Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜎𝜎 = 𝐸𝐸
5. STRESSES IN BEAMS 𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎 = 𝐸𝐸 � � → 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(1)
𝜌𝜌
The discussion here involves the normal stress 𝝈𝝈 due
to bending moment M and the horizontal shear stress 𝝉𝝉 due
to the vertical shearing force V acting on the beam. These
are treated separately in this initial presentation. However,
their combination, together with other loads and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
conditions, will likewise be treated later (Stresses due to
Combined Loads).
𝑦𝑦
Part 1. Normal Stress, 𝝈𝝈
Part 2. Shear Stress, 𝝉𝝉 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Taking moment summation with respect to the neutral

PART 1. NORMAL STRESS, 𝝈𝝈 axis NA,

𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 [ΣMNA = 0]

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑦𝑦)
But,
𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎 = : 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜎𝜎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Then
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜎𝜎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑦𝑦) → 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(2)
fiber under consideration
Substituting (1) into (2),
+ 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐸𝐸 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑦𝑦)
𝜌𝜌
𝑀𝑀
𝐸𝐸
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌
But, from Statics,
𝑀𝑀 ∫ 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼: second moment of area
𝑀𝑀 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
where
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼 = moment of inertia of beams cross
𝑦𝑦 sectional with respect to the neutral axis, NA
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑′

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 And, from the elastic curve equation in the previous topic,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸
𝑀𝑀 = (𝐼𝐼)
𝜌𝜌
parallel lines Or,
1 𝑀𝑀
where = → 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (3)
𝜌𝜌 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝜌𝜌 = radius of curvature of the beam
� = length of the fiber under consideration, L
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Substituting (3) into (1),
� = elongation of the fiber due to bending, δ
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑′ 𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 � �
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
From Hooke’s Law
𝛿𝛿 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝜎𝜎 = 𝐸𝐸 𝜖𝜖 = 𝐸𝐸 𝝈𝝈 =
𝐿𝐿 𝑰𝑰
But,
� = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � = 𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (general equation of the bending stress of any fiber at a
Then, vertical distance "y\" from the neutral axis)
�′ = 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛿𝛿 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Distribution of Bending Stress Across the Beam b) Beam of circular section

Section
𝐷𝐷
𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 � 2 � 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝐷𝐷 𝜎𝜎 = = 𝜋𝜋 : 𝝈𝝈 =
fibers under compression 𝐼𝐼 𝐷𝐷 4 𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 64
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
fibers under tension 𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 Note:
If the above cross section is hollow, with diameters D
and d, then the maximum bending stress formula becomes
Note:
- In bending, tension and compression occur 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝝈𝝈 =
simultaneously. 𝝅𝝅(𝑫𝑫𝟒𝟒 − 𝒅𝒅𝟒𝟒 )
- The bending stress at the neutral axis or centroidal Or,
axis is zero. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒅
- The bending stress is maximum at the outermost 𝝈𝝈 = � � ∶ where 𝑩𝑩 =
𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 − 𝑩𝑩𝟒𝟒 𝑫𝑫
fiber away from the centroid. This maximum
stress occurs at a point on the beam where the
bending moment is also maximum. Example 1:
The magnitude of the bending moment acting on
Thus, for the max stress, the circular cross section of a beam is 𝑀𝑀 =
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 20 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙. − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓. Calculate the bending stresses at the
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝑰𝑰 following points on the cross section: (a) 𝐴𝐴; (b) 𝐵𝐵; and (c)
𝐷𝐷.
Note: 𝑦𝑦
Use 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 for compression and 𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 for tension. And, in
designing the beam based on strength, use
𝐴𝐴
𝐷𝐷
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 60𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = ⇒ 𝝈𝝈𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂.
𝑰𝑰
𝐵𝐵
𝑥𝑥
Sign conventions is bending: 𝑧𝑧
6"
Positive (+) bending: 8"
𝑀𝑀 𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀 • Tension at Solution:
bottom fibers
a) At point ‘A’:
• Compression 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 8 𝜋𝜋 4
𝑇𝑇 at top fibers 𝜎𝜎𝐴𝐴 = : 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 = = 4": 𝐼𝐼 = (8 − 64 )
𝐼𝐼 2 64
20000(12)(4)
𝑇𝑇
𝜎𝜎𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋 :
Negative (-) bending: (84 − 64 )
64
• Tension at top
fibers 𝝈𝝈𝑨𝑨 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 (𝑻𝑻) (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝐶𝐶 • Compression
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 at bottom b) At point ‘B’: This point is under compression
fibers 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = : 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 = 3 :
𝐼𝐼
Maximum bending stress formulas: (Special Cases) This is the same as that of a), except that y is changed
a) Beam of rectangular section from 4" to 3".

ℎ Thus,
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 �2� 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
ℎ 𝜎𝜎 = = : 𝝈𝝈 = 3
𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑏ℎ3 𝒃𝒃𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = 6984.63 � �:
12 4
𝑏𝑏
𝝈𝝈𝑩𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 (𝑪𝑪)(Ans.)

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c) At point ‘D’: Like point A, this point is also under Example 3:

tension. For the cantilever beam shown in the figure, find
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦𝐷𝐷 8 (a) the maximum bending stress and its location; and (b)
𝜎𝜎𝐷𝐷 = : 𝑦𝑦𝐷𝐷 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60𝑜𝑜
𝐼𝐼 2 the bending stress at a point 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 from the top of the
(y is the vertical distance of the point beam on section B.
from the neutral axis, NA)
1.0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
20000(12)(4𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60)
𝜎𝜎𝐷𝐷 = 𝜋𝜋 4 :
(8 − 64 )
64 𝐴𝐴 150𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝝈𝝈𝑫𝑫 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟗 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 (𝑻𝑻) (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 6𝑚𝑚
50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

a) 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and its location =?

Example 2:
A beam with a 6”x 6” square cross section is subjected 1
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
to a maximum bending moment of 8000 ft-lb. Compute the 2
beam’s maximum bending stress if its orientation is that:
(a) the sides of its cross section are along the horizontal and
1
vertical axes, and (b) the diagonals of its cross section are 𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿 3
along the horizontal and vertical axes.
For a cantilever, the maximum moment occurs at the
Solution: support. Thus,
a) 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =? : 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 1 𝐿𝐿 1
|𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 | = 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 � � = (1)(62 )
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏ℎ3 2 3 6
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = : 𝑐𝑐𝐴𝐴 = 3: 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 =
𝐼𝐼 12
6" 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 108 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 = 6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

6" (8000𝑥𝑥12)(3) 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 6𝑥𝑥106 (75)

𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = : 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎𝜎𝐶𝐶 = =
108 𝐼𝐼 50𝑥𝑥1503
12
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

b) 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 = 75 − 20 = 55𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =?

b) 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =?: Section rotated by 45o
At point B, the bending moment is similarly solved,
The big difference lies on the value of 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 , but L=2m only.
where Thus,
6"
1 1 𝑥𝑥
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 = �62 + 62 = 4.243 |𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 | = 𝑤𝑤 ′ 𝑥𝑥 � �:
2 2 3
6" 𝑤𝑤 ′ 1
′
𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 seems to be different but it can be 𝑤𝑤 is solved by similar triangles: =
2 6
solved to be just equal to 108 in4. 1
′
𝑤𝑤 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
3
𝑏𝑏ℎ3 1
𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 2 � + 𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑2 � : 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑 = ℎ
36 3 1 1 2 2
𝑏𝑏 = 8.486: ℎ = 4.243: 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑏𝑏ℎ = 36𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2 |𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 | = � � (2) � � = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚:
8.486" 2 3 3 9
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
4.243" 𝑏𝑏ℎ3 Then,
𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 2 � + 𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑2 � = 108𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4 2
36 6
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐𝐵𝐵 9 𝑥𝑥10 (55)
(8000𝑥𝑥12)(4.243) 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = =
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐼𝐼 50𝑥𝑥1503
108
12
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝝈𝝈𝑩𝑩 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

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Example 4. 2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
A steel band saw, 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 wide and 0.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 thick, 5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
runs over pulleys of diameter “𝑑𝑑”. (a) Find the maximum
𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷 80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
bending stress in the saw if 𝑑𝑑 = 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. (b) What is the 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
smallest value of d for which the bending stress in the saw
50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
does not exceed 400 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀? Use 𝐸𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 for steel. 1𝑚𝑚 1𝑚𝑚 1𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑏=20mm
𝑡𝑡 =0.8mm
Solution:
+
The bending moment at each of points B and C should
be determined. The point where bending moment is
maximum is the most stressed point on the beam. At point
𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝 Band saw blade bent with A and D, the bending moments are zero.
a radius of curvature equal
to the pulley radius Reactions forces:
[Σ𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0]
𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝
𝜌𝜌 = 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (3) + 5 = 2(1): 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = −1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ↓
2
�Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0�
Solution: −1 + 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷 = 2: 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷 = 3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ↑
a) 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =?
Moments at A and D are both zero, since they are at the
Since the band saw blade is bent around the pulley, the supports of a simply-supported beam. Moments at B and C
bending moment acting on it can be computed from are determined using Σ𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 . Thus, with moments treated as
the elastic curve equation +↻ and −↺
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝
𝑀𝑀 = : 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝜌𝜌 =
𝜌𝜌 2 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = −1(1) + 5 = 4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

Thus, the maximum bending stress induced in the band 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = −1(2) + 5 = 3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
saw blade is:
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 And the corresponding maximum bending stress makes use
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 � 𝜌𝜌 � (𝑐𝑐) 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 of the maximum bending moment at point B (𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 =
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = =
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 𝜌𝜌 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
0.8 80
(200 000) � � 6
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐 (4𝑥𝑥10 ) � 2 �
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2
600 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = =
𝐼𝐼 50𝑥𝑥803
2 12
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

b) Minimum pulley diameter Dp if 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 = 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Note:

From the above analysis, For this beam, construction of shear and moment
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 diagram may be helpful, but not necessary.
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 � 𝜌𝜌 � (𝑐𝑐) 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 𝜌𝜌
0.8 Example 6:
200 000 � �
2 = 400: The simply supported beam consists of six tubes
𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝
that are connected by thin webs. Each tube has a cross-
2 sectional area of 0.2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2 . The beam carries a uniformly
𝑫𝑫𝒑𝒑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) distributed load of intensity 𝑤𝑤0 (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓). If the average
bending stress in the tubes is not to exceed 10 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘,
determine the largest allowable value of 𝑤𝑤0 . Neglect the
Example 5:
cross-sectional areas of the webs.
The beam 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 with a rectangular cross section
carries the loading shown in the figure. Determine the
magnitude and location of the maximum bending stress in 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 , 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
the beam.

𝐿𝐿 = 12𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
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Solution: Verification for Mmax:

From If the location of the maximum bending moment
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 crosses the 2-m span of the beam, then the above
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤
𝐼𝐼 computation of bending moment using Σ𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 may lead to an
where erroneous value. However, if the location is any of the
𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 𝐿𝐿2 defined points A, B, C, or D, then the above calculation is
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = for a simple beam with a UDL more practical.
8
𝑐𝑐 = 6𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼 =?
Load diagram:
The moment of inertia is to be determined using the basic 5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
definition of I, i.e.:
2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝐼 = ∫ 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = Σ(𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 2 ) = 𝐴𝐴(𝑦𝑦12 + 𝑦𝑦22 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑦62 )
𝐼𝐼 = 0.2�4(32 ) + 2(62 )� = 21.6 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝐷𝐷

Then, substituting values into the above stress equation 1𝑚𝑚 2𝑚𝑚 1𝑚𝑚
122 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 7𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷 = 6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 � � 𝑥𝑥12(6)
8
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ⇒ 10,000:
21.6
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝒘𝒘𝒐𝒐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) Shear diagram:
𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
5
Example 7:
A wood beam carries the loading shown in the
figure. Determine the smallest allowable width 𝑏𝑏 of the 1
beam if the working stress in bending is 10 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. 0 0
5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
−2 −4
2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
−6
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷

1𝑚𝑚 2𝑚𝑚 1𝑚𝑚 Moment diagram:

𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
Solution:
Reactions forces:
[Σ𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0]
𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 (3) = 2(4)(2) + 5(1): 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 7𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ↑ 0 0
�Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0�
7 + 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷 = 2(4) + 5: 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷 = 6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ↑
−1

Bending moments: Using Σ𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 Comment :

𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 As shown in the V&M diagrams, Mmax occurs right at
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = −2(1) = −2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚 point C, where 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚. Above computation
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = −2(3)(1.5) + 7(2) = 5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
using Σ𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 is correct.
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = −2(4)(2) + 7(3) − 5(1) = 0
Thus,
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 = 5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

Then, from the stress equation

200
5𝑥𝑥106 � �
2 ⇒ 10:
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏200 3
� �
12

𝒃𝒃 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

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 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

Example 8: Example 9:
A circular bar of 1.0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. diameter is formed into The cantilever beam has a circular cross section of
the semicircular arch. Determine the maximum bending 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 outer diameter. Portion 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 of the beam is hollow,
stress at section B. Assume that the flexure formula for with an inner diameter of 35 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. If the working bending
straight beams is applicable. stress is 120 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, determine the largest allowable
intensity wo in N/m of the uniformly distributed load that
400𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝐵𝐵 can be applied to the beam.
200𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

2𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝐴𝐴 60𝑜𝑜 30𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷
𝐶𝐶
Solution:
Based on the hollow section at AB: (Max at pt. B)
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 2
Solution: 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 : | 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 | = 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 � � : 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 0.75𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝐼 2
This is better solved using the “principle of 50 𝜋𝜋
transmissibility”, i.e. by transferring the given forces along 𝑐𝑐 = = 25: 𝐼𝐼 = (504 − 354 )
2 64
their lines of action and meeting at a common point, which 0.752
is the center of curvature of the beam, point C. (𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 ) � � (25)(1000)
2
The components of these forces are then used in the next 𝜋𝜋 = 120
calculation. (504 − 354 )
64
𝐵𝐵
𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 = 3978.8 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝐶 Based on the solid section at BD: (Max at pt. D)

2𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 2
60𝑜𝑜 𝜎𝜎𝐷𝐷 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 : | 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 | = 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 � �
30𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼 2
𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷
200𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐30 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 where 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐿𝐿 = 1𝑚𝑚
400𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐60
200𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠30 50 𝜋𝜋
𝑐𝑐 = = 25: 𝐼𝐼 = (504 )
2 64
400𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60 12
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 ) � � (25)(1000)
2
𝜋𝜋 = 120 ∶
[Σ𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 0] (504 )
64
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (4) = 400sin (60)(2) + 200 sin(30)( 2) + 5(1)
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 223.2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 = 2945.2 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚

Then, the bending moment at point ‘B’ is solved using Thus, the maximum safe load of the beam is only
Σ𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 :
[Σ𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 ] 𝒘𝒘𝒐𝒐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵/𝒎𝒎 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨.)
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (2) − 400cos (60)(2)
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 46.4 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

Thus, the bending stress at point ‘B’ is

1
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐 46.4(12) �2�
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = = 𝜋𝜋 ∶
𝐼𝐼 (1)4
64

𝝈𝝈𝑩𝑩 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

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 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

Example 10: BEAM SPECIFICATION

The wood beam with an overhang of 𝑏𝑏 = 6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓. 𝑨𝑨 × 𝑩𝑩
carries a concentrated load 𝑃𝑃 and a uniformly distributed
load of intensity 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 . If the working stress for wood in This indicates the nominal weight
bending is 1200 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, find the maximum values of 𝑃𝑃 and per unit length of the beam kg/m
𝑤𝑤0 that can be applied simultaneously. for SI units and lb/ft for English

𝑃𝑃 Shows the nominal depth of the

6𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. beam in mm for SI units and
𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 , 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
inches for English units.
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷 12𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.

For a Wide Flange

6𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 6𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 6𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶

Solution: 𝐴𝐴
Reaction forces:
[Σ𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0]
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 (12) = 𝑃𝑃(6) + 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 (6)(15): 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 0.5𝑃𝑃 + 7.5𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜
𝑊𝑊610 × 140
�Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0�
w = 140 kg/m
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 0.5𝑃𝑃 + 7.5𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 = 𝑃𝑃 + 6𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 : 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 0.5𝑃𝑃 − 1.5𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 (exact value is 140.1 kg/m)

The location of the maximum bending moments of the nominal depth, mm

beam is either point B or C. If the maximum permissible (exact value is 617 mm)
magnitudes of the loads P and wo are to be applied
simultaneously, the limiting stresses caused by these loads W refers to a wide flange I-
should be equal. Since the beam has a constant cross beam. The standard shape I-
section, equal stress means equal bending moment. Thus, beam uses the symbol S
|𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 | = |𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 |. And from Σ𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 , (standard I-beam or S-shape
beam)
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (6) = (0.5𝑃𝑃 − 1.5𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 )6 = 3𝑃𝑃 − 9𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜
6 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 × 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = −𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 (6) � � = −18𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 : 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑤𝑤 = 81.9
(This is based on the right end 𝑚𝑚
of beam for a simpler calculation) 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐻𝐻 = 599 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Since |𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 | = |𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 |, For an S-shape I-beam (standard I-beam)

3𝑃𝑃 − 9𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 = 18𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 : 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃 = 9𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜

Then, from the stress equation, we have:

12
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐 (18𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 )12 � � 𝐴𝐴
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 : 2 ⇒ 1200
𝐼𝐼 6(123 )
12
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒘𝒘𝒐𝒐 = (𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃 = 9𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜
𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
S represents standard I-beam
𝑷𝑷 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) B = 34 kg/m; weight per unit length of beam
A = 200mm; exact depth is 203mm
If these loads are simultaneously applied, points B and C
would simultaneously reach their limiting stresses. In US customary units
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
B = w = 70 lb/ft
A = H = 18 in

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Note: GENERALIZED PROCEDURE FOR BEAM

For a greater resistance to bending, beams should SELECTION
have greater 𝐻𝐻, 𝐼𝐼 and section modulus, s.
1. Compute for 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ,
Other beam shapes include the following: 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿
𝜎𝜎 = = 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿
𝐴𝐴 Equal and unequal Angle Section: L-shape beam 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿
𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 =
𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

(ML = Bending moment due to the

𝐴𝐴 Channel Section: C-shape beam external load of the beam)

2. From the above value of 𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 , look for 𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵 using the
beam table. ( 𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵 > 𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 ; SB should be slightly
Section Modulus, (𝑺𝑺) greater than 𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 )
From the bending stress formula
Look for 𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵 that has a low value of w (for a lighter
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎 = = = beam) and an acceptable value of depth H.
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠
� �
𝑐𝑐 3. From the chosen beam in step 2, solve for sw
where
from,
𝑠𝑠 = rectangular section modulus 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
(property of the cross section of the beam) 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 =
𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊
𝐼𝐼 where,
𝑠𝑠 = MW = bending moment due
𝑐𝑐 to beam’s own weight
Note:
The section modulus is one criterion that may be used
4. Check if 𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵 > 𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 + 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊
for selecting a beam with the aid of a beam table (appendix
If the above condition is satisfied, the beam that is
tables of textbook.)
tentatively selected may be adopted, else try
another section.
Similarly for torsion,
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
𝜏𝜏 = = =
𝐽𝐽 𝐽𝐽 𝑧𝑧
� �
𝑟𝑟 Example 1.
where A simply supported beam, 10𝑚𝑚 long carries a
z = polar section modulus uniformly distributed load of intensity 16 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 over its
entire span. Find the lightest 𝑊𝑊-shape beam for which the
bending stress does not exceed 120 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. Also compute
for the actual bending stress of the beam selected.
ECONOMIC SECTION OF BEAM
From the usual stress-based calculation
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑤𝑤 = 16 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝜎 = = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑀
𝑠𝑠 =
𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐿𝐿 = 10 𝑚𝑚
(This section modulus becomes the basis for
initial beam selection. ) Solution:
The bending moment effected by the uniformly
Criterion for Beam Selection distributed loading is from the formula
𝒔𝒔𝑩𝑩 > 𝒔𝒔𝑳𝑳 + 𝒔𝒔𝑾𝑾 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2 102
𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 = = 16 � � = 200𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
8 8
where
Step 1:
SB = section modulus due to beam′ s own weight
From this loading, 𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 can be computed as
SL = section modulus due to the external load
𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 200𝑥𝑥106 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
of beam 𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 = = = 1666666.7𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
SW = beam’s actual section modulus 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 𝑁𝑁
120
as seen from beam tables 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
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which is more conveniently written as FLOOR FRAMING

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, 𝑝𝑝
𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 = 1666.67𝑥𝑥103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Step 2:
From the table of wide-flange beams, the following 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵 are close to the computed section modulus above and
are slightly higher 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

Option Designation w w, H, S(103) 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

kg/m mm mm3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
A W610x82 81.9 599 1870 𝑎𝑎
B W530x85 84.7 535 1810
C W460x89 89.3 463 1770

Step 3:
Taking option A, W610x82, since this is the lightest where
from the above list, with a = spacing between joints
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑁𝑁
𝑤𝑤𝑊𝑊 = 81.9 𝑥𝑥 9.81 = 803.4
𝑁𝑁 p = floor load intensity expressed in terms of pressure
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚

Typically,
𝑤𝑤𝑊𝑊 = 0.8034 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
p = 2.5 kPa, for residential houses
p = up to 25 kPa, for industrial buildings
Solving for Mw: (bending moment due to own weight of
beam)
Example 1:
𝑤𝑤𝑊𝑊 𝐿𝐿2 (0.8034)(102 )
𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 = = = 10.04 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚 Consider the floor joists as described below:
8 8 a) Floor joists 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 wide by 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 high,
simply supported on a 4𝑚𝑚 span, carry a floor
𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 10.04𝑥𝑥106 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 loaded at 5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 . Compute the center line
𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 = =
𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁 spacing between the joists, to develop a bending
120
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 stress at 8 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀.
b) What safe floor load could be carried on a center
𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊 = 83.687𝑥𝑥103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
line spacing of 0.4 𝑚𝑚?
Step 4:
Check if 𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵 ≥ 𝑠𝑠𝐿𝐿 + 𝑠𝑠𝑊𝑊
Solution:
1870𝑥𝑥103 > 1666.67𝑥𝑥103 + 83.687𝑥𝑥103
a) a = ?
1870𝑥𝑥103 > 1750𝑥𝑥103 : 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜!
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑝𝑝 = 5
𝑚𝑚2
Thus,
W610x82 can be used! (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨.)

𝑅𝑅2
With the selected beam and the given loading, the beam’s 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑎
actual stress is
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 + 𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊
𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝑡𝑡 ′ 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
(200 + 10.04)𝑥𝑥106 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅1
=
1870𝑥𝑥103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
The beam’s loading can be converted to a uniformly
𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) distributed loading of
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
This is safe since the actual stress is less than the 𝑤𝑤 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 5 2 (𝑎𝑎) = 5𝑎𝑎 : where 𝑎𝑎 is in meters
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
allowable stress of 120 MPa.
The equivalent maximum bending moment for the beam
with UDL is
𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2 42
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = (5𝑎𝑎) � � ; 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
8 8
Thus, from the bending stress equation
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42 200
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 5𝑎𝑎 � � (106 ) � �
8 2 𝑤𝑤 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 22.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 : =8
𝐼𝐼 50𝑥𝑥2003
� �
12

𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝐿𝐿 = 5𝑚𝑚

b) 𝑝𝑝′ =? 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎′ = 0.4𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑅1 = 56.25𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

With same conditions, if the joists spacing is made
larger, the maximum permissible load should be b) For G-1:
smaller. Equal bending moments leads to Beam G-1
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝′𝑎𝑎′ This beam carries one of the reaction forces of
5(0.2667) = 𝑝𝑝′ (0.4)′ : beam B-1 and acts at a beam with a concentrated
loading at its midspan.
𝒑𝒑′ = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
56.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Example 2:
From the floor plan provided below, draw the
load diagram of each of the following members, 𝐿𝐿 = 5𝑚𝑚
a. B-1
56.25 𝑅𝑅4
b. G-1 (girder) 𝑅𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑅4 = = 28.125𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
c. B-2

c) For B-2
2.5𝑚𝑚 2.5𝑚𝑚 2.5𝑚𝑚 2.5𝑚𝑚 2.5𝑚𝑚 2.5𝑚𝑚 This beam carries a concentrated loading from G-1,
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 and an unsymmetrical uniformly distributed loading
caused by the presures of 15 kPa and 9 kPa.
15 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 15 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 9 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 9 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 15 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 15 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

(𝐵𝐵 − 3) (𝐵𝐵 − 1) (𝐵𝐵 − 3) 5𝑚𝑚

𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑝𝑝2 = 15
(𝐵𝐵 − 2) (𝐵𝐵 − 2) 𝑚𝑚2
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑝𝑝1 = 9 2
𝑚𝑚

(𝐺𝐺 − 1)
(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) 2𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅6
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

Solution: 𝑅𝑅5
a) For B-1
28.125 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑤𝑤2
𝑝𝑝 = 9 𝑤𝑤1
𝑚𝑚2

2𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 = 7𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅2
𝑅𝑅5 𝑅𝑅6

The load intensity w1 and w2 are computed as follows:

𝑅𝑅1 15 + 0
𝑤𝑤1 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎1 (𝑎𝑎) = (2.5): 𝑤𝑤1 = 18.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
This beam is equivalent to a simply- supported beam 15 + 9
with a uniformly distributed loading as shown below: 𝑤𝑤2 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎2 (𝑎𝑎) =
2
(2.5): 𝑤𝑤1 = 30 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

And the reaction forces are:

𝑹𝑹𝟓𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌: 𝑹𝑹𝟔𝟔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

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PART 2. SHEAR STRESS, 𝝉𝝉 Note:

𝜏𝜏𝐻𝐻 is maximum at the neutral axis and zero at the
SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS outermost fiber points A and B.
a) Horizontal Shear Stress
b) Vertical Shear Stress, 𝜏𝜏𝑉𝑉
layer under consideration Considering a stress element on the beam
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜏𝜏𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻1 𝐻𝐻2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦′ 𝑐𝑐
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝜏𝜏𝑉𝑉 𝜏𝜏𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐵𝐵
𝑏𝑏 𝐵𝐵
𝜏𝜏𝐻𝐻 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
where, Equilibrium of moments at side B-B (or any side on the
H = horizontal force due to bending of beam element),
Σ𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 0
Thus, the shear stress in the layer is, 𝜏𝜏𝑉𝑉 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) = 𝜏𝜏𝐻𝐻 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
𝑭𝑭 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 − 𝑯𝑯𝟏𝟏
𝝉𝝉 = = Thus,
𝑨𝑨𝑺𝑺 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
But from, 𝝉𝝉𝑽𝑽 = 𝝉𝝉𝑯𝑯
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐻𝐻 = � 𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Note:
𝑦𝑦′ 𝑦𝑦′ 𝐼𝐼 At any point on the beam any horizontal shear
Then, stress 𝜏𝜏𝐻𝐻 is always accompanied by a vertical shear stress
𝑀𝑀2 − 𝑀𝑀1 𝑐𝑐
𝜏𝜏 = � 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑉𝑉 of the same magnitude, but of opposite directions.
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) 𝑦𝑦′
𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜏𝜏 = � 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) 𝑦𝑦′ Distrubution of 𝝉𝝉𝑯𝑯 and 𝝉𝝉𝑽𝑽 at a Chosen Section of the
But, Beam
𝒄𝒄
𝑸𝑸 = � 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 : (statical moment of area) Section or layer under consideration
𝒚𝒚′
And, 𝜏𝜏𝐻𝐻
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
= 𝑽𝑽 ∶ (vertical shearing force on beam)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝜏𝜏𝑉𝑉
Thus,

𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽
𝝉𝝉 = = 𝝉𝝉𝑯𝑯 : (shearing stress in beam)
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 Note:
The shear stresses 𝜏𝜏𝐻𝐻 and 𝜏𝜏𝑉𝑉 are maximum at the
where neutral axis.
Q = statical moment of the area above the layer
under consideration, with respect to the N. A.

SPECIAL MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS FORMULAS

Distribution of 𝝉𝝉𝑯𝑯 (Horizontal Shear Stress) a. Beam of Rectangular Cross Section

𝐴𝐴 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝟑𝟑 𝑽𝑽
ℎ 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨
ℎ
𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 where
𝐵𝐵 Parabolic curve
V = vertical shearing force acting at the section
A = cross sectional area of the beam (A = bh)

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Derivation of the above formula: The shear stress at each layer is computed using
. 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
ℎ 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜏𝜏 = :
ℎ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
2 (where only Q varies from layers 1 to 4)
4
𝑁𝑁. 𝐴𝐴. ℎ ℎ
ℎ 𝑉𝑉 � 𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏� � �
𝜏𝜏 = 2 4 80(1603 )
�
𝑏𝑏ℎ3
� 𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 = 80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚: 𝑉𝑉 = 40𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏𝑏
𝟑𝟑 𝑽𝑽 Thus, the following shear stresses are computed at the
∴ 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨 layers
𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄1
𝜏𝜏1 = = 2.051 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
b. Beam of Solid Circular Section 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄2
𝜏𝜏2 = = 3.516 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄3
𝟒𝟒 𝑽𝑽 𝜏𝜏3 = = 4.395 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐷𝐷 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝟑𝟑 𝑨𝑨 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄4
𝜏𝜏4 = = 4.688 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
where
V= vertical shearing force acting at the section It can be recalled that for a beam of a rectangular
π
A =cross sectional area of the beam �A = D2 � section, the maximum shear stress is
4 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 3𝑉𝑉
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜏𝜏𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = =
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 2𝐴𝐴
Derivation, 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
. 𝜏𝜏 = 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
4 𝐷𝐷
� � 1 𝜋𝜋 4 𝐷𝐷
3𝜋𝜋 2 𝑉𝑉 � 𝑥𝑥 𝐷𝐷2 � � 𝑥𝑥 � Example 2.
2 4 3𝜋𝜋 2
𝜏𝜏 =
𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷4 A simply supported beam, 4 𝑚𝑚 long, has the cross
𝐷𝐷 � � 𝐷𝐷
64 section shown. Determine the max uniformly distributed
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
loading in which can be applied on the entire length of
𝟒𝟒 𝑽𝑽 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝟑𝟑 𝑨𝑨
the beam if the shearing stress is limited to 1.2 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀.

𝑤𝑤

Example 1: 150 200

A timber beam, 80 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 wide by 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 high, is
subjected to a vertical shear load of 𝑉𝑉 = 40 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝐿𝐿 = 4𝑚𝑚
Determine the shearing stress developed at layers 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
100
𝑅𝑅1 = 𝑅𝑅2 =
apart from top to bottom of the section. 2 2
150

Solution: Solution:
At each layer of the cross section, only the statical The maximum shearing force of a simply-supported
moment of area Q varies. From the outermost fiber to the beam with a unifromly distributed loading is equal to the
neutral axis, both the statical moment of area and the shear reaction force 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤/2.
stress increase from zero to maximum. The figure shows The maximum shear stress of the given beam is at its
the analysis for layer ‘1’. neutral axis. Being a hollow section, b = 150-100 = 50mm,
and the statical moment of area is computed from: 𝑄𝑄 =
Σ(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴).
𝟎𝟎 20 At point O, 𝑄𝑄 = 0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜏𝜏 = 0 75
𝐴𝐴1 𝟏𝟏 𝑄𝑄 = Σ(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = (100𝑥𝑥150)(50) − (75𝑥𝑥100) � �
𝟏𝟏 20 At point 1, 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2
𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑
20 𝑦𝑦1 𝑄𝑄1 = (80𝑥𝑥20)(70)
𝑄𝑄 = 468750𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
20
𝑁𝑁. 𝐴𝐴 𝟒𝟒 At point 2,
𝑄𝑄2 = (80𝑥𝑥40)(60)
At point 3, 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 150 200
𝑄𝑄3 = (80𝑥𝑥60)(50)
At point 4,
80
𝑄𝑄4 = (80𝑥𝑥80)(40) 100
150
82
 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

Thus, Two locations of shearing failure should be tried: one at the

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 neutral axis and the other at the joints.
[𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜏𝜏𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = ] ⇒ τw
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
4 At the neutral axis,
𝑤𝑤 � � (1000)(468750)
2 = 1.2: 60 3𝑉𝑉 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
150𝑥𝑥2003 100𝑥𝑥1503 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ⇒ 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 : 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
� − � 50 2𝐴𝐴 2
12 12 60 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 2
3𝑤𝑤 � �
2 = 0.9:
𝒘𝒘 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔/𝒎𝒎(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 60 2(60𝑥𝑥180)
𝑤𝑤 = 16.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
150
Example 3:
A laminated beam is composed of 3 planks, each
150 mm x 60 mm, glued together to form a section At each of the joints,
150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 wide by 180 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 high. The allowable shear stress 60 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝜏𝜏 = ⇒ 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 : 𝑄𝑄 = 60(150)(60)
of the wood is 900 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and that of the glue is 600 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
The allowable bending stress is 8 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. What maximum 60 2
𝑤𝑤 � � (1000)60(150)(60)
2
magnitude of a uniformly distributed loading (𝑊𝑊) can the 60 150𝑥𝑥1803
= 0.6
beam safely support at a span of 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚? � � 150
12
150
𝑤𝑤 = 12.15𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑤 60 Thus, from the computed values above, the maximum
60 permissible UDL is only
60 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝐿𝐿 = 2 𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅1 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝒘𝒘 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂. )
2 𝑅𝑅2 =
2
𝒎𝒎

Solution: Example 4:
The given figure below shows an assembly of a
Properties of the SSB with UDL: wooden beam. At a certain section, the shear foce is 60 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2 Determine the Maximum shear stress induced in the beam
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = : 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
2 2 and the Maximum shear stress at the joint joining the pieces
of wood.
Based on bending,
200 mm
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 40 mm
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤
𝐼𝐼
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 100 mm
The maximum bending stress occurs at the midspan, with
a bending moment of 20 mm
𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
8 Solution:
Thus, Centroid location
200
22 40 Σ(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
𝑤𝑤 � � (106 )(90) 𝑦𝑦� = :
8 Σ𝐴𝐴
⇒ 8: 𝑤𝑤 = 12.96𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦𝑦 (200𝑥𝑥40)(120) + (100𝑥𝑥20)50
150𝑥𝑥1803 100 𝑦𝑦� =
12 (200𝑥𝑥40) + (100)(20)
20 𝑦𝑦� = 106𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Based on shearing:
• Based on the neutral axis,
Although the maximum shearing stress is at the neutral
axis for a jointless beam section. However, due to the 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
presence of the joints, shearing should also be checked at 𝜏𝜏𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 =
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
the joints where the shearing strength is lower. where
200(40)3 20(100)3
𝐼𝐼 = + 200(40)(142 ) +
12 12
+ 20(100)(562 )
83
 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

𝐼𝐼 = 10.57𝑥𝑥106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 Example 1:

𝑄𝑄 = 34(200)(17) = 115600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 The beam shown in cross section is fabricated by
bolting three 80mm x 200mm wood planks together. The
60000(115600) beam is loaded so that the maximum shear stress in the
𝜏𝜏𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = : 𝜏𝜏𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 3.28 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 wood is 1.2 Mpa. If the maximum allowable shear force in
10.57𝑥𝑥106 (200)
the bolt is 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 6.5 kN, determine the largest permissible
spacing between the bolts.
• Based on the joint,
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝜏𝜏𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = : 𝑏𝑏 = 20: 𝑄𝑄 = (20)(100)(56) = 112000
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
60000(115600)
𝜏𝜏𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = :
10.57𝑥𝑥106 (20)

𝜏𝜏𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 31.79 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Solution:
Note:
The flanks are to be arranged as shown and the
For this beam of unsymmetrical section, the maximum
required spacing e of the bolts along the length of the beam
shear stress is not at the neutral axis due to its great width
is to be computed.
‘b’ at that location. Thus,

𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝉𝝉𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

e

• At the neutral axis:

For the wooden beam, the maximum shearing stress occurs
SPACING OF FASTENERS IN FABRICATED OR at the neutral axis. Thus, basing the calculation at the N.A.,
BUILT-UP BEAMS we get
200 𝑄𝑄 = ∫ 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2
e
80 𝑄𝑄 = 200(80)140 + 100(80)50
𝑄𝑄 = 2.64𝑥𝑥106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
100
𝐵𝐵𝐻𝐻 3 𝑏𝑏ℎ3
80 N.A. 𝐼𝐼 =
12
−
12
e e e b 100 3
200(360) 120(200)3
𝐼𝐼 = −
Shear area 80 12 12
at the segment 𝐼𝐼 = 697.6𝑥𝑥106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
e 𝑏𝑏 = 80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
b
Then, from the shear stress equation,
From the shear stress equation 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉(2.64𝑥𝑥106 )
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝜏𝜏 = ⇒ 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 : = 1.2
𝜏𝜏 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 (697.6𝑥𝑥106 )(80)
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
This shear stress should be resisted or absorbed by the The maximum permissible vertical shearing force of the
fastener at the section. Thus, beam to avoid this failure is
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝐹𝐹 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝜏𝜏 = = : 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐹𝐹 = (𝑒𝑒) ⇒ 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 𝑉𝑉 = 25 367.3𝑁𝑁
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼
where • At the joints, based on shearing of bolts ‘e’ apart.
e = spacing between the fasteners
200 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
(rivets, bolts, nails, welds, etc.) (𝑒𝑒) = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤
80
Fw = working shearing force of the fastener 𝐼𝐼
y’ 100
𝑄𝑄 ′ = 𝐴𝐴′ 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 80(200)140
𝑄𝑄 ′ = 2.24𝑥𝑥106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
80 N.A. 𝐼𝐼 = 697.6𝑥𝑥106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
Note: 100
The above force F should also be resited by the rivet
or boldt hole. Checking of the bearing stress of the beam 80
may be necessary in some beams.

84
 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

Using the maximum vertical shearing force of the beam • Analysis for (b)
which computed as 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉′
𝑉𝑉 = 25 367.3𝑁𝑁 (𝑒𝑒′) = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤
𝐼𝐼
Then, the required maximum spacing of the bolts in the where
built-up I-beam should be
2"𝑥𝑥 8"
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 25 367.3(2.24𝑥𝑥106 )
(𝑒𝑒) = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 : (𝑒𝑒) = 6500 𝑦𝑦′
𝐼𝐼 697.6𝑥𝑥106
2"𝑥𝑥10"
𝒆𝒆 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
(𝑏𝑏)
Example 2:
Figures (a) and (b) show the cross sections of the two 𝑄𝑄′ = 𝐴𝐴′ 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 10(2)5: 𝑄𝑄 = 100 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛3
beams that are constructed by nailing together four 2” thick
wooden boards. For each beam arrangement, determine the 8000(100)
largest allowable spacing e of the nails that will resist an (𝑒𝑒) = 500: 𝒆𝒆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕"
1184
8000-lb vertical shear force. The allowable shear force in
each nail is 250 lb. Thus, arrangement at figure (a) is better, fewer nails are
necessary for fabrication (but with equal load resistance).
𝑄𝑄 = 60 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛3 2"𝑥𝑥12" Thus, use (a), with
2"𝑥𝑥8"
e = 1.233” (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨.)
2"𝑥𝑥6" 2"𝑥𝑥10"
Example 3:
The 12’-ft walkway of a scaffold is made by screwing
(𝑎𝑎) (𝑏𝑏) two 12”x ½” sheets of plywood to 1.5” x 3.5” timbers as
shown. The screw have a 5-in spacing along the length of
Solution: the walkway. The working stress in bending is 850 psi for
The two cross sections are equal in external the plywood and the timbers, and the allowable shear force
dimensions, but with different capacity due to unequal in each screw is Fw = 250 lb. What limit should be placed
statical moment of area, Q. The strength of each nail is 250 on the weight W of a person who walks across the plank?
lb. Since a pair of nails is involved at every location, then
the shearing force capacity, F, becomes 2(250), or F = W=?
500lb.
x
• Analysis for (a):
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
(𝑒𝑒) = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 e= 5in.
𝐼𝐼
L = 12ft
where
(10)123 6(83 ) screws
𝐼𝐼 = − : 𝐼𝐼 = 1184 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
12 12 0.5”
1.5”
0.5”
2"𝑥𝑥12"
3.5” 3.5”
𝑦𝑦 12”
2"𝑥𝑥6"
Solution:
The beam should be analyzed based on its maximum
(𝑎𝑎) loading conditions:
• For bending, the bending moment is attained if the
𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 6(2)5: 𝑄𝑄 = 60 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛3 load is exactly at the midspan, i.e, x = 12/2 = 6ft. Also,
8000(60) as previously known,
(𝑒𝑒) = 500: 𝒆𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐" 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
1184 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
4

85
 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

• For shearing, the maximum shearing force is attaine if INA = 4770 x 106 mm4 (for the entire girder’s cross
the load is exactly right on top on the beam’s support, section)
i.e. x = 0. With this, the maximum shearing force is
equal to the maximum reaction force. Working stresses:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊 100 MPa for rivets in shear
280 MPa for bearing of the web plate
Based on bending: Maximum shear force carried by girder = 450 kN
From the bending stress equation:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 2.5 Determine the largest allowable spacing of rivets that
𝜎𝜎 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 ∶ 𝑐𝑐 = = 1.25 ∶ 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 = 850 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 is necessary to join the angles to the web plate.
𝐼𝐼 2

𝐵𝐵𝐻𝐻3 𝑏𝑏ℎ3 12(2.5)3 5(1.5)3 300mm

𝐼𝐼 = − = − : 𝐼𝐼 = 14.22 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
12 12 12 12 10mm A=2430mm2
18.9mm
C
And, the maximum bending moment is given by Web plate,
510mm 1000mm x 10mm

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 10mm
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = : 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏′𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4 N.A.

Thus,
𝑊𝑊(12)12 Solution:
(1.25)
4 = 850: 𝑊𝑊 = 268.6𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙. • Considering shear of rivets
14.22 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
(𝑒𝑒) = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤
𝐼𝐼
Based on the joint (joining upper plate to the angles):
Based on shearing of the screws:
From the shearing force equation: 300mm

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 10mm A=2430mm2

𝐹𝐹 = (𝑒𝑒) ⇒ 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 18.9mm
𝐼𝐼 Web plate,
C
Since one screw has a shearing capacity of 250lb, 1000mm x 10mm
y 510mm
for a pair of screws, the shearing strength is then 10mm
Fw =2(250) = 500lb. Thus, Vmax = R = W.
N.A.

And, where shearing of the screws occur (i.e. at the joint), 𝑄𝑄 = 300(10)(515)
the statical moment of area of one plywood sheet is 𝐹𝐹
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 =? : 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝜏𝜏 = ⇒ 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤
𝐴𝐴
1.5 0.5
𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = (12)0.5 � + � = 6𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛3 (450 000)(300(10)515)
2 2 (𝑒𝑒)
4770x106
0.5” 𝜋𝜋
y = 100 � 𝑥𝑥222 � 2: 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
1.5” NA 4
0.5”
3.5” 3.5” 𝑒𝑒 = 521.61𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
12”

Then, Based on the joint between angles and web plate:

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝜋𝜋
𝑊𝑊(6) (𝑒𝑒) = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 : 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 (𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 (2) � 𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑 2 �
(5) = 500: 𝑊𝑊 = 237 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙. 𝐼𝐼 4
14.22
300mm
Thus, the maximum safe load is only
10mm A=2430mm2
18.9mm
𝑾𝑾 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍. (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) Web plate,
C

510mm 1000mm x 10mm

Example 4. 10mm
The upper half of a built-up girder is asssembled by
N.A.
means of plates and angles, which are joined together by
means of rivets as shown below. Other data are:
𝑄𝑄 = 300(10)515 + 2(2430)(520 − 28.9)
Rivet diameter used: 22mm
𝑄𝑄 = 3 931 746

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 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies: BASAEN, RV

(450 000)(3 931 746) 𝜋𝜋

6
(𝑒𝑒) = 100(2) � 𝑥𝑥222 �
4770𝑥𝑥10 4

𝑒𝑒 = 204.97𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• Considering bearing of plate

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
(𝑒𝑒) = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 : 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏 (𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 ) = 𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
𝐼𝐼
(450 000)(3 931 746)
(𝑒𝑒) = (22)10(280)
4770𝑥𝑥106

𝑒𝑒 = 166.07 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Thus, the allowable spacing is only

𝒆𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

87