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COMMUNITY
By
Gene Alzona Nisperos, M.D., Rodney Hernandez, M.D., and Pamela Claveria M.D.
I. INTRODUCTION
There is a growing global concern regarding the harmful effects of pesticides on health
and the environment. Research studies conducted internationally document cases of
poisoning, sickness and death in countries that are using or are exposed to high levels of
pesticides.(ref)1 In the Philippines, NGO groups collaborate with local community
organizations in conducting grassroots monitoring of pesticide practices and exposure
among farmers, agricultural workers, and families living in these rural communities.
Kamukhaan was once a mangrove rich in natural and food resources. However, in the
early 1980’s, Lapanday Development Corporation (LADECO) established a banana
plantation adjacent to the village of Kamukhaan. Lapanday is a group of banana
plantations that sells fruit ex-farm gate and packed for multinational brands Del Monte
and Chiquita. Lapanday is the largest Filipino owned company that sells agricultural
products, mainly bananas, in the global market and accounts for 33% of the total banana
exports from the Philippines. The company also produces pineapples, mangoes, seafood,
and processed fruits and supplies these to Japan, China, Korea, Singapore, New Zealand,
and the Middle East.(ref)2
Since the establishment of the plantation, villagers from Kamukhaan claimed to have
experienced various illnesses and changes in their environment. Cases of suspected
pesticide poisoning on humans, animals, and vegetation became a common occurrence.
As a result of a field visit during an international conference on pesticides in the
adjoining province, the local organization asked for assistance from the Pesticide Action
Network-Asia and the Pacific (PAN-AP) to investigate the condition of the community.
(ref)3
A team led by Dr. Romeo Quijano then conducted a series of investigative visits on the
possible effects of pesticides on human health and the environment in Kamukhaan
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Village. The results showed that a significant number of villagers who were interviewed
and examined had illnesses and symptoms that were likely associated with pesticide
exposure and poisoning.(ref)4
Out of these findings, a paper was produced providing a snapshot view of the health and
environmental conditions of the community. The paper, including a set of photo-
documentation materials, was presented and exhibited in various fora. Local publication
of this paper, however, elicited a libel suit from LADECO against the authors, Dr. Romeo
Quijano and his daughter/co-author Ilang-Ilang. The editors and publishers of the article
were also included in the libel suit.(ref)5
The libel suit has alarmed both local and international organizations actively involved in
health and environment issues since this was perceived as a violation of the fundamental
right of expression and the right to health and a healthy environment. To ascertain the
findings of Dr. Quijano and to get “on the ground” information about the health,
environment, and attendant social conditions of Kamukhaan, a team composed of local
and international organizations conducted a fact-finding mission on February 25, 2003.
II. OBJECTIVES
A. To get “on the ground” information about the health, environmental, and
social conditions in the village of Kamukhaan;
B. To determine the effects of the activities of the adjacent banana plantation
(LADECO), particularly the use of pesticides, on the health, environmental,
and social conditions of the people of Kamukhaan;
C. To investigate the reasons cited by the banana plantation company
(LADECO) in filing a suit for civil damages against Dr. Romeo Quijano and
his daughter, Ilang-Ilang; and
D. To communicate to the general public the situation in Kamukhaan in order to
help generate support for the community.
III. METHODOLOGY
The fact-finding mission was conducted in the village of Kamukhaan in the province of
Davao Del Sur in Mindanao. Prior to the actual conduct of the mission, the National
Peasant Movement, Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP), along with
representatives from different local and international organizations, including the
Environment and Health Fund (U.S.), the Institute of Paralegal Studies (India), the
National Poison Control Center (U.P. Manila), Health Alliance for Democracy (HEAD),
the Institute for Occupational Health and Safety Development (IOHSAD), the Center for
Environmental Concerns (CEC), Science for the People (AGHAM), and Health Services
for Community Development (HEALTH-Bukidnon) conducted a series of consultations
and focus group discussions with the local people’s organization, NAMANGKA, and
among the community leaders of Kamukhaan. There were also volunteers from
University of the Philippines-Diliman, St. Scholasticas College, the Rural Missionaries of
the Philippines, and local organizations.
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Three teams were formed for the mission: the Medical, Environmental, and Social
Teams. Each team developed its own questionnaire and independently conducted their
respective investigations in the community. The medical team, composed of physicians
from the Institute for Occupational Health and Safety Development, the Health Alliance
for Democracy, and HEALTH-Bukidnon, conducted the medical investigation. This was
a two-stage process: obtaining the medical/clinical history from the patients/subjects first,
and then performing a complete physical examination, including neurologic examination
when needed. All of the patients/subjects voluntarily submitted themselves to this
process.
Despite harassments and attempts to prevent the conduct of the mission by the plantation
personnel, para-military groups, and even the local police, the medical and the other
teams were able to perform their tasks. An initial medical report was made and presented
to the public by the medical team immediately after the conduct of the mission, together
with the reports from the environmental and social teams. Subsequently, the medical data
were also reviewed and further stratified in Manila by IOHSAD, AGHAM, and KMP.
IV. RESULTS
A. Personal Data:
There were one hundred and thirty six (136) patients/respondents, all of whom reside in
or within the vicinity of Kamukhaan Village. Of the total number of people seen and
examined, one hundred fourteen (114) were adults while twenty-two (22) were children.
Among the adults, there were ninety-one (91) female and twenty-three (23) male
respondents. Among the children, there were sixteen (16) females and six (6) males.
Majority (77.9%) of the adult respondents were married. There were 5 who were single, 3
widowers, and 1 separated.
The average age of the respondents is 32 years. The median age for the male respondents
is 37 years, while the median age for the female respondents is 31 years. The oldest
female respondent is 81 years and the oldest male respondent is 76 years
B. Employment Background:
Of the 91 female respondents, four (4) worked as vendors while the rest were plain
housewives. Forty-two (42) were married to LADECO plantation workers. Of these
plantation workers, nineteen (19) were laborers, nine (9) were field personnel, seven (7)
were harvesters, five (5) worked at the fishpond, and two (2) worked as delivery
personnel.
Of the 23 male respondents, fourteen (14) worked for the LADECO plantation, five (5)
were farmers, and four (4) were fishermen. Of the14 plantation workers, seven (7)
worked as laborers, three (3) worked as harvesters, three (3) worked at the fishpond, and
one (1) worked as field personnel.
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C. Work Description:
All of the respondents live and work in or within the vicinity of the banana plantation. 13
out of 14 who worked for the banana plantation were hired as casuals but their work
included mixing and spraying pesticides, putting fertilizers, and essentially maintaining
the field. The harvesters are called upon during the harvest season to collect and store the
bananas. Fishpond workers worked on the fishpond located within the vicinity of the
plantation. The field personnel were responsible for the maintenance of canals in the
plantation, which serve as a drainage system for the plantation.
Of the respondent workers from the banana plantation, 12 out of 14 have not received any
training or orientation regarding the use and effects of pesticides, including possible work
hazards. 8 out of the 14 respondents said that they were not provided adequate safety/
protective suits, equipment, tools, or materials.
Of the 114 adult respondents, only thirty-nine (39) were able to avail of local medical
services. Of these, twelve (12) consulted the village health center, four (4) consulted the
plantation clinic, seven (7) consulted private medical services, two (2) availed of services
during medical missions, and fourteen (14) did not specify.
Of the 22 child patients, only five (5) were able to avail of local medical services. Of
these, two (2) consulted the village health center, one (1) consulted a private medical
service, and two (2) did not specify.
Aside from the previous study conducted by Dr. Quijano, there was no other community
monitoring activity regarding the possible effects of pesticide to human health in
Kamukhaan.
F. Pesticide Exposure:
The Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority of the Department of Agriculture provided a list of
registered pesticides used by the Lapanday Agricultural and Development Corporation
for the control of pests, weeds and diseases in their banana plantation. The list included:
1. BASTA 20 SL (Glufosinate)
2. BASUDIN EC (Diazinon)
3. BAYCOR 300 EC (Bitertanol)
4. CALIXIN 75 EC (Tridemorph)
5. DECIS EC (Deltamethrin)
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6. GRAMOXONE (Paraquat)
7. ROUND UP EW (Glyphosate)
8. TILT 250 EC (Propiconazole)
9. DIURON 80 WP (Diuron)
10. CONFIDOR 100 SL (Imidacloprid)
11. GESAPAX (Ametryne)
12. ROVRAL 50 WP (Iprodione)
13. AGRI-MEK 1.8 EC (Avermectin)
14. INDAR 2F (Fenbuconazole)
15. VONDOZEB (Mancozeb)
16. FURADAN (Carbofuran)
17. BUMPER 25 EC (Propiconazole)
18. DACONIL (Chlorothalonil)
19. BANKIT 25 EC (Azoxystrobin)
20. DITHANE F 448 (Mancozeb)
21. TOPSIN M 70 WP (Thiophanate methyl)
The respondent workers were asked to estimate the number of hours of their actual
exposure to pesticides but they could not give estimates of their exposure.
The respondent villagers, on the other hand, were asked if they were aware of the
presence of pesticides but they were also not able to give clear answers. The only
estimate that they can give is that an airplane sprays pesticides in the plantation twice or
thrice every week. (Note: It was observed that the respondents seemed reluctant to reveal
facts that they believe may directly put the plantation in a bad light. Subsequent inquiries
form local groups revealed that plantation personnel went to the community the day
before the mission and told residents not to say anything bad about the plantation).
G. Medical Data:
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Nausea 31 22.7%
Tremors 31 22.7%
Diarrhea 28 20.5%
Swelling of joints 27 19.8%
Palpitations 22 16.1%
Pallor 21 15.4%
Vomiting 19 13.9%
Fever 19 13.9%
Loss of appetite 18 13.2%
Hair changes 16 11.7%
Heat intolerance 15 11.0%
Giddiness 9 8.0%
Pelvic pain 9 8.0%
Yellowish skin 8 5.8%
Nose bleeding 3 2.2%
The physicians of the medical team correlated these complaints with history and physical
examination and came out with the following working diagnoses:
V. DISCUSSION
Given the limitation of time and resources, the medical team relied mainly on history and
physical examination to arrive at a diagnosis. Still, all of the participating physicians
independently showed almost similar patterns in their diagnostic conclusions. The results
reveal that there is an exceptional situation in Kamukhaan that reflects in the trends and
incidences of various illnesses there.
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Many of the complaints were gastrointestinal and respiratory in nature. Majority of the
diagnoses were communicable diseases. A number of patients were also diagnosed as
having significant malnutrition. While on the surface these illnesses appear to be typical
of a Filipino rural community, the exceptionally high number of cases of communicable
diseases as well as patterns of non-communicable diseases (i.e. endocrine/neurologic
dysfunction) was unusual.
Some atypical patterns were also observed among the 136 respondents. First, 19 patients
(13.9%) were given a working diagnosis of endocrine/neurologic dysfunction manifested
by a compendium of symptoms including severe headache, easy fatiguability, difficulty
breathing, irritability, tremors, heat intolerance, and muscular weakness. This spectrum of
symptoms falls within the effects of pesticide poisoning.
Moreover, the number of suspected blood-related diseases such as dyscrasias and anemia,
while small and unconfirmed by laboratory examination, is relatively significant given
the density of occurrence in a community with a population of only about 700
individuals. The findings of anemia are also significant since 6 (60%) of the 10 patients
who showed symptoms of anemia are male of a relatively young age.
The majority of the respondents indicated various signs and symptoms that are frequently
associated with acute pesticide poisoning. The actual incidence of serious illnesses
occurring in Kamukhaan is most likely greater than what has been captured by this study
since the cases of mortality were not covered and the long-term effects, such as cancer
and other debilitating illnesses, have not been fully accounted for among those who are
still living. It would take lifetime monitoring to capture the real incidence of the long-
term effects of exposure to the pesticides used by the plantation.
That the respondents could not directly attribute illnesses to pesticide exposure does not
negate the strong evidence of poisoning. Rather, this reflects the general lack of even the
most basic information regarding pesticides that these families could have used to
safeguard their health. What is certain is that many of these illnesses came with the
advent of exposure to various kinds of pesticides that was brought about by the
establishment of the banana plantation. Considering the criteria. (ref)6for determining the
association between pesticide exposure and disease occurrence, there is a strong
indication that the exposure to various pesticides largely account for the diseases
observed among the residents of Kamukhaan.
Previous studies on the health effects of pesticides done by local scientists and related
studies worldwide, show that increased pesticide exposure correlates with increased
incidence of various types of diseases. (ref)7 Furthermore, available animal studies clearly
demonstrate that the pesticides used by the banana plantation cause different organ
system abnormalities including, among others, brain and neurologic disorders, immune
system dysfunction, reproductive disorders, congenital abnormalities, liver and kidney
diseases, blood disorders, and cancer.(ref)8 There is also sufficient knowledge about the
toxicity of these pesticides and there is strong biological plausibility that the illnesses
observed are the consequences of exposure to such pesticides. The intrinsic hazardous
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character, the clear temporal relationship, and the empirical evidence, including
testimonial and physical evidence, show that pesticide exposure is a very strong causative
factor of the high occurrence of diseases among residents of Kamukhaan village. The
presence of confounding variables, such as malnutrition and even genetic predisposition,
constitute a very small contribution to the causative factors.
The list of pesticides used by the plantation is already, by itself, a strong indication that
the people of Kamukhaan are subjected to an exceptionally high level of agrochemical
toxins. The pesticides used include highly toxic pesticides already documented to have
severely harmful effects on animal and human health and have been banned or severely
restricted in other countries, including the very countries where they originated. A
cursory look at existing scientific information on some of the pesticides used in the
plantation is enough to convince any rational human being that he/she would not want to
be subjected to exposure to such pesticides as what the residents of Kamukhaan are being
subjected to.
1. Paraquat (GRAMOXONE)
Paraquat is a known highly toxic pesticide without an antidote, and has caused
severe poisonings in exposed populations, especially in workers who use it. Non-
worker populations are also at risk for exposure and health effects, in particular
children. High rates of severe acute poisonings, both suicidal and unintentional,
have been documented in many countries.(ref)9 Paraquat poisoning clearly
remains a severe public health problem in many countries. In addition, topical
injuries, including skin problems ranging from mild dermatitis up to severe
chemical burns, eye injury, nail damage, and nosebleed, have been observed in
proportions as high as 50% of exposed workers in both early and recent surveys.
(ref)10 Long-term and delayed health effects may occur, including Parkinson’s
Disease, lung effects, and skin cancer.(ref)11 Regulatory agencies have not fully
recognized either the inherent toxicity of paraquat for human beings or the
particular risks derived from conditions of use in developing countries. Concerns
over impacts of paraquat have been growing across the world.
In fact, such has been the concern over paraquat that six European governments-
namely Austria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Slovenia, and Sweden-have enacted
bans and restrictions on paraquat. The bans were primarily due to acute toxicity,
absence of antidote, health and environmental concerns. Paraquat is banned even
in its country of origin, Switzerland, the headquarters of Syngenta, the
manufacturer of paraquat. In other countries strict severe restrictions and
guidelines are applied. In Norway, the government decided in 1993 not to accept
an application for the renewed registration of a paraquat product due to its
toxicity. Kuwait and Malaysia have banned paraquat while Indonesia, Korea
(Republic) and Togo have enacted restrictions on its use. (ref)12 In the Philippines,
paraquat has been restricted for institutional use only since 1989 (Recently,
however, this restriction has been lifted arbitrarily by the Director of the Pesticide
Authority who is now the subject of a formal complaint for graft).
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2 & 3. Mancozeb and Maneb (DITHANE, VONDOZEB)
Mancozeb and maneb are similar fungicides belonging to the ethylene bis-
thiocarbamate (EBDC) group of pesticides which are converted into ethylene
thiourea (ETU), a known cancer causing chemical. Mancozeb and similar EBDCs
are categorized by U.S. EPA as probable human carcinogens, (ref)13meaning that
there is sufficient documentation of the carcinogenic potential in animal studies.
Although mancozeb and maneb are not considered highly toxic in acute exposure,
EPA proposed to cancel most uses of mancozeb and similar EDBC pesticides in
1989 due to unacceptably high cancer risks. EPA reversed its decision in
1992(ref)14 even though a National Toxicology Program study yielded clear
evidence of the carcinogenicity of mancozeb's breakdown product, ETU.(ref)15
4. Carbofuran (FURADAN)
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Final Report of Medical Team: IFFM Kamukhaan
environmental organizations oppose the continued use of carbofuran, but its use is
still sanctioned by the EPA.(ref)25
5. Glyphosate (ROUND-UP)
Besides the active ingredient and the surfactant, which are thought to cause the
clinical effects seen in poisoning exposures, the by-products that are found in
glyphosate formulations are also responsible for some clinical effects. Although
acute toxicity is relatively low compared to most insecticides, the poisoning seen
in glyphosate exposure cases range from minor to severe, especially in intentional
ingestion of substantial amounts(about 1 glass).
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with inflammation of the oesophagus, oral ulceration, increase in urine output,
liver or renal damage and acid base disturbance. In severe cases, respiratory
failure, renal failure, reduction of blood pressure, cardiac arrest, coma and
seizures could occur. When an exposure to glyphosate occurs locally, the clinical
effects seen are usually classified as mild to moderate effects. These local effects
include erythema, piloerection and contact dermatitis. It is expected that the
severity of a skin exposure will be significantly decreased with a less concentrated
product. Among the most common effect seen from slight eye contact with the
herbicide is mild conjunctivitis which normally clears in one to two days. More
severe exposure, however, may result in more serious effects.
Monsanto claims that glyphosate does not cause reproductive problems. However,
tests with rabbits have shown adverse dose-dependent effects on semen and sperm
quality, (ref)34 and other studies at high dosages have reported effects such as
decreased litter size and reduced sperm counts in rats.(ref)35 Some literature
suggests that glyphosate can cause chronic health effects in laboratory animals.
Lifetime glyphosate feeding studies have shown reduced weight gain, liver and
kidney effects and degradation of the eye lens although these effects were
significant only at the higher doses tested. At lower doses inflammation of the
stomach’s mucus membrane was observed . (ref)36A sub-chronic feeding study
with rats showed effects on blood and pancreas. (ref)37On mice this resulted in
reduced body weights. (ref)38 In toxicity studies with pregnant rats and rabbits,
glyphosate caused treatment-related effects such as diarrhoea, reduced weight,
nasal discharge and death. (ref)39In a toxicity study (rats), kidney effects showed
up in male pups, and in another study digestive effects and decreased weight.
(ref)40
The use of glyphosate may result in residues in crops and animal tissue or
drinking water destined for human consumption. The World Health Organisation
(WHO) found that pre-harvest use of glyphosate (for late season weed control or
as a pre-harvest desiccant) results in significant residues in the grain and plant
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material. The WHO also found that glyphosate residues in animal feeds arising
from pre-harvest glyphosate treatment of cereals may result in detectable residues
in meat, milk and eggs. In storage, residues of glyphosate are reported to be stable
for one year in plant material and for two years in animal products. Generally,
glyphosate residues are not monitored in food since methods of analysis are
complex and costly. (ref)45
Glyphosate is one of the most toxic herbicides, with many species of wild plants
being damaged or killed by applications of less than 10 micrograms per plant.
Glyphosate can be more damaging to wild flora than many other herbicides, as
aerial spraying with glyphosate can give average drifts of 1200 to 2500 feet and
ground spraying with glyphosate may cause damage to sensitive plants up to 300
feet from the field sprayed. Glyphosate use may also affect hedgerow trees,
causing die-back, and may reduce trees' winter hardiness and resistance to fungal
disease. Although the acute toxicity of glyphosate to mammals and birds is low,
its effect on flora can have a damaging effect on mammals and birds through
habitat destruction. The US EPA concluded that many endangered species of
plants, as well as the Houston toad, may be at risk from glyphosate use.(ref)46
6. Diazinon (BASUDIN)
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diazinon exposure . Inflammation of the pancreas is another symptom that is “not
rare” in children with diazinon poisoning. A US EPA review found that
“symptoms may persist for months or years after the initial exposure.” Persistent
symptoms include blurred vision, headaches, muscle weakness, lethargy, short
term memory impairment, inability to concentrate, confusion, lowered
intelligence test scores, depression, and irritability. Diazinon causes allergic skin
reactions in people. About 10 percent of people tested showed positive dermal
sensitization. (ref)48
A study of dogs that were fed diazinon(1 mg/kg per day) during pregnancy
showed that their exposure increased the number of stillbirths. The researchers
noted that diazinon made the mothers “extremely high strung” resulting in
stillbirths as the mothers “would not lay still while giving birth.” These
researchers also found that feeding diazinon (5 mg/kg per day) to pregnant pigs
increased the incidence of skull deformities in the offspring.(ref)51
Another feeding study in pregnant rats found that the number of offspring that
died was greater in litters from exposed mothers than for litters from unexposed
mothers. Diazinon also has caused atrophied testicles in male dogs.(ref)52
In tests with cultures of cells from a human colon, low concentrations of diazinon
had growth-promoting effects, suggesting diazinon had interfered with the normal
activity of estrogen, an endocrine disrupting effect. Estrogen has recently been
shown to affect the development and growth of cells in the lining of the colon.
The result of abnormal growth of these cells is colon cancer. (ref)53 Although
diazinon has been classified as “not likely” to be a carcinogen by EPA, studies of
people who have used diazinon show just the opposite: there is an association
between diazinon use and the risk of certain types of cancer, such as brain cancer
and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.(ref)54 Again, although a WHO review (of mainly
industry supplied data) stated that diazinon “gave no evidence of mutagenic
potential”, a series of other studies show that diazinon in fact can damage genes in
human blood cells, in cells from laboratory animals, and in bacteria.(ref)55
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Final Report of Medical Team: IFFM Kamukhaan
A wide variety of chemicals interact synergistically with diazinon, meaning that
their toxicity together is greater than the sum of their individual toxicities. This
synergism has been observed with compounds from strikingly different chemical
classes, including other pesticides, drugs, and nutrients. The length of the list is
sobering, since real-life exposures are often to multiple chemicals while most
toxicological testing and most regulation of hazardous chemicals is based on
single exposures. If a diazinon-containing product is contaminated with a trace of
water, some of the diazinon in the product breaks down into two chemicals that
are extremely potent neurotoxins: monothiotepp and sulfotepp. Monothiotepp has
been reported to be about 14,000 times more toxic than diazinon. (ref)56 Under
conditions of storage and use in developing countries, the formation of these
extremely toxic substances are likely to occur, explaining the very high incidence
and the severity of poisonings observed in these countries. Diazinon, in fact, is
one of the leading causes of pesticide poisonings documented in many countries,
including the United States.
The above examples of scientific information already existing for 6 of the 21 pesticides
currently being used by the banana plantation clearly show the highly hazardous
exposures that people of Kamukhaan are being subjected to. One can just imagine the
potential combined effects of all of these pesticides, coupled with the extremely poor
socio-economic status of the residents in the community.
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VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It is clear from the foregoing discussion that the people of Kamukhaan are exposed to a
large number of highly toxic pesticides as a result of the operations of the adjoining
banana plantation. The results of the medical investigation conducted by the medical
team on 136 respondents who voluntarily came for medical examination and interview
showed:
Finally, there is a general call for the protection of those who document or articulate the
presence and severity of pesticide poisoning, especially among the farmers and the
academic sector. As in Kamukhaan right now, the plantation owners exert all efforts to
bring criminal and civil charges against scientists and doctors who conduct medical
investigations and monitor the ill effects of pesticide in the community. This would not
only seriously compromise efforts to carry out good scientific research/documentation on
pesticides but would also stifle demands by all of the stakeholders for responsibility and
accountability of corporate agribusinesses that insist on using hazardous chemical
pesticides.
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Final Report of Medical Team: IFFM Kamukhaan
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25. Carbofuran. Retrieved April 6, 2004 from the World Wide Web:
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27. Ibid.
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30. ENDS. Industry glimpses new challenges as endocrine science advances. ENDS
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World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, the
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36. Ibid.
37. U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticide Programs. Special Review and Reregistration
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38. U.S. EPA. Office of Toxic Substances. EPA Reg. #524-308; glyphosate; 3-month
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41. U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances.EPA Reg. #524-308;
Lifetime feeding study in rats with glyphosate. Memo from William Dykstra,
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Washington, D.C., 1982.
U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Glyphosate; EPA Reg.
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U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Second peer review of
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43. Li, A.P. , & Long, T.J. An evaluation of the genotoxic potential of glyphosate.
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46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
49. Davies, D.B.,& Holub,B.J. Toxicological evaluation of dietary diazinon in the rat.
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51. Earl, F.L., et al. Reproductive, teratogenic, and neonatal effects of some pesticides
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