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An FDTD-Based Waveguide Filter Simulator 467
Circuit
A cos(kzL) 1
B jZ0 sin(kzL) 0
C jsin(kzL)/Z0 1/Z1
D cos(kzL) 1
Figure 1 Waveguide filter design using vertical windowed dis-
continuities (which act as inductive irises).
the parameters of a piece of transmission line with length According to the given circuit model in Figure 2, the
L. The second row shows the ABCD coefficients of inductive/capacitive circuit parameters of each symmetri-
impedance inserted in parallel. Any cascade combination cal window formed by obstacles with edges parallel/per-
of these can be used to represent waveguide filters like pendicular to the electric field, respectively, is [1]
the one shown in Figure 1.
8 2 3 9
>
> " #>
>
a a21 < 36 1
6rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
7 2 8 92 2 2
7a þ 2:a; 1 4 Eða1 Þ b1 Fða1 Þ Eðb1 Þ a1 Fðb1 Þ 1 a2
=
Z ¼ jZ0 1 þ 4 8 9 ffi 15 1 1 ð2aÞ
kg b1 >
2
> 4 2 k p 2
a1 b12 12 >
>
: 1 :2a; ;
3k
( 8 9 8 92 )
4b > 1 > Qb42 1> b > 2 4 the medium are defined in terms of permittivity, conduc-
Y¼jY0 ln: ;þ þ >: > 2
; 13a2 b2 tivity, and permeability. The electric and magnetic field
kg a2 1þQa42 16 kg
components are calculated at different locations of each
(2b) cell. Beside the spatial differences in field components,
there is also a half-time step difference between electric
where kg is the guide wavelength, Q ¼ (1 (b/kg)2)1/2
and magnetic field components.
1, a1 ¼ sin (pd/2a), b1 ¼ cos (pd/2a), a2 ¼ sin (pd/
Using FDTD, although it is possible to analyze electro-
2b), b2 ¼ cos (pd/2b), d is the width of the iris, and F(a),
magnetic (EM) fields in time domain for a broad range of
E(a) are complete elliptic integrals of the first and second
frequencies with one simulation, high memory size and
kinds, respectively. The circuit parameters Z1 and Z2 are
high speed computer requirements should be taken into
obtained with respect to the width of the iris (d1 and d2),
consideration. FDTD has been extensively used in com-
respectively.
plex EM simulations for the last few decades (see, e.g.,
Refs. 8–11).
III. FDTD-BASED WAVEGUIDE FILTER SIMULATOR
An FDTD-based waveguide filter simulator is devel-
FDTD is based on the discretization of Maxwell’s equa-
oped. The simulator is coded in MatLab. Both ends of the
tion directly in time domain, where the physical geometry
waveguide are terminated by 10-cell perfectly matched
is divided into small cells [7]. Both time and spatial par-
layer (PML) blocks [12]. Frequency characteristics of
tial derivatives are handled with the finite central differ-
waveguide filters such as the one shown in Figure 1 are
ence approximation and the solution is obtained with a
obtained as follows:
marching scheme in iterative form. The characteristics of
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 23, No. 4, July 2013
An FDTD-Based Waveguide Filter Simulator 469
V. CONCLUSIONS
Figure 6 Field (abs(Ey)) vs. range/height at different time A 3D FDTD simulator is developed for the investigation
instants (at 1.93 ns, 2.12 ns, 2.48 ns) computed with FDTD, TE10 of network (S-) parameters of rectangular cross-section
case. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is waveguide filters. The simulator is calibrated against ana-
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.] lytical LC equivalent models. Any number of horizontal
or vertical windows can be located to act as capacitive or
Figure 7 shows the electric field (Ey) with respect to inductive irises, respectively and two-port filter character-
time at different observation points, which are 50 mm istics can be obtained automatically.
before/after the first/second window. The incident,
reflected, and transmitted waves are obtained with the REFERENCES
help of input and output port using empty waveguide and 1. N. Marcuvitz, Waveguide handbook, IEEE electromagnetic
waveguide with windows. waves series, 2nd ed., Peter Peregrinus Ltd, UK, 1986.
2. D.M. Pozar, Microwave engineering, 2nd ed., Wiley, New
York, USA, 1998.
3. S. Choocadee and S. Akatimagool, Design and implementa-
tion of band pass filters in waveguide using simulation tools,
8th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Elec-
tronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information
Technology (ECTI-CON), Khon Kaen, Thailand, 17–19 May,
2011, pp. 248–251.
4. Z. Yanfen, W. Qingyuan, W. Zheyu, and G. Xiu Xiao, The
design of an iris waveguide filter at 35.75 GHz, Global
Symposium on Millimeter Waves (GSMM), Nanjing, China,
21–24 April, 2008, pp. 348–350.
5. A. Saltier, J. Bornemann, and W.J.R. Hoefer, Field-based
waveguide filter synthesis in the time domain, AEU Int J
Electron Commun 57 (2003), 119–127.
6. S. Choocadee and S. Akatimagool, Development of effi-
ciency em simulation tool for capacitive and inductive obsta-
Figure 7 Field (Ey) vs. time at different observation points cle analysis, International Conference on Electrical
(50 mm before/after first/second edge) computed with FDTD, Engineering/Electronics Computer Telecommunications and
TE10 case. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which Information Technology (ECTI-CON), Chaing Mai, Thailand,
is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.] 19–21 May, 2010, pp. 1154–1158.
7. K.S. Yee, Numerical solution of initial boundary value prob- 10. A. Taflove, Computational electrodynamics: The finite-differ-
lems involving Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media, IEEE ence time-domain method, 2nd ed., Artech House, Boston,
Trans Antennas Propagat 14 (1996), 302–307. MA, 2000.
8. K.S. Kunz and R.J. Luebbers, Finite difference time domain 11. L. Sevgi, Complex electromagnetic problems and numerical
method for electromagnetics, CRC Press LLC, New York, USA, simulation approaches, IEEE Press/Wiley, Piscataway, New
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BIOGRAPHIES
G€okhan Apaydin received the BS, Levent Sevgi received the PhD degree
MS, and PhD degrees in electrical and from Istanbul Technical University,
electronics engineering from Bogazici Istanbul, Turkey, and Polytechnic Insti-
University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 2001, tute of New York University, Brooklyn,
2003, and 2007 respectively. From in 1990. Prof. Leo Felsen was his advi-
2001 to 2005, he was a Teaching and sor. He was with Istanbul Technical
Research Assistant with Bogazici Uni- University from 1991 to 1998;
versity. From 2005 to 2010, he was a TUBITAK-MRC, Information Technol-
Project and Research Engineer with the Applied Research ogies Research Institute, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey, from 1999
and Development, University of Technology Zurich, to 2000; Weber Research Institute/Polytechnic University of
Zurich, Switzerland. Since 2010, he has been with Zirve New York, from 1988 to 1990; Scientific Research Group of
University, Gaziantep, Turkey. He has been working on Raytheon Systems, Canada, from 1998 to 1999; and the Cen-
several research projects on electromagnetic propagation, ter for Defense Studies, ITUVSAM, from 1993 to 1998 and
the development of finite element method for electromag- from 2000 to 2002. Since 2001, he has been with Dogus Uni-
netic computation, wireless communications, positioning, versity, Istanbul. He has been involved with complex electro-
radio frequency identification applications, digital signal magnetic (EM) problems and systems for more than 20
processing, filter design, wavelets and related areas. He years. Prof. Sevgi is an IEEE Fellow, the Writer/Editor of the
has (co)authored 21 journals and 28 conference papers, ‘‘Testing ourselves’’ Column in the IEEE Antennas and
and technical reports at the Hochschule für Technik Zür- Propagation Magazine and a member of the IEEE Antennas
ich, Zurich. and Propagation Society Education Committee.
International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering/Vol. 23, No. 4, July 2013