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An FDTD-Based Waveguide Filter Simulator: Calibration Against Analytical Models

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An FDTD-Based Waveguide Filter Simulator:
Calibration Against Analytical Models
Gokhan Apaydin,1 Levent Sevgi2,3
1
Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Zirve University, Gaziantep, 27260, Turkey
2
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Dogus University, Istanbul, 34722,
Turkey
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell (UML),
MA 01854
Received 5 June 2012; accepted 8 December 2012

ABSTRACT: A three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulator is


developed for the investigation of network (S-) parameters of rectangular cross-section wave-
guide filters. The simulator is calibrated against analytical LC equivalent models. Any num-
ber of horizontal or vertical windows can be located to act as capacitive or inductive irises,
respectively, and two-port filter characteristics can be obtained automatically. VC 2013 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 23:466–470, 2013.

Keywords: electromagnetic filters; finite-difference time-domain (FDTD); lumped element


model; numerical simulator; waveguides; transmission matrix

I. INTRODUCTION Another MatLab-based simulator is developed for the


Waveguide filters with capacitive and/or inductive irises automation of the lumped element equivalents of the wave-
have been widely investigated in Refs. 1–6. Filter charac- guide filters. The lumped element simulator uses the ABCD
teristics are controlled via longitudinally located disconti- parameters of the unit elements cascaded in Figure 2. The
nuities as pictured in Figure 1. The vertical (horizontal) FDTD simulator is calibrated against data generated from
windows in the figure act as inductive (capacitive) irises. the lumped-element circuit model explained in Ref. 1.
The irises are often soldered in slits which are cut or
milled in the waveguide. II. INDUCTIVE WINDOWS WITH ZERO THICKNESS IN
RECTANGULAR GUIDES
Compared to metal/dielectric-inserted filters, iris filters
are smaller in size since the lengths of the coupling Under TE10 mode, the scattering parameters of the circuit
elements are only equal to the thickness of the irises. Wave- in Figure 2 can be obtained with the help of Transmission
guide filters are widely used in microwave radar transmit- (ABCD) Matrix by using the equivalent circuit parameters
ters because of their low-loss and high-power capability. for inductive/capacitive windows formed by zero thickness
Early analytical models are based on analogy between with edges parallel to electric field [1, 2].
irises and lumped circuit elements of inductance or capac-
itance. A simple circuit equivalent of the waveguide filter, A þ B=Z0  CZ0  D
S11 ¼ (1a)
shown in Figure 1, is given in Figure 2 [1]. A þ B=Z0 þ CZ0 þ D
Full-wave numerical simulations are compared against 2 ðAD  BCÞ
analytical approximate models for the investigation of rec- S12 ¼ (1b)
A þ B=Z0 þ CZ0 þ D
tangular cross-section waveguide filters. A MatLab-based
2
three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain S21 ¼ (1c)
(FDTD) simulator is developed for this purpose. A þ B=Z0 þ CZ0 þ D
A þ B=Z0  CZ0 þ D
S22 ¼ (1d)
A þ B=Z0 þ CZ0 þ D
Correspondence to: G. Apaydin; e-mail: gokhan.apaydin@zirve.
edu.tr
DOI 10.1002/mmce.20735 where Z0 is the characteristic impedance. Table I lists the
Published online 8 April 2013 in Wiley Online Library ABCD parameters of the unit elements used in the wave-
(wileyonlinelibrary.com). guide investigations. The first row in the table belongs to

C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


V

466
An FDTD-Based Waveguide Filter Simulator 467

TABLE I The ABCD Parameters of Some Useful Two-


Port Circuits

Circuit
A cos(kzL) 1
B jZ0 sin(kzL) 0
C jsin(kzL)/Z0 1/Z1
D cos(kzL) 1
Figure 1 Waveguide filter design using vertical windowed dis-
continuities (which act as inductive irises).

the parameters of a piece of transmission line with length According to the given circuit model in Figure 2, the
L. The second row shows the ABCD coefficients of inductive/capacitive circuit parameters of each symmetri-
impedance inserted in parallel. Any cascade combination cal window formed by obstacles with edges parallel/per-
of these can be used to represent waveguide filters like pendicular to the electric field, respectively, is [1]
the one shown in Figure 1.

8 2 3 9
>
> " #>
>
a a21 < 36 1
6rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
7 2 8 92 2 2
7a þ 2:a; 1  4 Eða1 Þ  b1 Fða1 Þ  Eðb1 Þ  a1 Fðb1 Þ  1 a2
=
Z ¼ jZ0 1 þ 4 8 9 ffi  15 1 1 ð2aÞ
kg b1 >
2
> 4 2 k p 2
a1 b12 12 >
>
: 1  :2a; ;
3k

( 8 9 8 92 )
4b > 1 > Qb42 1> b >  2 4 the medium are defined in terms of permittivity, conduc-
Y¼jY0 ln: ;þ þ >: > 2
; 13a2 b2 tivity, and permeability. The electric and magnetic field
kg a2 1þQa42 16 kg
components are calculated at different locations of each
(2b) cell. Beside the spatial differences in field components,
there is also a half-time step difference between electric
where kg is the guide wavelength, Q ¼ (1  (b/kg)2)1/2
and magnetic field components.
 1, a1 ¼ sin (pd/2a), b1 ¼ cos (pd/2a), a2 ¼ sin (pd/
Using FDTD, although it is possible to analyze electro-
2b), b2 ¼ cos (pd/2b), d is the width of the iris, and F(a),
magnetic (EM) fields in time domain for a broad range of
E(a) are complete elliptic integrals of the first and second
frequencies with one simulation, high memory size and
kinds, respectively. The circuit parameters Z1 and Z2 are
high speed computer requirements should be taken into
obtained with respect to the width of the iris (d1 and d2),
consideration. FDTD has been extensively used in com-
respectively.
plex EM simulations for the last few decades (see, e.g.,
Refs. 8–11).
III. FDTD-BASED WAVEGUIDE FILTER SIMULATOR
An FDTD-based waveguide filter simulator is devel-
FDTD is based on the discretization of Maxwell’s equa-
oped. The simulator is coded in MatLab. Both ends of the
tion directly in time domain, where the physical geometry
waveguide are terminated by 10-cell perfectly matched
is divided into small cells [7]. Both time and spatial par-
layer (PML) blocks [12]. Frequency characteristics of
tial derivatives are handled with the finite central differ-
waveguide filters such as the one shown in Figure 1 are
ence approximation and the solution is obtained with a
obtained as follows:
marching scheme in iterative form. The characteristics of

• First, FDTD simulation is run inside an empty wave-


guide. This yields the time domain (broad band)
response of the incident wave (without reflections).
• Then, inductive and/or capacitive irises are located and
the FDTD simulation is repeated. This yields the inci-
dent and reflected waves at the input port and transmit-
ted wave at the output port.
• Reflected wave at the input port is obtained by subtract-
Figure 2 Circuit model of waveguide discontinuities shown in ing empty waveguide wave at the input port from the
Figure 1. filter waveguide wave.

International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering DOI 10.1002/mmce


468 Apaydin and Sevgi

Figure 3 Pulse excitation using Gabor function with respect to


time for FDTD analysis.

• Finally, S-parameters are obtained via off-line fast Fou-


rier transformation (FFT) and S-parameter definitions.

Considering TE10 mode, a Gabor function is used as


initial source assigned to Ey at z ¼ 0
8 8 92 9
>
> >t  2p> >
> >
SRCðtÞ ¼ exp:: ; >
> >
; sinðxtÞ (3)
p
pffiffiffi
where p ¼ 2 6=½pðfmax  fmin Þ, x ¼ p (fmax þ fmin)
with fmin ¼2 GHz and fmax ¼ 6 GHz for analysis. Figure
3 shows the pulse excitation with respect to time. Figure 5 Field (abs(Ey)) vs. range/height at different time
The discretization parameters of the FDTD simulator instants (at 0.69 ns, 0.8 ns, 0.96 ns) computed with FDTD, TE10
are: NX ¼ 128, NY ¼ 64, NZ ¼ 464; dx ¼ 0.5 mm, dy ¼ case. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
0.5 mm, dz ¼ 0.5 mm, and dt ¼ 1.06 ps. available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]

IV. EXAMPLES, SIMULATIONS, AND RESULTS


Both FDTD-based and analytical-model-based simulators a single vertical window (i.e., inductive iris) are extracted
are run for two different examples. First, characteristics of and are given as S11/S21 vs. frequency in Figure 4.
The width and height of the waveguide are a ¼
64 mm, b ¼ 32 mm. The width of the iris is equal to d ¼
32 mm for symmetrical window. Here, TE10 mode is used
with the waveguide cut-off frequency of 2.34 GHz. As
observed, a single window with vertical perfectly electri-
cal conductor (PEC) walls act as high-pass filter. The
results agree quite well, even for the approximate lumped
element model.
The second example presented in Figures 5–8 belong
to two windows with vertical walls separated by a dis-
tance L. The width and height of the waveguide are the
same; a ¼ 64 mm, b ¼ 32 mm (waveguide cut-off fre-
quency is 2.34 GHz). The width of both irises are d1 ¼ d2
¼ 24 mm (symmetrical window); the distance between
windows is L ¼ 32 mm. The TE10 mode is used.
Field versus range/height at three different time
instants computed with FDTD for TE10 polarization is
Figure 4 Comparison of scattering parameters using one win- shown in Figures 5 and 6. Figure 5 shows the pulse exci-
dow (high pass filter) for a ¼ 64 mm, b ¼ 32 mm, d ¼ 32 mm, tation effect until the field reaches the irises. Figure 6
FDTD parameters: dx ¼ 0.5 mm, dy ¼ 0.5 mm, dz ¼ 0.5 mm. shows the effect of reflected fields between windows. The
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is avail- interaction of fields inside waveguides is clearly observed
able at wileyonlinelibrary.com.] at different time instants.

International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 23, No. 4, July 2013
An FDTD-Based Waveguide Filter Simulator 469

Figure 8 Comparison of scattering parameters using two win-


dows (band pass filter) for a ¼ 64 mm, b ¼ 32 mm, d ¼ 24 mm,
the distance between windows: L ¼ 32 mm, FDTD parameters:
dx ¼ 0.5 mm, dy ¼ 0.5 mm, dz ¼ 0.5 mm. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]

Finally, S11/S21 vs. frequency variations are plotted in


Figure 8. As observed, this structure acts as band-pass
filter.

V. CONCLUSIONS

Figure 6 Field (abs(Ey)) vs. range/height at different time A 3D FDTD simulator is developed for the investigation
instants (at 1.93 ns, 2.12 ns, 2.48 ns) computed with FDTD, TE10 of network (S-) parameters of rectangular cross-section
case. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is waveguide filters. The simulator is calibrated against ana-
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.] lytical LC equivalent models. Any number of horizontal
or vertical windows can be located to act as capacitive or
Figure 7 shows the electric field (Ey) with respect to inductive irises, respectively and two-port filter character-
time at different observation points, which are 50 mm istics can be obtained automatically.
before/after the first/second window. The incident,
reflected, and transmitted waves are obtained with the REFERENCES
help of input and output port using empty waveguide and 1. N. Marcuvitz, Waveguide handbook, IEEE electromagnetic
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BIOGRAPHIES

G€okhan Apaydin received the BS, Levent Sevgi received the PhD degree
MS, and PhD degrees in electrical and from Istanbul Technical University,
electronics engineering from Bogazici Istanbul, Turkey, and Polytechnic Insti-
University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 2001, tute of New York University, Brooklyn,
2003, and 2007 respectively. From in 1990. Prof. Leo Felsen was his advi-
2001 to 2005, he was a Teaching and sor. He was with Istanbul Technical
Research Assistant with Bogazici Uni- University from 1991 to 1998;
versity. From 2005 to 2010, he was a TUBITAK-MRC, Information Technol-
Project and Research Engineer with the Applied Research ogies Research Institute, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey, from 1999
and Development, University of Technology Zurich, to 2000; Weber Research Institute/Polytechnic University of
Zurich, Switzerland. Since 2010, he has been with Zirve New York, from 1988 to 1990; Scientific Research Group of
University, Gaziantep, Turkey. He has been working on Raytheon Systems, Canada, from 1998 to 1999; and the Cen-
several research projects on electromagnetic propagation, ter for Defense Studies, ITUVSAM, from 1993 to 1998 and
the development of finite element method for electromag- from 2000 to 2002. Since 2001, he has been with Dogus Uni-
netic computation, wireless communications, positioning, versity, Istanbul. He has been involved with complex electro-
radio frequency identification applications, digital signal magnetic (EM) problems and systems for more than 20
processing, filter design, wavelets and related areas. He years. Prof. Sevgi is an IEEE Fellow, the Writer/Editor of the
has (co)authored 21 journals and 28 conference papers, ‘‘Testing ourselves’’ Column in the IEEE Antennas and
and technical reports at the Hochschule für Technik Zür- Propagation Magazine and a member of the IEEE Antennas
ich, Zurich. and Propagation Society Education Committee.

International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 23, No. 4, July 2013

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