a) Sulphuric acid ionizes in water to give mobile H+(aq) and SO42–(aq) ions.
(b) (i) Electrodes X and Q
(ii) At both electrodes X and Q, colourless gas bubbles evolve.
4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–
(c) (i) Electrodes Y and R
(ii) Colourelss gas bubbles evolve at electrode Y.
2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g)
Reddish brown solid deposits on the surface of electrode R.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
A32.7 (p.32-34)
1. Just filter off the lead(II) chloride from the effluents before the effluents are
discharged.
2. (a) Anode: the copper electrode
Cathode: the key
(b) The copper electrode becomes smaller.
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
(c) The surface of the key becomes coated with a layer of brown solid.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
(d) (i) Copper(II) ions are heavy metal ions. They cause serious water
pollution and may kill the aquatic life.
(ii) Adding sodium hydroxide solution to the effluents. The copper(II) ions
would be precipitated out as copper(II) hydroxide. The precipitate is
then filtered off before discharge.
Think about
1. Electrolysis means decomposition by electricity.
2. We can predict the products in electrolysis by considering the following factors:
 position of ions in the Electrochemical Series
 concentration of ions in solution
 nature of electrode
3. Electroplating, purification of metals, extraction of metals, etc.

Chlorine is liberated at the anode. It will attack the platinum electrodes.

To prevent the evaporation of mercury.

Cu2+(aq) is lower than H+(aq) in the Electrochemical Series. Cu2+(aq) is a stronger

oxidizing agent than H+(aq). Hence, Cu2+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged / are
easier to be reduced at the cathode.

Cu(s) → Cu(s)
(anode) (cathode)
Writing practice
(a) preferentially, lower
(b) Colourless bubbles evolve at the anode. OH–(aq) ions are preferentially
discharged because OH–(aq) is higher than Cl–(aq) in the Electrochemical Series.

1. decomposition
2. cathode; anode
3. electrons; ions
4. (a) E.C.S.
(b) concentration
(c) electrodes
5. electrolysis; corrosion
6. cathode; anode
7. cathode; anode
8. alkalis; heavy metals
9. (a) Ions present: H+(aq), OH–(aq), Na+(aq), Cl–(aq)

Product formed at the anode: chlorine
Product formed at the cathode: hydrogen
(b) Ions present: H+(aq), OH–(aq), Na+(aq), Cl–(aq)
Product formed at the anode: oxygen
(c) Ions present: H+(aq), OH–(aq), K+(aq), Br–(aq)
Product formed at the anode: bromine
(d) Ions present: H+(aq), OH–(aq), Na+(aq), SO42–(aq)
(e) Ions present: H+(aq), OH–(aq), Cu2+(aq), NO3–(aq)
Product formed at the cathode: copper
10. D
Chlorine is produced at electrode X. It is greenish yellow in colour. Electrode X
is the positive electrode. Reduction occurs at electrode Y: Mg2+(l) + 2e– → Mg(l).
11. C
During electrolysis, electrical energy is converted into chemical energy.
Electricity is required for electrolysis. Graphite or platinum is commonly used as
inert electrodes in electrolysis.

12. C
Reaction occurring at the anode: 4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–
Reaction occurring at the cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)
Hence, for every mole of oxygen liberated at the anode, there are two moles of
hydrogen liberated at the cathode.
13. B
(2): silver metal instead of hydrogen gas would be produced at the cathode.
14. B
The object that is to be electroplated should be made the cathode. The electrolyte
solution used should be an aqueous solution containing ions of the plating metal.
15. B
(1): the solution will become more acidic because both H+(aq) and OH–(aq) are
consumed continuously as electrolysis goes on. The concentration of nitric acid
increases gradually.
(2): the solution will become less acidic because both H+(aq) and Cl–(aq) are
consumed continuously as electrolysis goes on. The concentration of
hydrochloric acid decreases gradually.
(3): no change in concentration of the solution as there is only a net transfer of
copper from anode to cathode.
16. D
17. (a) Pure water ionizes only very slightly to give mobile ions for conducting
electricity. / It is a poor conductor of electricity.
(b) Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water and ionizes to give mobile H+(aq)
and Cl–(aq) ions for conducting electricity.
(c) At electrode A: oxygen; at electrode B: hydrogen
(d) At electrode A: 4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–
At electrode B: 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)
(e) The overall equation for the reaction is 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g).
The mole ratio of the gases formed at the anode and at the cathode is 1:2.
Thus, the rates of formation of the gases are different.
18. (a) (i) Anode: electrode A; cathode: electrode B

(ii) At electrode A: 4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–
At electrode B: Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
(iii) At electrode A: colourless gas bubbles form.
At electrode B: reddish brown solid deposits on the surface of
electrode.
(b) (i) Anode: electrode C; cathode: electrode D
(ii) At electrode C: Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
At electrode D: Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
(iii) At electrode C: the copper electrode becomes smaller.
At electrode D: the copper electrode gets bigger.
(c) When graphite anode is used, OH–(aq) ions are preferentially discharged.

When copper anode is used, Cu(s) is preferentially discharged as Cu(s) is a

stronger reducing agent than OH–(aq).
(d) The solution in the left electrolytic cell becomes acidic/ sulphuric acid. This
is because as electrolysis goes on, Cu2+(aq) and OH–(aq) are consumed and
H+(aq) and SO42–(aq) ions remain.
There is no change in the copper(II) sulphate solution in the right
electrolytic cell. For every Cu2+(aq) ion discharged at the cathode, one
Cu2+(aq) ion forms at the anode. Therefore, the concentration of the
copper(II) sulphate solution does not change.
19. (a) (i) Zinc is a stronger reducing agent than copper. It loses electrons to form
Zn2+(aq) ions: Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e–.
Silver is a weaker reducing agent than copper. It sinks to the bottom of
the electrolytic cell.
(ii) Cu2+(aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Zn2+(aq). Cu2+(aq) ions are
preferentially discharged to form copper.
(b) Cu (aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
2+
(c) Zinc forms ions more readily than copper at the anode while copper(II) ions
are preferentially discharged at the cathode. As a result, the concentration of
copper(II) ions in the solution decreases. The colour intensity of the solution
decreases.
20. (a) Dilute sulphuric acid

(b) Positive electrode
(c) Anode: the aluminium object; cathode: the aluminium sheet
(d) The coated aluminium oxide layer is impermeable to air and water. Thus,
the aluminium underneath can be protected from further corrosion.
21. (a) Chromium

(b) (i) Cr(s) → Cr3+(aq) + 3e–
(ii) Cr3+(aq) + 3e– → Cr(s)
(c) Metal X becomes smaller.
(d) The cup becomes more corrosion resistant. / The appearance of the cup is
improved.
(e) Add sodium hydroxide solution to the electrolyte. Chromium(III) ions
would be precipitated out as chromium(III) hydroxide. The precipitate is
then filtered off before discharge.

Part VII Redox reactions, chemical cells and electrolysis
Part exercise (p.32-44)

1. B
Secondary cells are usually more expensive than primary cells. Besides, some
secondary cells contain heavy metals. For example, nickel-metal hydride cell
contains nickel.
2. A
Zinc loses electrons more readily than lead. Hence, the electrons flow from zinc
to lead through the external circuit. Pb2+(aq) reacts with Cl–(aq) to form insoluble
PbCl2(s). Hence, sodium chloride solution cannot be used to prepare salt bridge.
3. B
The equation in option B does not represent a redox reaction because the
oxidation number of every element does not change during the reaction.
4. D
The oxidation number of N in N2O4, NO, N2 and Mg3N2 are +4, +2, 0 and –3
respectively.
5. D
6. D
(A): the purple litmus solution turns blue.
(B): the orange acidified potassium dichromate solution turns green.
(C): the colourless potassium iodide solution turns brown.
(D): sodium carbonate and water form when carbon dioxide is bubbled into
sodium hydroxide solution. Both sodium hydroxide solution and sodium
carbonate solution are colourless.
7. D
Concentrated hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc to give hydrogen, while
concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with zinc to give sulphur dioxide. Sulphur
dioxide can turn a piece of filter paper soaked with acidified potassium
dichromate solution from orange to green. But hydrogen cannot.
Concentrated sulphuric acid oxidizes copper or carbon. There is no reaction
between concentrated hydrochloric acid and copper or carbon.
8. B
Zinc loses electrons to form zinc ions in the cell reaction. Hence, zinc case is the
negative electrode of the cell.
9. B
During electrolysis, H+(aq) ions are discharged and reduced to hydrogen at the
cathode. Cl–(aq) ions are discharged and oxidized to chlorine at the anode. Water
ionizes continuously to replace the discharge of H+(aq). Hence, the amount of
OH–(aq) ions in the solution increases and the solution gradually becomes
alkaline.
10. A

(1): H+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged as H+(aq) is a stronger oxidizing

agent than Na+(aq).
(2): Na+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged as mercury cathode is used.
(3): Cu2+(aq) are preferentially discharged as Cu2+(aq) is a stronger oxidizing
agent than H+(aq).
11. D
As electrolysis goes on, H+(aq) and I–(aq) ions are consumed and K+(aq) and
OH–(aq) ions remain. The solution eventually becomes potassium hydroxide.
12. A
The plating metal should be made the anode. The electrolyte solution should be
an aqueous solution containing ions of the plating metal.
13. A
Ni2+(aq) is green. Ni is silvery in colour.
14. (a) (i) Dirty green precipitate forms.

Fe2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)
(ii) It is not a redox reaction as the oxidation numbers of Fe, O and H have
not changed in the reaction.
(b) (i) The purple potassium permanganate solution turns yellow.
5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(ii) It is a redox reaction. The oxidation number of manganese decreases
from +7 to +2. The oxidation number of iron increases from +2 to +3.
(c) Iron(II) sulphate soluton is oxidized by oxygen gradually in air to form
iron(III) sulphate solution.
15. (a) Colourless gas bubbles evolve from the surface of carbon.
(b) C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) The colour of the acidified potassium dichromate solution changes from
orange to green.
Cr2O72–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 3SO2(g) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) + H2O(l)
(d) The limewater turns milky.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
(e) The limewater will turn milky but the acidified potassium dichromate
solution will have no observable change. This is because both SO2 and CO2
are acidic gases. They will be removed by the calcium hydroxide in test
tube B. No gas will enter test tube A.
16. (a) Positive electrode: carbon rod

Negative electrode: zinc case
(b) Zn(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2MnO2(s)
→ Zn2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) + Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)
(c) (i) At the anode: Zn(s) + 2OH–(aq) → ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e–
At the cathode: 2MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + 2e– → Mn2O3(s) + 2OH–(aq)
(ii) Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) → ZnO(s) + Mn2O3(s)
(d) Alkaline manganese cell has a much longer service life and has a high
discharge rate.

17. (a) The ions in solid sodium chloride are not mobile. Thus, it does not conduct
electricity. But in molten state, the ions in the sodium chloride become
mobile.
(b) At graphite anode: 2Cl–(l) → Cl2(g) + 2e–
At iron cathode: 2Na+(l) + 2e– → 2Na(l)
(c) 2Na+(l) + 2Cl–(l) → 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)
(d) (i) 2Hg(l) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) → 2Na/Hg(l) + Cl2(g)
(ii) In Downs cell, a large amount of heat is needed to melt the solid
sodium chloride. Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution
saves much energy.
18. (a) (i) Electrode P: hydrogen gas

Electrode Q: chlorine gas
(ii) At electrode P: 2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g)
At electrode Q: 2Cl–(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e–
(iii) The volume ratio of the H2 to Cl2 collected is 1:1.
(b) The universal indicator turns blue around electrode P during electrolysis.
The universal indicator turns red and then colourless around electrode Q
during electrolysis.
(c) (i) Positive electrode: electrode S
Negative electrode: electrode R
(ii) Electrode R gets bigger while electrode S becomes smaller.
(d) (i) Reddish brown solid deposits on the platinum electrode R.
Colourless gas bubbles evolve at platinum electrode S.
(ii) As electrolysis continues, Cu2+(aq) and OH–(aq) ions are consumed
and H+(aq) and SO42–(aq) ions remain. Hence, the electrolyte solution
eventually becomes sulphuric acid.
19. (a) Acids / alkalis / compounds of other heavy metals / cyanides (Any TWO)
(b) Chromate ions are highly toxic. They may kill the aquatic life if the
effluents containing chromate ions are discharged directly.
(c) 3SO32–(aq) + 2CrO42–(aq) + 10H+(aq) → 3SO42–(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 5H2O(l)
(d) The oxidation number of Cr changes from +6 to +3.
(e) (i) Sodium hydroxide solution/sodium carbonate solution (Any ONE)
(ii) Cr3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) → Cr(OH)3(s) (if sodium hydroxide solution is
used)
2Cr3+(aq) + 3CO32–(aq) → Cr2(CO3)3(s) (if sodium carbonate solution
is used)

Chapter 33 Energy changes in chemical reactions
Class practice
A33.1 (p.33-5)
(a) Hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium chloride and water (product)
(b) Water (solvent), conical flask, air, etc.
(c) Energy was transferred from the system to the surroundings.
(d) Chemical energy changed to heat energy.
A33.2 (p.33-7)
Agree. As there is no change in the total gas volume before and after the reaction,
there is no work done on the surroundings by the system or vice versa.
A33.3 (p.33-11)
(a) Exothermic reaction
(b) Exothermic reaction
(c) Endothermic reaction
(d) Exothermic reaction
(e) Endothermic reaction
(f) Exothermic reaction
A33.4 (p.33-16)
(a) Exothermic process. During the process of condensation, more hydrogen bonds
from between water molecules.
(b) Endothermic process. Energy is needed to break the metallic bonds between gold
atoms.
(c) Endothermic process. Energy is needed to break the covalent bond between
chlorine atoms within the chlorine molecule.
(d) Endothermic process. Energy is needed to overcome the electrostatic attraction
between the nucleus and the outermost shell electron in the sodium atom.
Think about
1. No. Some reactions absorb heat.
2. Yes. Self-heating coffee, instant heat packs and instant cold packs are
applications which make use of chemical reactions involving energy changes.
3. There will be a temperature change in the surroundings of the chemical reaction
(the system).

The atoms in covalent compounds are held together by covalent bonds. The ions in
ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds.

1. created; destroyed; remains constant
2. pressure
3. releases/gives out
4. absorbs/ takes in
5. lower
6. higher

7. absorbs/takes in; releases/gives out

8. bond-forming; bond breaking
9. less
10. D
Gas jar is not involved in the reaction.
11. A
Work done on the surroundings by the reaction
= enthalpy change – change in internal energy
= [(–211) – (–256)] kJ
= 45 kJ
12. C
(1): there is no change in the total gas volume after the reaction.
(3): no gaseous reactants or products are involved in the reaction.
13. A
Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is an endothermic process. Hence,
ammonium nitrate is commonly used as active ingredient in instant cold packs.
14. D
In an endothermic reaction,
A: energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
B: bond-forming process is exothermic, no matter the reaction is exothermic or
endothermic.
C: the energy released from the bond-forming processes is less than that
absorbed in the bond-breaking processes.
15. B
(2): H–H bond is broken during the reaction.
16. D
Enthalpy change of a reaction
= Energy change in bond-breaking processes
– Energy change in bond-forming processes
Enthalpy change of a reaction
A. (100 – 200) kJ = –100 kJ
B. (100 – 250) kJ = –150 kJ
C. (250 – 100) kJ = +150 kJ
D. (300 – 130) kJ = +170 kJ
17. (a) Set-up (A) releases more heat as the reaction is carried out in a closed
system. Set-up (B) is open to the atmosphere. Some energy is consumed to
do work on the surroundings.
(b) Magnesium is the limiting reactant in both reactions. In addition, both
reactions are carried out in an open system. However, as a smaller amount
of magnesium is used in Set-up (C), less heat is produced from the reaction.
(c) Set-up (C), Set-up (B), Set-up (A)

18. (a) Endothermic process

(b) During the process of evaporation, energy is needed to overcome the
intermolecular forces (i.e. hydrogen bonds) between water molecules.
(c) As a coolant of hot engines
19. (a) N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g)

(b) Electrical energy changes to chemical energy.
(c) The energy absorbed in bond-breaking processes is greater than the energy
released in the bond-forming processes.
20. (a) Endothermic process

(b) The energy needed for breaking the ionic bonds in potassium sulphate and
intermolecular forces between water molecules cannot be compensated by
the energy released from the formation of electrostatic attraction between
water molecules and potassium and sulphate ions.
(c) The enthalpies of the substances after the dissolution process are higher than
the substances before the dissolution process.
(d) Treating sports injuries/reducing swelling or pains (Any ONE)
21. (a) Heat is transferred from the system to the surroundings.

(b) H–H bonds and O=O bonds are broken during the combustion.
(c) O–H bonds form during the combustion.
(d) The energy absorbed in the bond-breaking processes is less than the energy
released in the bond-forming processes.

Chapter 34 Standard enthalpy change of reactions
Class practice
A34.1 (p.34-5)
(a) Heat change = −1371 kJ mol–1 × 2 mol = −2742 kJ
Hence, 2742 kJ of heat is released.
11.5 g
(b) Heat change = −1371 kJ mol–1 × = −342.75 kJ
(12.0  2 + 1.0  6 + 16.0) g mol −1
Hence, 342.75 kJ of heat is released.
1
(c) Heat change = −1371 kJ mol–1 × mol = −685.5 kJ
2
Hence, 685.5 kJ of heat is released.
A34.2 (p.34-11)
1. (a) Methane: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
13
Butane: C4H10(g) + O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
2
1
Hydrogen: H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l)
2
(b) Heat released during the combustion of 1.0 g of methane
1g
= 890.4 kJ mol−1×
(12.0 + 1.0  4) g mol −1
= 55.65 kJ
Heat released during the combustion of 1.0 g of butane
1g
= 2877 kJ mol−1 ×
(12.0  4 + 1.0  10) g mol −1
= 49.6 kJ
Heat released during the combustion of 1.0 g of hydrogen
1g
= 285.8 kJ mol−1 ×
(1.0  2 )g mol −1
= 142.9 kJ
(c) Hydrogen is the best rocket fuel because it releases the greatest amount of
heat when the same mass of the fuel is burnt.
2. (a) CH3CH2COOH(aq)
(b) NH3(aq)
(c) Energy required for the complete ionization of CH3CH2COOH(aq)
= [(−49.9) − (−57.3)] kJ mol−1 = +7.4 kJ mol−1
Energy required for the complete ionization of NH3(aq)
= [(−52.2) − (−57.3)] kJ mol−1
= +5.1 kJ mol−1
∆Hn for the neutralization between CH3CH2COOH(aq) and NH3(aq)
= [(−57.3) + 7.4 + 5.1] kJ mol−1
= −44.8 kJ mol−1

A34.3 (p.34-13)
1. (a) Enthalpy change of reaction = −92.3 kJ mol−1 × 2 = −184.6 kJ mol−1
(b) Enthalpy change of reaction = −238.6 kJ mol−1 × 2 = −477.2 kJ mol−1
(c) Enthalpy change of reaction = [(+1.9) − 0] kJ mol−1 = +1.9 kJ mol−1
(d) Enthalpy change of reaction = [(−110.5) × 2 + (−393.5)] kJ mol−1
= −614.5 kJ mol−1
2. (a) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ∆Hn = –57.3 kJ mol−1

(b) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) ∆Hc= −2220 kJ mol−1
3
(c) O2(g) → O3(g) ∆Hf = +143.0 kJ mol−1
2
A34.4 (p.34-16)
Heat released during the combustion of methanol
= mcΔT
= 500 cm3 × 1.0 g cm−3 × 4.2 J g−1 K−1 × [(50.1 + 273) − (25.3 + 273)] K = 52 080 J
Number of moles of methanol burnt
2.65 g
=
(12.0  1 + 1.0  4 + 16.0) g mol −1
= 0.0828 mol
Heat released per mole of methanol burnt
52 080 J
=
0.0828 mol
= 628 986 J mol−1
= 629 kJ mol−1
∴the enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol is −629 kJ mol−1.
A34.5 (p.34-20)
Heat released during neutralization
= mcΔT
= (50.0 + 75.0) cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × [(27.0 +273) – (25.0 + 273)] K
= 1050 J
1 mole of HNO3 reacts with 1 mole of NaOH. Hence, nitric acid is in excess.
Number of moles of water formed
50.0
= 0.50 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.025 mol
1000
Heat released per mole of H2O formed
1050 J
= = 42 000 J mol–1 = 42.0 kJ mol−1
0.025 mol
∴enthalpy change of neutralization is −42.0 kJ mol−1.
Self-test 34.1 (p.34-15)

Heat released during the combustion of propan-1-ol
= mcΔT
= 250 cm3 × 1.0 g cm−3 × 4.2 J g−1 K−1 × 15 K = 15 750 J
Number of moles of propan-1-ol burnt

0.45 g
=
(12.0  3 + 1.0  8 + 16.0) g mol −1
= 7.5 × 10−3 mol
Heat released per mole of propan-1-ol burnt
15 750 J
=
7.5  10 -3 mol
= 2 100 000 J mol−1
= 2100 kJ mol−1
∴the enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol is −2100 kJ mol−1.
Self-test 34.2 (p.34-20)

= mcΔT
= 40.0 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × 3.2 K
= 537.6 J
Number of moles of water formed
20.0
= 0.5 mol dm–3 × dm3
1000
=0.01 mol
Heat released per mole of H2O formed
537.6 J
= = 53 760 J mol–1 = 53.8 kJ mol−1
0.01 mol
∴the enthalpy change of neutralization is −53.8 kJ mol−1.
Think about
1. Scientists use calorimetric methods to measure the amount of heat released by
burning fuels.
2. The standard conditions are: a pressure of one atmosphere, a temperature of 25oC,
elements or compounds in their standard states.

Energy that should be supplied for the complete ionization of HCN
= [−11.6 − (−57.3)] kJ mol−1
= +45.7 kJ mol−1

Heat released = −285.8 kJ mol−1 × 2 mol = −571.6 kJ

This is because the standard state of carbon is graphite, not diamond. Similarly, the
standard state of oxygen is not ozone.

The maximum temperature of the reaction mixture is the highest temperature recorded
before the temperature starts to fall.


1. thermochemical
2. combustion
3. neutralization; water
4. formation; constituent elements
5. simple
6. D
7. C
8. A
Standard enthalpy change of combustion and standard enthalpy change of
neutralization are always negative in sign.
9. B
From sets (1) and (2), alkali X is stronger than alkali Y.
From sets (2) and (3), acid B is stronger than acid A.
From sets (3) and (4), alkali Z is stronger than alkali Y.
Alkali X reacts with a weaker acid A but yet has a larger ΔHn than that of the
reaction between alkali Z and a stronger acid B. Hence, alkali X should be
stronger than alkali Z.
10. C
Energy released during combustion of methane
= 11.3 kJ C–1  [(27.5 + 273) – (20.2 + 273)] = 82.49 kJ
Number of moles of methane burnt
1.5 g
= = 0.094 mol
(12.0 + 1.0  4) g mol -1
Heat released per mole of methane burnt
82.49 kJ
= = 877.6 kJ mol–1 ≈ 880 kJ mol–1
0.094 mol
∴the enthalpy change of combustion of methane is about –880 kJ mol–1.
11. (a) The breaking of the ionic bonds in aluminium oxide.

3
(b) 2Al(s) + O2(g) → Al2O3(s)
2
3350
(c) The ΔHf of aluminium oxide = – kJ mol−1 = −1675 kJ mol−1
2
3
(d) 2Al(s) + O2(g) → Al2O3(s) ΔHf = −1675 kJ mol−1
2
15 000 3
12. Mass of hydrogen = 0.0899 g dm–3× dm = 1.35 g
1000
1.35 g
Number of moles of hydrogen = = 0.675 mol
(1.0  2) g mol-1
Energy released during combustion of hydrogen
= 0.675 mol × 285.8 kJ mol−1 = 192.9 kJ
15 000 3
Mass of methane= 0.656 g dm–3× dm = 9.84 g
1000

9.84 g
Number of moles of methane = = 0.615 mol
(12.0 + 1.0  4) g mol -1
Energy released during combustion of methane
= 0.615 mol × 890.4 kJ mol−1 = 547.6 kJ
As methane releases more heat for the same volume of the fuel burnt, it should
be used in the fuel tank.
13. (a) Propane

(b) It releases a large amount of heat during combustion.
(c) (i) Number of moles of ‘propagas’ required
3000 kJ
= = 1.35 mol
2220 kJ mol -1
∴mass of ‘propagas’ required
= 1.35 mol × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8) = 59.4 g
(ii) Heat produced = 14.5 mol × 2220 kJ mol–1 = 32 190 kJ
14. (a) Energy released

= mcΔT
= 400 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × [(70 + 273) – (20 + 273)] K
= 84 000 J =84 kJ
84 kJ
Number of moles of propan-1-ol needed = = 0.0418 mol
2010 kJ mol -1
∴mass of propan-1-ol needed
= 0.0418 mol × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8 + 16.0) g mol–1 = 2.51 g
(b) A larger mass of propan-1-ol is needed because there is heat loss to the
surroundings during the combustion.
15. (a) H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(b) Standard enthalpy change of neutralization is the enthalpy change when one
mole of water is produced from the neutralization between an acid and an
alkali under standard conditions.
1 1
(c) H2SO4(aq) + KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
2 2
65.0
(d) Number of moles of H2SO4 used = 0.50 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.0325 mol
1000
50.0
Number of moles of KOH used = 0.90 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.0450 mol
1000
From the equation, the mole ratio of H2SO4 : KOH is 1:2.
∴KOH is the limiting reactant.
= (65.0 + 50.0) cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × [(30.3 + 273) – (25.0
+ 273)] K
= 2559.9 J
Heat released per mole of water formed
2559.9 J
= =56 887 J mol–1 = 56.9 kJ mol–1
0.0450 mol
∴the standard enthalpy change of neutralization between sulphuric acid

and potassium hydroxide solution is –56.9 kJ mol–1.

Chapter 35 Hess’s Law
Class practice
A35.1 (p.35-6)
S(s) +
3
O2(g) ∆HA = −396.0 kJ mol−1
SO3(g)
2
∆H1 = −297.0 kJ mol−1

∆H2 = −99.0 kJ mol−1
1
SO2(g) + O2(g)
2
A35.2 (p.35-9)
1.
1 ∆Hf
2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH(l)
2
+2O2(g)
(−393.5) × 2 kJ mol−1
×2
1 +3O2(g) −1371 kJ mol−1
2CO2(g) + 3H2(g) + O2(g)
2
+O2(g)
(−285.8) × 3 kJ mol−1
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
By applying Hess’s Law,
∆Hf = [(−393.5) × 2 + (−285.8 ) × 3 − (−1371)] kJ mol−1
= −273.4 kJ mol−1
2.
∆H
3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) 2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g)
+1/2O2(g) +1/2O2(g)
+8CO(g) +8CO(g)
(−11.5) × 3 kJ mol−1 (–9.0) × 2 kJ mol−1
(−0.5) × 6 kJ mol−1
6Fe(s) + 9CO2(g) 6FeO(s) + 3CO2(g) + 6CO(g)

∆H = [(−11.5) × 3 + (−0.5) × 6 − (−9.0) ×2] kJ mol−1
= −19.5 kJ mol−1

A35.3 (p.35-12)
(a) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(b) By applying Hess’s Law,
H = ΣH f [products] – ΣH f [reactants]
= H f [CaO(s)] + H f [CO2(g)] – H f [CaCO3(s)]
= [(−635.0) + (−393.5) – (−1207)] kJ mol−1
= +178.5 kJ mol−1
A35.4 (p.35-17)
1
1. 3C(graphite) + 4H2(g) + O2(g) → C3H7OH(l)
2
H = ΣH c [reactants] – ΣH c [products]
= 3 × Hc [C(graphite)] + 4 Hc [H2(g)] –Hc [C3H7OH(l)]
= [3 × (–393.5) + 4  (–285.8) – (–1004)] kJ mol−1
= –1319.7 kJ mol–1
∴the enthalpy change of formation of 100 g of C3H7OH(l)
100 g
= –1319.7 kJ mol–1 ×
(12.0  3 + 1.0  8 + 16.0) g mol-1
= –2199.5 kJ
2.
H
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Hf [NaHCO3(s)] × 2
Hc [H2(g)]
2Na(s) + H2(g) + 2C(graphite) + 3O2(g)

1
Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2(g) + O2(g)
2
Hf [Na2CO3(s)]
Hc [C(graphite)]
3
Na2CO3(s) + H2(g) + C(graphite) + O2(g)
2

H = −2  H f [NaHCO3(s)] + H f [Na2CO3(s)] + H c [C(graphite)]
+ H c [H2(g)]
= [−2  (−948.0) + (−1131) + (−393.5) + (−285.8)] kJ mol−1
= +85.7 kJ mol−1

3. 4COCl2(g) + 4H2O(g) → 4CH2Cl2(l) + 4O2(g)

H = +15.0 × 4 kJ mol–1 = +60.0 kJ mol–1
4HCl(g) → 2H2(g) + 2Cl2(g)
H = +92.3 × 4 kJ mol–1 = +369.2 kJ mol–1
2CH2Cl2(l) + 2H2(g) + 3O2(g) → 2COCl2(g) + 4H2O(g)
H = –257 × 2 kJ mol–1 = –514 kJ mol–1
Adding up the above equations, we get:

2COCl2(g) 2CH2Cl2(l) O2(g)
4COCl2(g) + 4H2O(g) → 4CH2Cl2(l) + 4O2(g) H = +60.0 kJ mol–1
4HCl(g) → 2H2(g) + 2Cl2(g) H = +369.2 kJ mol–1
+) 2CH2Cl2(l) + 2H2(g) + 3O2(g) → 2COCl2(g) + 4H2O(g) H = –514 kJ mol–1
4HCl(g) + 2COCl2(g) → 2CH2Cl2(l) + O2(g) + 2Cl2(g)

H = [(+60.0) + (+369.2) + (–514)] kJ mol–1
= –84.8 kJ mol–1
∴the standard enthalpy change of the reaction is –84.8 kJ mol–1.
Self-test 35.1 (p.35-9)

1 ∆Hf
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)
2
1 +44.0 kJ mol−1
× (−483.6) kJ mol−1
2
H2O(g)
1
∆Hf = [ × (−483.6) − (+44.0)] kJ mol−1
2
= −285.8 kJ mol−1

Self-test 35.2 (p.35-11)

= 4  ∆Hf [NO2(g)] + 6  ∆Hf [H2O(l)] – 4  ∆H f [NH3(g)]
= [4  (+33.9) + 6  (–285.8) – 4  (–46.0)] kJ mol−1
= –1395.2 kJ mol-1
Self-test 35.4 (p.35-15)

= Hc [C2H2(g)] + 2  Hc [H2(g)] – Hc [C2H6(g)]
= [(–1299) + 2  (–285.8) – (–1560)] kJ mol−1
= −310.6 kJ mol−1
Think about
1. This is because the enthalpy change of a reaction depends only on the difference
in enthalpies between the reactants and products.
2. Chemists can apply Hess’s Law to calculate the enthalpy changes that cannot be
found directly by experiment.

According to given thermochemical equation, to form 1 mole of C4H10(g), 4 moles of
C(graphite) and 5 moles of H2(g) have to react with each other.

1. enthalpy; route
2. D
By applying Hess’s Law, the total enthalpy change for the clockwise route (i.e. d
+ a) equals that of the anti-clockwise route (i.e. b + c).
3. B
1 Hf
2Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O(s)
2
1 1
+ O2(g) + O2(g)
2 2
–505 kJ mol–1 –88 kJ mol–1
Na2O2(s)
ΔHf = [(–505) – (–88)] kJ mol–1 = –417 kJ mol–1
4. A
Refer to p.10 and 14 of chapter 35 for details.
5. A
= H f [HCN(g)] + H f [H2O(g)] – H f [CO(g)] – H f [NH3(g)]

= [(+135.0) + (−241.8) – (−110.5) – (−46.0)] kJ mol−1

= +49.7 kJ mol−1
6. B
The equation for the complete combustion of hexane is:
19
C6H14(l) + O2(g)→ 6CO2(g) + 7H2O(l)
2
19
Hc [C6H14(l)] = 6 × H f [CO2(g)] + 7 × H f [H2O(l)] – H f [C6H14(l)] – ×
2
H f [O2(g)]
–4194 = 6 × (–393.5) + 7 × (–285.8) – H f [C6H14(l)] – 0
∴H f [C6H14(l)] = –167.6 kJ mol−1
1 1
7. (a) H2(g) + Cl2(g) → HCl(g)
2 2
(b)
1 1
N2(g) + 2H2(g) + Cl2(g)
2 2
1 1
×H1 ×H3
2 2
1 1
NH3(g) + H2(g) + Cl2(g) NH4Cl(s)
2 2
H f [HCl(g)] H2
NH3(g) + HCl(g)
1 1
H f [HCl(g)] = × H3 – H2 – × H1
2 2
629.0 92.0
= [(– ) – (–176.1) – (– )] kJ mol−1
2 2
= – 92.4 kJ mol−1
8. (a) H f [H2O(g)] = [(–285.8) + (+44.0)] kJ mol−1 = −241.8 kJ mol−1

6676
(b) H f [Al2O3(s)] = – kJ mol−1 = –3338 kJ mol−1
2
(c) For the reaction,
3 3 1
Al(s) + NH4NO3(s) → N2(g) + 3H2O(g) + Al2O3(s)
2 2 2
3 1
=  H f [N2(g)] + 3  H f [H2O(g)] +  H f [Al2O3(s)]
2 2
3
– H f [Al(s)] –  H f [NH4NO3(s)]
2

3 1 3
–1015 =  0 + 3  (–241.8) +  (–3338) – 0 –  H f [NH4NO3(s)]
2 2 2
H f [NH4NO3(s)] = −919.6 kJ mol−1
9. (a) CH3CH2CHO(l) + 4O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

H c [CH3CH2CHO(l)] = –1821 kJ mol−1
7
(b) CH3CH2COOH(l) + O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
2
H c [CH3CH2COOH(l)] = –1527 kJ mol−1
(c)
H
CH3CH2COOH(l) + H2(g) CH3CH2CHO(l) + H2O(l)
+4O2(g) + 4O2(g)
–1821 kJ mol–1
(–1527) + (–285.8) kJ mol–1
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
H = [(–1527) + (–285.8) – (–1821)] kJ mol–1 = +8.2 kJ mol−1

1
10. (a) Ca(s) + O2(g) → CaO(s)
2
1.03 g
(b) Number of moles of Ca used = = 0.0257 mol
40.1 g mol -1
150
Number of moles of HCl used = 2.0 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.30 mol
1000
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca to HCl = 1 : 2.
Hence, Ca is the limiting reactant.
Heat released = mcT
= 150 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × [(42.1 + 273) – (25.5 + 273)] K
= 10 458 J
∴heat released when one mole of calcium reacted completely with dilute
hydrochloric acid
10 458 J
= = 406 926 J mol–1 = 406.9 kJ mol–1
0.0257 mol
1.04 g
(c) Number of moles of CaO used = = 0.0185 mol
(40.1 + 16.0) g mol -1
150
Number of moles of HCl used = 2.0 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.30 mol
1000
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
From the equation, mole ratio of CaO to HCl = 1 : 2.
Hence, CaO is the limiting reactant.
Heat released = mcT
= 150 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 ×[(30.0 + 273) – (25.6 + 273)] K
= 2772 J
∴heat released when one mole of calcium oxide reacted completely with
dilute hydrochloric acid
2772 J
= = 149 838 J mol–1 = 149.8 kJ mol–1
0.0185 mol
(d)
1 Hf
Ca(s) + O2(g) CaO(s)
2
+2HCl(aq) +2HCl(aq)
–406.9 kJ mol–1 –149.8 kJ mol–1
1 –285.8 kJ mol–1
CaCl2(aq) + O2(g) + H2(g) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
2

∆Hf = [–406.9 + (–285.8) – (–149.8)] kJ mol–1 = −542.9 kJ mol−1

11. (a) HC≡CH

(b) Heat released = mcT
= 200 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × 38.0 K
= 31 920 J
0.64 g
Number of moles of C2H2 burnt = = 0.0246 mol
(12.0  2 + 1.0  2) g mol −1
Heat released per mole of C2H2 burnt
31 920 J
= = 1 297 561 J mol−1 = 1297 kJ mol−1
0.0246 mol
∴the standard enthalpy change of combustion of acetylene is –1297 kJmol−1.
(c) By applying Hess’s Law,
= [(–3267) – 3 × (–1297)] kJ mol−1 = + 624 kJ mol−1
(d) The reaction should be carried out in an oxygen-free environment to prevent
the combustion of benzene. Furthermore, heating is necessary for supplying
energy for the highly endothermic reaction.

12. (a)
Hc [C2H4(g)]
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
[2 × (–393.5) + 2 × (–285.8)]
+52.3 kJ mol–1
kJ mol–1
2C(s) + 2H2(g) + 3O2(g)
Hc [C2H4(g)] = [–(+52.3) + 2  (–393.5) + 2  (–285.8)] kJ mol−1
= –1410.9 kJ mol−1
(b)
H
C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)
1 1
+3 O2(g) +3 O2(g)
(–1410.9) + (–285.8) 2 2 –1560 kJ mol−1
kJ mol−1
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

H = [–1410.9 + (–285.8) – (–1560)] kJ mol−1
= –136.7 kJ mol–1

Part VIII Chemical reactions and energy
Part exercise (p.35-24)

1. D
Endothermic reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings.
2. D
Neutralization, combustion and precipitation reactions are exothermic in nature.
3. A
During the combustion of propane, C–C, C–H, O=O are being broken. The C–O
and O–H bonds form.
4. A
10 g
Number of moles of CH3OH used = = 0.3125 mol
(12.0 + 1.0  4 + 16.0) g mol −1
Energy change = –715.0 kJ mol–1 × 0.3125 mol = –223.4 kJ
5. D
Combustion of butane is an exothermic reaction. Besides, in the thermochemical
equation representing the standard enthalpy change of combustion, the
coefficient of the substance to be burnt must be 1.
6. A
7. C
37.5
Number of moles of water formed = 1.0 mol dm–3 × = 0.0375 mol
1000
Volume of the solution mixture = (50.0 + 37.5) cm3 = 87.5 cm3
Number of moles of water formed Volume of the solution mixture
37.5
A. 1.5 mol dm–3 × = 0.05625 mol (37.5 + 50.0) cm3 = 87.5 cm3
1000
25.0
B. 1.0 mol dm–3 × = 0.025 mol (37.5 + 25.0) cm3 = 62.5 cm3
1000
25.0
C. 1.5 mol dm–3 × = 0.0375 mol (62.5 + 25.0) cm3 = 87.5 cm3
1000
50.0
D. 1.0 mol dm–3 × = 0.05 mol (50.0 + 37.5) cm3 = 87.5 cm3
1000
8. C
Energy released = mcΔT
= 50 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × 4.6 K = 966 J
0.35 g
Number of moles of C2O4H2 burnt =
(12.0  2 + 16.0  4 + 1.0  2) g mol −1
= 3.89 × 10–3 mol
966 J
ΔHc = – = –248 329 J mol–1 = –248 kJ mol–1
3.89  10 −3 mol

9. B
300.0
Number of moles of AgNO3 used = 0.25 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.075 mol
1000
50.0
Number of moles of CaCl2 used = 0.50 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.025 mol
1000
From the equation, 2 moles of AgNO3 require 1 mole of CaCl2 for precipitation.
So CaCl2 is the limiting reactant.
Number of moles of AgCl formed = 0.025 × 2 mol = 0.05 mol
Heat released = mcΔT
= 350 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × [(23.5 + 273) – (21.2 + 273)] K
= 3381 J
Enthalpy change for the precipitation of one mole of AgCl(s)
3381 J
=– = – 67 620 J mol–1 = –67.62 kJ mol–1
0.05 mol
10. B
Divide the second thermochemical equation by 2, we get:
1 y
C(graphite) + O2(g) → CO(g) ΔH = kJ mol–1
2 2
Adding the above equation to equation (3), we get:
1 y
C(graphite) + O2(g) → CO(g) ΔH = kJ mol–1
2 2
1
+) CO(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = z kJ mol–1
2
y
C(graphite) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = + z kJ mol–1
2
11. A
= 4  H f [NO(g)] + 6  H f [H2O(l)] – 4  H f [NH3(g)]
= [4 × (+90.4) + 6 × (–285.8) – 4 × (–46.0)] kJ mol–1
= –1169 kJ mol–1
12. (a) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

(b) Enthalpy change of combustion of glucose
15.7 kJ
=– = –2826 kJ mol−1
1.0 g
(12.0  6 + 1.0  12 + 16.0  6) g mol −1
(c) Some energy is used for supporting other body activities.
(d) Energy needed for walking a distance of 1.5 km = 220  1.5 kJ = 330 kJ
Let m be the mass of glucose needed for providing the energy required
m
 2826  30% = 330
180.0
m = 70.1
70.1 g of glucose is needed for providing the energy required.

70.1
∴mass of cereal needed = g = 200 g
35%
13. (a) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

890.4 kJ mol −1
(b) Heat released per gram of methane burnt =
(12.0 + 1.0  4) g mol −1
= 55.65 kJ
1371 kJ mol −1
Heat released per gram of ethanol burnt =
(12.0  2 + 1.0  6 + 16.0) g mol −1
= 29.8 kJ
(c) Yes. There are three large landfill sites in Hong Kong. A large amount of
waste has been dumped in it.
(d) It is correct. The use of LFG reduces the emission of methane to the
atmosphere and hence helps relieve global warming. Moreover, the use of
LFG reduces our reliance on fossil fuels and hence relieves the energy
crisis.
14. (a) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → MgCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

(b) Exothermic. The reaction released heat that raised the temperature of the
reaction mixture.
(c) Energy released in the first experiment

= mcΔT
= (10.0 + 10.0) cm3  1.0 g cm−3  4.2 J g−1 K−1  [(22.2 + 273) – (20.0
+ 273)] K
= 184.8 J
Enthalpy change of precipitation of magnesium carbonate
184.8 J
=– = –18 480 J mol−1 = –18.5 kJ mol−1
−3 10.0
1.0 mol dm  dm 3
1000
Energy released when 30.0 cm3 of 1.0 M Mg(NO3)2(aq) reacted with
30.0cm3 of 1.0 M Na2CO3(aq)
30.0
= 18.5 kJ mol−1  1.0 mol dm–3  dm3 = 0.555 kJ = 555 J
1000
mcT = 555
(30.0 + 30.0)  1.0  4.2  T = 555
T = 2.20 K (oC)
(d) Energy released when 30.0 cm3 of 1.2 M Mg(NO3)2(aq) reacted with
30.0 cm3 of 1.2 M Na2CO3(aq)
30.0
= 18.5 kJ mol−1  1.2 mol dm–3  dm3 = 0.666 kJ = 666 J
1000
mcT = 666
(30.0 + 30.0)  1.0  4.2  T = 666
T = 2.64 K (oC)
(e) The third experiment because it involves a larger temperature change and so
any reading errors can be minimized.

15. (a)
thermometer stirrer
lid
expanded polystyrene cup

beaker
H2SO4(aq)
cotton wool
Fe(s)
(b) (i) Lowered. As some heat is lost, the temperature rise during
measurement will be lowered and so is the calculated value.
(ii) Raised. As the actual specific heat capacity is smaller, there will be a
higher temperature rise and so is the calculated value.
(iii) Lowered. As less iron reacts, less heat will be released. This results in a
smaller temperature rise and thus the calculated value will be lowered.
16. (a) The mass of ethanol decreased. This is because when ethanol burnt, it gave
carbon dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide would escape from the spirit
burner.
(b) The temperature of water increased as the water was heated up by the flame
of the spirit burner.
(c) Heat released = mc∆T
= 200 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × 12.5 K = 10 500 J = 10.5 kJ
1.08 g
Number of moles of ethanol burnt =
(12.0  2 + 1.0  6 + 16.0) g mol −1
= 0.0235 mol
10.5 kJ
Heat released per mole of ethanol burnt = = 446.8 kJ mol–1
0.0235 mol
Hence, the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol is –446.8 kJ mol–1.
(d) There was heat loss to the surroundings due to convection and conduction.
There was water loss due to evaporation.
(e) The student can cover the metal can with a lid. This action can prevent any
heat loss through convection and water loss through evaporation. Secondly,
she can place polystyrene boards around the set-up. This action can prevent
any heat loss through conduction.
17. (a) The precipitation reaction was exothermic and released heat to warm the
solution. When the reaction was complete, further addition of sodium
hydroxide solution would not release heat but would cool the solution.
(b) 20.00 cm3
20.00
(c) Number of moles of NaOH required = 2.0 mol dm–3 × dm3
1000
= 0.04 mol

20.00
(d) Number of moles of Cu2+ reacted = 1.0 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.02 mol
1000
Number of moles of Cu 2+ reacted 0.02 1
(e) = =
Number of moles of OH - reacted 0.04 2
Hence, the empirical formula of the copper hydroxide is Cu(OH)2.
(f) (28.5 – 21.2)C = 7.3C
(g) Heat released = mc∆T
= (20.0 + 20.0) cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × 7.3 K = 1226.4 J
Heat released per mole of copper(II) hydroxide formed
1226.4 J
= = 61 320 J mol–1 = 61.3 kJ mol–1
0.02 mol
∴the enthalpy change of the precipitation reaction is –61.3 kJ mol–1.
18. (a) CH3COO–(aq) + Na+(aq) + 3H2O(l) → CH3COO–Na+•3H2O(s)

(b) fully immersed: to ensure that heat is transferred to the water only. Avoid
heat loss to the surroundings.
water spilling out of the cup was avoided: keep the volume of water
constant. Otherwise, the mass of water calculated would be smaller.
stirred continuously: allow the heat released to spread evenly to the water.
Thus, the temperature rise can be obtained accurately.
(c) Heat released = mc∆T
25 500 = 500 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × ∆T
∆T = 12.1 K (or 12.1C)
∴The temperature rise is 12.1 K (or 12.1C).
(d) Lower. This is because there was heat loss to the surroundings due to
conduction and convection.
50.0
19. (a) Number of moles of Cu2+ used = 0.04 mol dm–3  dm3 = 0.002 mol
1000
− 1050 J
(b) H = = –525 000 J mol−1 = –525 kJ mol−1
0.002 mol
(c) Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s) H = –525 kJ mol−1
50.0
20. (a) Number of moles of Ag+ used = 0.05 mol dm–3  dm3 = 0.0025 mol
1000
− 185 J
(b) H = = –74 000 J mol−1 = –74 kJ mol−1
0.0025 mol
(c) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) H = –148 kJ mol−1

(d)
H1
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Mg2+(aq)
H H2
+2Ag+(aq) +2Ag+(aq)
Mg2+(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

H = H1 + H2
= [(–525) + (–148)] kJ mol−1
= –673 kJ mol−1
21. (a) The reactions would go slowly. Some energy has to be used for the
complete ionization of the weak acid.
(b) Hydrochloric acid
(c)
H
Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g)
H2 +2H+(aq)
H1
+
+2H (aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) + H2O(l)
H3
Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) + H2O(g)

H = H1 – H3– H2
(d) The student’s comment is correct. Practically, calcium reacts with water to
give calcium hydroxide instead of calcium oxide:
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
22. Since
4H3BO3(aq) → 4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l) H = –0.02 × 4 kJ mol−1= –0.08 kJ mol−1
4HBO2(aq) → H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) H = +11.3 kJ mol−1
H2B4O7(aq) → 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l) H = +17.5 kJ mol−1

Summing up the above equations, we get:

4H3BO3(aq) → 4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l) H = –0.08 kJ mol−1
4HBO2(aq) → H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) H = +11.3 kJ mol−1
+) H2B4O7(aq) → 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l) H = +17.5 kJ mol−1
4H3BO3(aq) → 2B2O3(s) + 6H2O(l) H = +28.8 kJ mol−1
Hence,
2H3BO3(aq) → B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) H = +14.4 kJ mol−1
23. (a)
ΔH
C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)
7 7
[(–1411) + (–285.8)] + O2(g) + O2(g) –1560 kJ mol–1
2 2
kJ mol–1
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
H = [(–1411) + (–285.8) – (–1560)] kJ mol–1
= −136.8 kJ mol−1
(b)
ΔH
C4H6(g) + 2H2(g) C4H10(g)
13 13
[(–2542) + 2 × (–285.8)] + O2(g) + O2(g) –2877 kJ mol–1
2 2
kJ mol–1
4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
H = [(–2542) + 2 × (–285.8) – (–2877)] kJ mol–1
= −236.6 kJ mol−1
(c) The student’s claim is incorrect. During the hydrogenation of alkenes, the
C=C bond in alkenes and H–H bond in hydrogen are also broken. The
bond-breaking processes are endothermic.
(d) Since three C=C bonds are hydrogenated in hexa-1, 3, 5-triene, the standard
enthalpy change of hydrogenation of hexa-1, 3, 5-triene should be about
three times of the standard enthalpy change of hydrogenation of ethene.
That is, about 3 × (–136.8 kJ mol–1) = −410.4 kJ mol−1.
24. (a) It is difficult to measure the temperature of a solid.

(b) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Heat released = mc∆T
= 25.0 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × 16.7 K = 1753.5 J = 1.75 kJ
Number of moles of CaO reacted
0 .5 g
= −1
= 9 × 10–3 mol
(40.1 + 16.0) g mol

25.0
Number of moles of HCl reacted = 1.0 mol dm–3 × dm3 = 0.025 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of CaO to HCl = 1 : 2.
∴CaO is the limiting reactant.
1.75 kJ
Heat released per mole of CaO reacted = −3
= 194.4 kJ mol−1
9  10 mol
∴the enthalpy change of the reaction is –194.4 kJ mol−1.
(c) Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Heat released = mc∆T
= 25.0 cm3 × 1.0 g cm–3 × 4.2 J g–1 K–1 × 14.7 K = 1543.5 J = 1.54 kJ
Number of moles of Ca(OH)2 reacted
1.0 g
= = 0.0135 mol
(40.1 + 16.0  2 + 1.0  2) g mol −1
25.0
Number of moles of HCl reacted =1.0 mol dm–3 × dm3= 0.025 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 to HCl = 1 : 2.
∴HCl is the limiting reactant.
1.54 kJ
Heat released per mole of Ca(OH)2 reacted = = 123.2 kJ mol−1
0.025
mol
2
∴the enthalpy change of the reaction is –123.2 kJ mol−1.
(d)
ΔH
CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s)
–194.4 kJ mol–1 +2HCl(aq) +2HCl(aq) –123.2 kJ mol–1
CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
ΔH = [–194.4 – (–123.2)] kJ mol–1= –71.2 kJ mol–1

25. (a) +7
1 1
(b) NH4ClO4(s) → Cl2(g) + N2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(g)
2 2
ΔH = –187.8 kJ mol–1
1 1
(c) Cl2(g) + N2(g) + 2O2(g) + 2H2(g) → NH4ClO4(s)
2 2
(d)
ΔHf [NH4ClO4(s)]
1 1
Cl2(g) + N2(g) + 2O2(g) + 2H2(g) NH4ClO4(s)
2 2
2 × (–241.8) –187.8 kJ mol–1

kJ mol–1
1 1
Cl2(g) + N2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(g)
2 2

ΔHf [NH4ClO4(s)] = [2 × (–241.8) – (–187.8)] kJ mol–1 = –295.8 kJ mol–1
(e) Dry the solid sample of wet ammonium perchlorate using filter paper.
26. (a) CH3CH2OH(l) +3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

(b) By applying Hess’s Law,
= 2 × Hf [CO2(g)] + 3 × Hf [H2O(l)] – Hf [CH3CH2OH(l)]
= [2 × (–393.5) + 3 × (–285.8) – (–277.7)] kJ mol–1
= −1366.7 kJ mol−1
1366.7 kJ mol −1
(c) Energy density of ethanol = −1
= 29.7 kJ g–1
(12.0  2 + 1.0  6 + 16.0) g mol
25
(d) C8H18(l) + O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
2
= 8 × Hf [CO2(g)] + 9 × Hf [H2O(l)] – Hf [C8H18(l)]
= [8 × (–393.5) + 9 × (–285.8) – (–250.0)] kJ mol–1
= −5470.2 kJ mol−1
5470.2 kJ mol −1
Energy density of octane = −1
= 48.0 kJ g–1
(12.0  8 + 1.0  18) g mol
(e) Fuel additives enable octane to burn more completely. As a result, the
greatest amount of energy can be released.

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY – A Modern View

Chapter 28 Chemical cells in daily life Page

Chapter 29 Simple chemical cells

Chapter 30 Redox reactions

Chapter 31 Redox reactions in chemical cells

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014

Chapter 33 Energy changes in chemical reactions

Chapter 34 Standard enthalpy change of reactions

Chapter 35 Hess’s Law

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014

Chapter 28 Chemical cells in daily life

Chapter exercise (p.28-18)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 1

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 2

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 3

Chapter 29 Simple chemical cells

Think about (p.29-3)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 4

Chapter exercise (p.29-20)

13. (a) Positive electrode: copper electrode

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 5

14. (a) A metal couple is a combination of two different metals connected to an

15. (a) Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s)

16. (a) From zinc electrode to copper electrode

17. (a) Iron

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 6

Chapter 30 Redox reactions

2. (a) (i) A reddish brown precipitate forms.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 7

decreases from +3 to +2 while that of zinc increases from 0 to +2.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 8

(b) (i) From 0 to –1 and +1 in Cl–(aq) and OCl–(aq) respectively

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 9

Think about (p.30-23)

Try it now (p.30-8)

(+1) + (O.N. of C) + (–2) × 3 = –1

Writing practice 30.2 (p.30-11)

Chapter exercise (p.30-39)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 10

9. oxidizing, nitrogen monoxide

14. (a) 2MnO4−(aq) + 10I−(aq) + 16H+(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq) + 5I2 (aq) + 8H2O(l)

15. (a) (i) Colourless gas bubbles evolve.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 11

30. (a) Greenish yellow fumes form.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 12

(g) Cl2 + 2I− → 2Cl− + I2

31. (a) Brass dissolves and brown fumes form.

33. (a) C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 13

Chapter 31 Redox reactions in chemical cells

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 14

(d) Any ONE:

Chapter exercise (p.31-22)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 15

12. (a) Anode: zinc strip; cathode: copper container

14. (a) Advantage: higher voltage can be produced / cheap

15. (a) Hot concentrated potassium hydroxide solution

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 16

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 17

Think about (p.32-17)

Think about (p.32-17)

Think about (p.32-20)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2014 18