Active Physics 1 Question Bank

Chapter 3 Change of State

Multiple-choice Questions
(Level 1)

Code: 03A1Q001, Total marks: 1

Which of the following processes is not a change of state?

A. fusion
B. heating
C. condensation
D. evaporation
Answer: B

Code: 03A1Q002, Total marks: 1

m
Which of the following processes involve change of state?
A. dissolving salt in water
co
B. formation of clouds
l.
ai

C. heating an iron bar with a Bunsen flame

gm

D. mixing alcohol and water

Answer: B
s@
hy

Code: 03A1Q003, Total marks: 1

op

Which of the following substances would be a liquid at a temperature of 800 °C?

substance melting point / °C boiling point / °C
al

A. aluminium 660 2467

B. mercury −39 357
C. potassium 64 774
D. silver 962 2212
Answer: A

Code: 03A1Q004, Total marks: 1

The boiling points of four gases are shown below. When they are cooled down from
room temperature, which of them will condense first?
gas boiling point / °C
A. argon −186
B. neon −246
C. nitrogen−196
D. oxygen−183

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Answer: D

Code: 03A1Q005, Total marks: 1

A liquid of mass 0.5 kg is heated in a polystyrene cup with a 1000 W heater. The
graph below shows how the temperature of the liquid varies with time.
temperature / °C

115

25
time / min
3 9

m
What is the boiling point of the liquid? co
A. 25 °C
l.
B. 100 °C
ai

C. 115 °C
gm

D. cannot be determined
s@

Answer: C
hy

Code: 03A1Q006, Total marks: 1

op

A liquid of mass 0.5 kg is heated in a polystyrene cup with a 1000 W heater. The
al

graph below shows how the temperature of the liquid varies with time.
temperature / °C

115

25
time / min
3 9

What is the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid?

A. 360 000 J
B. 600 000 J

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C. 720 000 J
D. cannot be determined
Answer: A

Code: 03A1Q007, Total marks: 1

A liquid of mass 0.5 kg is heated in a polystyrene cup with a 1000 W heater. The
graph below shows how the temperature of the liquid varies with time.
temperature / °C

115

25

m
time / min co
3 9
l.
What is the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid?
ai

A. 360 000 J kg−1

gm

B. 400 000 J kg−1

s@

C. 600 000 J kg−1

D. 720 000 J kg−1
hy

Answer: D
op
al

Code: 03A1Q008, Total marks: 1

Which of the following graphs correctly shows the cooling curve of octadecan-1-o1
from 80 °C to 45 °C? (The melting point of octadecan-1-o1 is 59 °C.)

A. temperature

time

B. temperature

time

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Active Physics 1 Question Bank

C. temperature

time

D. temperature

time

Answer: C

Code: 03A1Q009, Total marks: 1

m
The unit of latent heat is co
A. J.
l.
B. J °C−1.
ai

C. J kg−1.
gm

D. J kg−1 °C−1.
s@

Answer: A
hy

Code: 03A1Q010, Total marks: 1

op

The unit of specific latent heat is

al

A. J.
B. J °C−1.
C. J kg−1.
D. J kg−1 °C−1.
Answer: C

Code: 03A1Q011, Total marks: 1

When ice at 0 °C is mixed with water at 0 °C, which of the following is correct?
A. Energy is transferred from ice to water.
B. Energy is transferred from water to ice.
C. There will be no net heat exchange between ice and water.
D. The temperature of ice and water will become different.
Answer: C

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Code: 03A1Q012, Total marks: 1

A pot of soup is heated on a stove. The soup continues to boil for a short time after the
pot is removed from the stove. This is because
(1) the pot has a high heat capacity.
(2) the pot has a high latent heat of vaporization.
(3) the pot is a poor conductor of heat.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer: B

Code: 03A1Q013, Total marks: 1

An ice-making machine can remove energy from water at a rate of 600 W. How long
does it take to freeze 0.5 kg of water at 0 °C? (The specific latent heat of fusion of

m
water is 3.34 × 105 J kg−1.) co
A. 278 s
l.
B. 286 s
ai

C. 304 s
gm

D. 557 s
s@

Answer: A
hy

Code: 03A1Q014, Total marks: 1

op

Copper has a melting point of 1080 °C and a specific latent heat of fusion of
al

2.1 × 105 J kg−1. Find the energy required to melt 0.5 kg of copper completely.
2.1  10 5
A. J
0.5

B. 
0.5  2.1  10 5J
0.5  2.1  10 
5
C. J
1080
2.1  10 5
D. J
0.5  1080
Answer: B

Code: 03A1Q015, Total marks: 1

In an experiment, a beaker of liquid X is heated to boil using a 150 W heater. In 200 s,

0.02 kg of liquid X has boiled away. Suppose 20% of the energy has been lost to the

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surroundings, what is the specific latent heat of vaporization of liquid X?

A. 3.34 × 105 J kg−1
B. 1.2 × 106 J kg−1
C. 1.5 × 106 J kg−1
D. 2.26 × 106 J kg−1
Answer: B

Code: 03A1Q016, Total marks: 1

A student set up the apparatus as shown to determine the specific latent heat of fusion
of ice. Which of the following is an essential precaution to ensure an accurate result?
immersion
heaters

joulemeter

m
crushed
co
ice
l.
ai
gm

experimental connected to
s@

control apparatus power supply

apparatus
hy

A. Crushed ice should be used.

op

B. The temperature of the ice used should be well below 0 °C.

al

C. The two funnels should be wrapped with heat-insulating materials.

D. The two beakers should be made of heat-insulating materials.
Answer: A

Code: 03A1Q017, Total marks: 1

A student sets up the apparatus as shown to determine the specific latent heat of
vaporization of water. The kilowatt-hour meter measures the energy supplied to the
heater. The electronic balance measures the mass of water in the beaker.

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Thee following results are obtained:

o
Eneergy supplieed to boil thee water = 0..013 kW h
Masss of water boiled
b away y = 0.02 kg
Findd the value of the speciific latent heeat of vaporrization of water.
w
6 −1
A. 2.26 × 10 J kg
B. 2.34 × 106 J kg−1

m
C. 2.42 × 106 J kg−1 co
D. 2.48 × 106 J kg−1
l.
Ansswer: B
ai
gm

Code
e: 03A1Q018, Total
T marks: 1
s@

Stattement 1: Steam at 10 00 °C can c ause a moree severe burrn than wateer at 100 °C C.
Stattement 2: The internaal energy off steam at 10 00 °C is hig
gher than thaat of water at
a
hy

100 °C if th
he steam annd water hav ve the same mass.
op

A. Both stateements 1 and d 2 are corrrect and stattement 2 is a correct exxplanation for
fo
al

statement 1.
B. Both stateements 1 and d 2 are corrrect but stateement 2 is not
n a correctct explanatio
on
for statem
ment 1.
C. Statementt 1 is correctt and statemment 2 is inccorrect.
D. Statementt 1 is incorreect and stateement 2 is correct.
c
Ansswer: B

Code
e: 03A1Q019, Total
T marks: 1

Statementt 1: When equal masss of steam at a 100 °C an

nd ice at 0 °C
C are mixed
d
togeth
her, the tempperature of the
t mixture would be 550 °C

Stattement 2: Energy is conserved

c inn the processs describedd in Statemeent 1.
A. Both stateements 1 andd 2 are corrrect and stattement 2 is a correct exxplanation for
fo
statement 1.
B. Both stateements 1 andd 2 are corrrect but stateement 2 is not
n a correctct explanatio
on

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earson Hong
g Kong 2015 7
Active Physics 1 Question Bank

for statement 1.
C. Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
D. Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.
Answer: D

Code: 03A1Q020, Total marks: 1

Which of the following are the differences between boiling and evaporation?
(1) Boiling can only take place at boiling point while evaporation can take place at
any temperature.
(2) Evaporation can only take place on the liquid surface while boiling can take
place on the liquid surface as well as within the liquid.
(3) A liquid absorbs heat from the surroundings during boiling and release heat
during evaporation.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only

m
C. (2) and (3) only co
D. (1), (2) and (3)
l.
Answer: A
ai
gm

Code: 03A1Q021, Total marks: 1

s@

Under which of the following conditions does a wet shirt dry up faster?
(1) The air temperature increases.
hy

(2) The humidity of air increases.

op

(3) The surface area of the shirt exposed to air increases.

al

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer: B

Code: 03A1Q022, Total marks: 1

During exercises, an athlete loses heat to the surroundings at a faster rate. This is
because
(1) the body temperature of the athlete increases.
(2) the mass of the athlete increases.
(3) the athlete is cooled by the evaporation of sweat.
A. (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only

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C. (2) and (3) only

D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer: A

Code: 03A1Q023, Total marks: 1

Which of the following phenomena can be explained by evaporation?

(1) Wet clothes eventually dry under the Sun.
(2) We feel cold when we leave a pool of water.
(3) Mist forms on a can of cold drink.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer: A

m
Code: 03A1Q024, Total marks: 1 co
The rate of evaporation of water depends on
l.
(1) the surface area exposed.
ai

(2) the temperature of the liquid.

gm

(3) the humidity of air.

s@

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
hy

C. (2) and (3) only

op

D. (1), (2) and (3)

al

Answer: D

Code: 03A1Q025, Total marks: 1

We feel hotter when the air humidity is higher. Which of the following statements
is/are possible explanation for the phenomenon?
(1) The rate of evaporation is lower.
(2) The latent heat of vaporization of water is higher in humid weather.
(3) The heat capacity of our body is higher.
A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Answer: A

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Code: 03A1Q026, Total marks: 1

Statement 1: A glass of hot water eventually cools down at room temperature.

Statement 2: Latent heat is lost to the surroundings when a glass of water is placed
at room temperature.
A. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is a correct explanation for
statement 1.
B. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not a correct explanation
for statement 1.
C. Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
D. Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.
Answer: C

Code: 03A1Q027, Total marks: 1

Statement 1: We feel cool when we wet our skin with alcohol.

Statement 2: When alcohol evaporates, it absorbs heat from the skin.

m
A. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is a correct explanation for
co
statement 1.
l.
B. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not a correct explanation
ai

for statement 1.
gm

C. Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.

s@

D. Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.

Answer: A
hy
op

Code: 03A1Q028, Total marks: 1

al

Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) Latent heat is the energy absorbed (or released) by a substance when it changes
its state without a change of temperature.
(2) When ice melts into water at 0 °C, the energy gained by the water molecules is
called the latent heat of fusion of water.
(3) When water changes to steam at 100 °C, the energy gained by the water
molecules is called the latent heat of vaporization of water.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer: D

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Code: 03A1Q029, Total marks: 1

A beaker of ice is heated from 0 °C to steam of 100 °C. Which of the following
statements is not correct?
(1) The molecules absorb energy when the ice changes to water.
(2) As the water temperature increases, the molecules absorb energy.
(3) The molecules lose energy when the water changes to steam.
A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. None of the above.
Answer: B

Code: 03A1Q030, Total marks: 1

Statement 1: When ice at 0 °C changes to water at 0 °C, the internal energy of the
molecules increases.

m
Statement 2: When ice at 0 °C changes to water at 0 °C, the kinetic energy of the
co
molecules increases.
l.
A. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is a correct explanation for
ai

statement 1.
gm

B. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not a correct explanation
s@

for statement 1.
C. Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
hy

D. Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.

op

Answer: C
al

Code: 03A1Q031, Total marks: 1

A beaker of water at 25 °C is placed in a room of air temperature of 25 °C. Which of

the following graphs best shows how the total internal energy of the water in the
beaker varies with time?
A. total internal energy

time

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B. total internal energy

time

C. total internal energy

time

D. total internal energy

time

m
Answer: D co
l.
Code: 03A1Q032, Total marks: 1
ai

Statement 1: Evaporation has a cooling effect.

gm

Statement 2: During evaporation, molecules with higher kinetic energy escape.

s@

A. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is a correct explanation for
statement 1.
hy

B. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not a correct explanation
op

for statement 1.
al

C. Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.

D. Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.
Answer: A

Code: 03A1Q033, Total marks: 1

Which of the following substances exists in its liquid state at 55 C, under standard
atmospheric pressure?
Substance Melting point / C Boiling point / C
A 50 100
B 30 45
C 60 500

A. Substance A only
B. Substance B only
C. Substances A and C

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D. Substances B and C
Answer: A

Code: 03A1Q034, Total marks: 1

The energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid without
a change of temperature is called the
A. latent heat of fusion.
B. latent heat of vaporization.
C. specific latent heat of fusion.
D. specific latent heat of vaporization.
Answer: C

Code: 03A1Q035, Total marks: 1

A substance with a melting point of 50 C is heated to 90 C. The substance is then

allowed to cool down to room temperature of 25 C. Which of the following graphs

m
best represents the cooling curve of the substance?co
A.
l.
ai

temperature / C
gm

90
s@
hy
op
al

25

time / s

B.
temperature / C

90

25

time / s

C.

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temperature / C

90

25

time / s

D.
temperature / C

90

m
l. co
25
ai

time / s
gm

Answer: C
s@

Code: 03A1Q036, Total marks: 1

hy

A microwave oven is used to heat up 0.2 kg of water at 20 C. Energy is transferred to

op

the water at a constant rate of 800 W. How long does it take to boil away all the water
al

in the glass?

(The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2260 kJ kg 1 . The specific heat

capacity of water is 4200 J kg 1 C 1 .)

A. 84 s
B. 565 s
C. 649 s
D. 724 s
Answer: C

Code: 03A1Q037, Total marks: 1

A 600 W heater is used to heat a beaker of liquid. The mass of the liquid decreases at

a constant rate of 1.2  10 3 kg s 1 when the liquid is boiling. Estimate the specific

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latent heat of vaporization of the liquid.

A. 20 kJ kg 1

B. 72 kJ kg 1

C. 500 kJ kg 1

D. 500 000 kJ kg 1

Answer: C

Code: 03A1Q038, Total marks: 1

The figure below shows how the temperature of a substance varies when it is heated.

temperature / °C

m
U
l. co
ai

S
gm

T
s@

Q
R
hy

P
op

time / min
al

Which of the following statements is/are true?

(1) The substance is a solid in region PQ.
(2) The substance is a liquid in region QR.
(3) The substance is boiling in region RS.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Answer: A

Code: 03A1Q039, Total marks: 1

A substance of mass 0.2 kg is heated from solid to liquid by a 600 W heater. The
temperature of the substance varies with time as shown.

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temperature / C

50

40

30

20

10

time / min
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

What is the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance? Assume that all the energy

m
given out by the heater is absorbed by the substance.
co
A. 24 kJ kg 1
l.
ai
gm

B. 39 kJ kg 1
s@

C. 540 kJ kg 1
hy

D. 900 kJ kg 1
op
al

Answer: C

Code: 03A1Q040, Total marks: 1

A solid X of unknown mass is heated with a 100 W heater. It is known that the
specific heat capacity of solid X is 500 J kg1C1. The graph below shows how the
temperature of X varies with time. Assume that all the energy given out by the heater
is absorbed by the solid, find the specific latent heat of fusion of solid X.

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temperature / C

105

25
time / s
0 120 1020

A. 394 kJ kg1
B. 340 kJ kg1
C. 300 kJ kg1
D. 30 kJ kg1
Answer: C

m
Code: 03A1Q041, Total marks: 1 co
Which of the following substances exists in both liquid state and gaseous state at 60C
l.
under standard atmospheric pressure?
ai

Substance Melting point / C Boiling point / C

gm

X 30 120
s@

Y 30 60
Z 60 100
hy

A. X only
op

B. Y only
al

C. X and Y only
D. Y and Z only
Answer: B

Code: 03A1Q042, Total marks: 1

The apparatus below is used to find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.
Which of the following can improve the accuracy of the experiment?

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Active Physics 1 Question Bank

to power supply

electric heater

water

beaker

electronic balance

(1) Stirring the liquid throughout the experiment.

(2) Covering the beaker with a lid.
(3) Using a polystyrene cup instead of a beaker.
A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only

m
Answer: B co
l.
(Level 2)
ai
gm

Code: 03A2Q001, Total marks: 1

Energy is transferred at equal rate to two substances X and Y of the same mass. The
s@

graph below shows their temperature variations as they change from solids to liquids.
hy

temperature
op

X
al

0 time

Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) The melting point of substance X is higher than that of substance Y.
(2) The specific heat capacity of solid X is smaller than that of solid Y.
(3) The specific latent heat of fusion of substance X is smaller than that of
substance Y.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only

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D. (1), (2) and (3)

Answer: C

Code: 03A2Q002, Total marks: 1

John wants to prepare a cold soft-drink using 0.2 kg of coke at 25 °C and melting ice
cubes of mass 0.025 kg each. At least how many ice cubes should be added to lower
the temperature below 6 °C? (The specific heat capacity of water and the soft-drink
are 4200 J kg−1 °C−1 and 3470 J kg−1 °C−1. The specific latent heat of fusion of water is
3.34 × 105 J kg−1.)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Answer: B

m
Code: 03A2Q003, Total marks: 1 co
When an object undergoes fusion, which of the following statements is correct?
l.
A. The average kinetic energy due to random motion of the molecules is increasing.
ai

B. The total kinetic energy due to random motion of the molecules is increasing.
gm

C. The potential energy of the molecules is decreasing.

s@

D. The internal energy of the object is increasing.

Answer: D
hy
op

Code: 03A2Q004, Total marks: 1

al

Statement 1: When energy is transferred to a piece of melting ice, the temperature

remains unchanged before the ice melts completely.
Statement 2: The internal energy of a melting ice remains unchanged during fusion.
A. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is a correct explanation for
statement 1.
B. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not a correct explanation
for statement 1.
C. Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
D. Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.
Answer: C

Code: 03A2Q005, Total marks: 1

A beaker of liquid has the same temperature as the surroundings. When the liquid
evaporates, which of the following statements concerning the molecules in the liquid

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is correct?
A. The total internal energy of the molecules increases.
B. The total internal energy of the molecules decreases.
C. The potential energy of the molecules increases.
D. The potential energy of the molecules decreases.
Answer: B

Code: 03A2Q006, Total marks: 1

Statement 1: When water evaporates, the molecules remaining in the liquid have
lower average kinetic energy.
Statement 2: Molecules can gain or lose energy when they collide with each other.
A. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is a correct explanation for
statement 1.
B. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not a correct explanation
for statement 1.

m
C. Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
co
D. Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.
l.
Answer: B
ai
gm

Code: 03A2Q007, Total marks: 1

s@

An ice cube of mass 0.3 kg is heated until it just melts completely. The total energy
supplied is 106.5 kJ. What is the initial temperature of the ice cube?
hy

(The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 3.34  10 5 J kg 1 . The specific heat
op
al

capacity of ice is 2100 J kg 1 C 1 .)

A. 10 C
B. 3 C
C. 3 C
D. 10 C
Answer: C

Code: 03A2Q008, Total marks: 1

Two substances A and B of the same mass are heated from solid to liquid under the
same condition.
Energy is transferred to the substances at the same rate. Their temperatures vary with
time as shown below.

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Active Physics 1 Question Bank

temperature / C

time / min

Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) Substance A has a higher melting point than substance B.
(2) Substance B has a higher specific heat capacity in solid state than in liquid state.
(3) Substance A has a higher specific latent heat of fusion than substance B.
A. (2) only

m
B. (1) and (3) only co
C. (2) and (3) only
l.
D. (1), (2) and (3)
ai

Answer: B
gm
s@

Code: 03A2Q009, Total marks: 1

Two beakers of water labelled as A and B are at a temperature of 70C initially. Some
hy

oil of the same temperature is added to beaker A. Then the two beakers are put on a
op

bench at room temperature to cool down for a long time. Which of the following
al

graphs best shows how the temperatures of the liquids vary with time?
A.
temperature / C

70

0 time / s

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Active Physics 1 Question Bank

B.
temperature / C

70

0 time / s

C.
temperature / C

70

m
B
A
co
0 time / s
l.
ai
gm

D.
temperature / C
s@

70
hy
op

B
al

0 time / s

Answer: A

Code: 03A2Q010, Total marks: 1

500 g ice of an unknown temperature is heated with a 600 W heater. All the ice turns
into 0C water in 5 minutes. Assume that all the energy given out by the heater is
absorbed by the ice, find the original temperature of the ice. Given that the specific
heat capacity of ice is 2100 J kg1C1 and the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is
3.34105 J kg1.
A. 0 C
B. 4.2 C
C. 12.4 C

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D. 16.2 C
Answer: C

Code: 03A2Q011, Total marks: 1

Liquid X and Y of the same mass and temperature are put into a refrigerator to cool
down. The graph below shows the variation of the temperatures of the liquids with
time. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

temperature / C

time / s
0

m
co
(1) The freezing point of X is higher than that of Y.
l.
(2) The specific heat capacity of liquid Y is lower than that of liquid X.
ai

(3) The specific latent heat of fusion of X is higher than that of Y.

gm

A. (1) only
s@

B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
hy

D. (2) and (3) only

op

Answer: C
al

Code: 03A2Q012, Total marks: 1

Solid X is heated by a 1000 W heater inside a beaker as shown in the figure below.
The solid melts and vaporizes gradually. The graph below shows the variation of the
reading of the electronic balance with time (the total mass of the empty beaker and the
heater has already been eliminated). Which of the following statements is/are correct?

reading of the balance / kg

heater

m2
solid X

beaker
m1

electronic balance time / s

0 t1 t2

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 23

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(1) The solid X starts to melt at t1 and boil at t2.

1000  t1
(2) The specific heat capacity of solid X can be calculated with .
m2
(3) The specific latent heat of vaporization of X can be calculated with
1000(t 2  t1 )
.
m2  m1
A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Answer: B

Code: 03A2Q013, Total marks: 1

Two beakers of water labelled as A and B are at a temperature of 70C initially. The
two beakers are put on a bench at room temperature to cool down for a long time. Air

m
is pumped into the water in beaker A with an air pump during the first few minutes of
co
the cooling process. The air pump is removed afterwards. Which of the following
l.
graphs best shows how the temperatures of the liquids vary with time?
ai
gm

A.
temperature / C
s@

70
hy
op

A
al

0 time / s

B.
temperature / C

70

0 time / s

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 24

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

C.
temperature / C

70

B
A
0 time / s

D.
temperature / C

70

m
B co
0 time / s
l.
ai

Answer: B
gm
s@

Code: 03A2Q014, Total marks: 1

When an object undergoes fusion, which of the following statements is/are correct?
hy

(1) The average intermolecular distances between the molecules increases.

op

(2) The internal energy of the object increases.

al

(3) The average kinetic energy of the molecules decreases because some of the
molecules have escaped.
A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Answer: C

Code: 03A2Q015, Total marks: 1

When water vapour condenses, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(1) The average intermolecular distances between the water molecules decreases.
(2) The internal energy of the water decreases.
(3) The average potential energy between the water molecules decreases.
A. (1) only

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 25

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
Answer: C

Structured Questions (< 8 marks)

(Level 1)

Code: 03B1Q001, Total marks: 4

The cooling curve below shows how the temperature of a substance X changes with
time as it cools down from liquid to solid.
temperature / °C

80

m
54 l. co
ai
gm

time / min
s@

a b

(a) What is the freezing point of substance X?

hy

(1 mark)
op

(b) What is the state of X between the time a and b?

(1 mark)
al

(c) In the region beyond b, the curve gradually becomes horizontal. Explain why.
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) 54 °C (1A)
(b) Substance X exists in both liquid and solid states. (1A)
(c) Energy is lost at a slower rate when the temperature of X is closer to the room
temperature (1A). When the temperature of X equals to the room temperature,
there is no heat exchange between X and the surroundings (1A). Hence, the curve
becomes horizontal.

Code: 03B1Q002, Total marks: 7

In an experiment determining the specific latent heat of fusion of wax, a student heats
0.3 kg of solid wax in a water bath. The graph below shows the temperature variation
of the wax. Assume that the water bath transfers heat to the wax at a rate of 110 W.

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 26

Activve Physics 1 Question Bank

m
l.co
ai

Findd
gm

(a) the meltinng point of the wax;

s@

(1 mark)
m
(b) the specifi
fic heat capaacity of the solid wax; and
a
hy

(3 maarks)
op

(c) the specifi

fic latent heaat of fusion of wax.
al

(3 maarks)
Ansswer:
(a) 80 °C (1A)
(b) Applying E = Pt, the energy trannsferred to the
t wax in th
he first 2.8 minutes is
E = 110 × (2.8 × 60) =18 480 J (1M)
(
Q
Applying c  , we have
mT

18 480
c 
0.3  (80  30) (1M+
+1A)
1 1
 1232 J kg C

The speciffic heat capacity of thee solid wax is g−1 °C−1.

i 1232 J kg
(c) Applying E = Pt, the energy trannsferred to the
t wax is
E = 110 × ( 7.4 − 2.8 ) × 60 = 300 360 J. (1M)
(

© Pe
earson Hong
g Kong 2015 27
Active Physics 1 Question Bank

Q
Applying l f  ,we have
m
30 360
lf 
0.3 (1M+1A)
 1.012  10 5 J kg 1
The specific latent heat of fusion of the wax is 1.012 × 105 J kg−1.

Code: 03B1Q003, Total marks: 5

Energy is transferred at equal rate to two substances A and B of the same mass. The
graph shows their temperature variations as they change from liquids to gases.
temperature

m
co
l.
ai

0 time
gm

(a) Which substance has a higher boiling point?

s@

(1 mark)
(b) Which liquid has a higher specific heat capacity? Explain your answer briefly.
hy

(2 marks)
op

(c) Which substance has a higher latent of vaporization? Explain your answer
al

briefly.
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) substance A (1A)
(b) Substance B (1A). This is because liquid B requires longer time and hence more
energy to raise its temperature by 1 °C. (1A)
(c) Substance A (1A). This is because substance A requires longer time and hence
more energy to change from liquid to gas. (1A)

Code: 03B1Q004, Total marks: 4

During a marathon race, Mike generates heat at a rate of 900 W. Approximately 50%
of the energy is lost through evaporation of sweat.
(a) Explain how evaporation of sweat helps the runner to lose heat.
(1 mark)

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 28

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(b) Suppose Mike completes the race in 2.5 hours. Find the mass of water he has to
drink to replenish the evaporated water.
(3 marks)
6 −1
(The specific latent heat of vaporization of water at 37 °C is 2.42 × 10 J kg .)
Answer:
(a) When sweat evaporates, it absorbs latent heat of vaporization from the body. (1A)
(b) Applying E = Pt, the energy generated by Mike within 2.5 hours is
E  900  2.5  60  60 
(1M)
 8.1  10 6 J
The energy lost by evaporation is (8.1 × 106) × 50% = 4.05 × 106 J.
Q
Applying m  , we have
lv
4.05  10 6
m 
2.42  10 6 (1M+1A)
 1.67 kg

m
The mass of water he has to drink to replenish the evaporated water is 1.67 kg.
co
l.
Code: 03B1Q005, Total marks: 6
ai

Jack heats up a kettle of water of mass 2 kg over a gas cooker. The initial water
gm

temperature is 25 °C.
s@

(a) Find the energy absorbed by the water when the water just boils.
(2 marks)
hy

(b) Jack forgets to switch off the gas cooker. When he notices the danger, he
op

switches off the cooker immediately and finds that only 0.5 kg of water left in
al

the kettle. Estimate the energy wasted in boiling the water away.
(2 marks)
(c) If the energy in (b) was converted into electrical energy and supplied to a light
bulb of 100 W. How long could the bulb last?
(2 marks)
−1 −1
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg °C . The specific latent heat of
vaporization of water is 2.26 × 106 J kg−1.)
Answer:
(a) Applying Q = mcT, the energy absorbed is
Q  2  4200  (100  25)
(1M+1A)
 6.3  10 5 J
(b) Applying Q = mlv, the energy wasted is

Q  (2  0.5)  2.26  10
6
(1M+1A)
 3.39  10 6 J

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 29

Activve Physics 1 Question Bank

E
(c) Applying t = P ,

3.39  10 6
t 
1000
 3.39  10 4 s (1M+
+1A)
 9.42 hhrs
The bulb could
c last fo
or 9.42 hourrs.

Code
e: 03B1Q006, Total
T marks: 4

Few
w clothes aree dried in op
pen air as shhown.

m
l.co
ai
gm
s@

Crediit: Gemenacom | Shutterstock

k.com
hy

(a) Name the physical prrocess invollved in dryin

ng the cloth
hes.
op

(1 mark)
m
al

(b) State how w the followiing factors aaffect the tim

me required
d for dryingg the clothess.
(i) The aira temperatture increasses.
(ii) The humidity
h off air increasees.
(iii) Stronnger wind iss present.
(3 maarks)
Ansswer:
(a) evaporatioon (1A)
(b) (i) The timet requireed becomess shorter. (1A)
(ii) The time
t requireed becomess longer. (1A)
(iii) The time
t requireed becomess shorter. (1A)

Code
e: 03B1Q007, Total
T marks: 4

(a) Explain, inn microscop

pic terms, w
why the tem
mperature off a substancee remains
unchangedd during fussion.

© Pe
earson Hong
g Kong 2015 30
Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(2 marks)
(b) Explain, in terms of molecular motion, why evaporation has a cooling effect.
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) When a substance undergoes fusion, energy is absorbed by the molecules to
overcome the attractive force without increase in kinetic energy (1A). Since
temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy due to random motion of
the molecules, the temperature of a substance remains unchanged during
fusion (1A).
(b) During evaporation, the molecules with higher kinetic energy escape from the
liquid (1A). Hence, the average kinetic energy of the molecules remaining in the
liquid will be lowered (1A). As a result, the liquid is cooled down.

Code: 03B1Q008, Total marks: 4

Comment the following statements.

m
(a) A substance with a greater specific heat capacity is a better conductor of heat.
co
(2 marks)
l.
(b) The temperature of an object remains unchanged when it melts. Therefore, its
ai

internal energy also remains unchanged.

gm

(2 marks)
s@

Answer:
(a) The statement is incorrect (1A). The ability of a substance to conduct heat is not
hy

related to its specific heat capacity (1A).

op

(b) The statement is incorrect (1A). The internal energy of the object increases as it
al

melts (1A).

Code: 03B1Q009, Total marks: 7

Energy is transferred to a substance at a constant rate. The figure below shows how
the temperature of the substance varies with time.

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 31

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

temperature

P Q R S T

time

(a) State the regions in which the substance

(i) is melting,
(ii) exists in liquid state only, and
(iii) is vaporizing.

m
co (3 marks)
(b) (i) Compare the specific heat capacities of the substance in solid state and that
l.
in liquid state.
ai

(2 marks)
gm

(ii) Compare the specific latent heat of fusion and the specific latent heat of
s@

vaporization of the substance.

(2 marks)
hy

Answer:
op

(a) (i) The substance is melting in region Q. (1A)

al

(ii) The substance exists in liquid state only in region R. (1A)

(iii) The substance is vaporizing in region S. (1A)
(b) (i) The slope of the graph in region P is greater than that in region R. (1A)
Therefore, the substance has a smaller specific heat capacity in solid state
than in liquid state (1A).
(ii) The substance takes a longer time to vaporize than to melt (1A). Therefore,
its specific latent heat of vaporization is greater than its specific latent heat
of fusion (1A).

Code: 03B1Q010, Total marks: 4

Water has a specific heat capacity of 4200 J kg 1 C 1 and a specific latent heat of

vaporization of 2.26  10 6 J kg 1 .

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 32

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(a) Find the energy required to heat up 5 kg of water from 18 C to its boiling point.
(2 marks)
(b) Find the energy required to boil off the water at its boiling point.
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) The energy required is

Q  mcT  5  4200  (100  18)  1.72  10 6 J (1M+1A)

(b) The energy required is

Q  ml v  5  2.26  10 6  1.13  10 7 J (1M+1A)

Code: 03B1Q011, Total marks: 6

The set-up below is used to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.
When the water starts to boil, the balance reading is recorded. After 2 minutes, the
balance reading is recorded again.

m
to power supply co
l.
ai

500 W electric heater

gm
s@

water
hy

beaker
op

electronic balance
al

The following are the results obtained.

Initial balance reading = 652.1 g
Final balance reading = 627.3 g
(a) Find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.
(2 marks)
(b) The standard value of the specific latent heat of vaporization of water is

2.26  10 6 J kg 1 . Suggest two reasons why the value in (a) is different from the

standard value.
(2 marks)
(c) John suggests that covering the beaker with a lid can improve the accuracy of the
experiment. Do you agree? Explain briefly.

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 33

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) Assume that there is no energy loss to the surroundings. By the law of
conservation of energy
energy supplied by the heater  energy gained by the water
652.1  627.3
500  2  60   lv (1M+1A)
1000
l v  2.42  10 6 J kg 1

The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.42  10 6 J kg 1 .

(b) The experimental value is smaller than the standard value. This is because some
energy supplied by the heater is lost of the surroundings (1A). Besides, steam
condensed on the side of the beaker may fall back into the water (1A).
(c) John is not correct (1A). If the beaker is covered by a lid, most of the water
vapour will condense and fall back into the beaker (1A).

m
co
Code: 03B1Q012, Total marks: 5
l.
In an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of water, a control is
ai

set up using the following apparatus.

gm
s@
hy
op
al

beaker funnel immersion heater crushed ice

(a) Draw the set-up for the control.

(3 marks)
(b) How does the control help to increase the accuracy of the experiment?
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a)

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 34

Activve Physics 1 Question Bank

(1A for putting the ice in

nto the funneel + 1A for pla
acing the beaker under thhe funnel + 1A
A for
the immerssion of the un
nconnected heeater)
immersionn heater (1AA)

m
(b) The controol measuress the mass oof ice meltedd by the heaat from the
co
surroundinngs (1A). Th
herefore, thee actual masss of ice meelted by the heater can be
l.
determineed (1A).
ai
gm

Code
e: 03B1Q013, Total
T marks: 3
s@

Thee following figure show ws a steam irron in a hom me with a raated power of 1000W.
Insiide the steam
m iron, there is an electtric hot platte and a filleed water tannk. Water drrips
hy

fromm the water tank to the hot plate coontinuously y. The waterr is heated aand changess to
op

steaam. Given thhat the speccific heat cap

apacity and thet specific latent heat of vaporizaation
al

water is 4200 J kg1C1

of w 
and 2.26  106 J kg11 respectivelly and the innitial
tem
mperature off the water iss 25C.

(a) Assumingg all the watter dripped oon the hot plate
p changees into steam m, find the
maximum m mass of steeam producced by the irron in a seco ond.
(2 maarks)
(b) If too mucch water is dripped
d ontoo the hot pllate, hot watter will leakk from the irron.
Explain brriefly.
(1 mark)
m

© Pe
earson Hong
g Kong 2015 35
Active Physics 1 Question Bank

Answer:
(a) Let m be the maximum mass of steam produced by the iron in a second.
Q  mcT  ml v
(1000)(1)  (m)(4200)(100  25)  (m)(2.26  10 6 ) (1M+1A)
m  3.88  10  4 kg

(b) Some water may not change to gas if the mass of water dripped onto the hot plate
exceeds the maximum mass of steam produced every second (1A). As a result,
water may leak from the iron.

Code: 03B1Q014, Total marks: 3

There is lots of foreign news that tongues of children get stuck to metal poles when
the children lick the poles in winter.

m
l.co
ai
gm
s@

Credit: 14ktgold – Fotolia.com

(a) Explain briefly why the tongues stick on the metal poles when the children put
hy

their tongues on the poles in winter.

op

(2 marks)
al

(b) Suggest a way to rescue them from sticking their tongues on the metal poles.
(1 mark)
Answer:
(a) When they put their tongues on the poles, heat is readily carried away by the
metal poles in a short time by conduction (1A). The water moisture on the
tongues freezes (1A), so their tongues get stuck on the poles.
(b) Pour some warm water onto the sticking tongues to melt the ice (1A).

Code: 03B1Q015, Total marks: 6

The following figure shows an electric kettle with an unknown power. Water is poured
in it and the kettle is switched on. The water starts to boil after a period of time and
the mass of water decreases steadily at a rate of 29.2 grams per minute. Given that the
specific heat capacity and the specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 4200 J
kg1C1 and 2.26  106 J kg1 respectively.

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 36

Activve Physics 1 Question Bank

Crediit: maxim ibrag

gimov | Shuttersstock.com

(a) Calculate the power of

o the electrric kettle.
(2 maarks)
(b) How longg does it takee to raise thhe temperatuure of 0.8 kg
g of water ffrom 20C to t
100C?
(2 maarks)
(c) By using a better meaasuring insttrument, it is found thatt there is a sslight decrease
in the masss of water before
b the wwater boils. Explain briiefly in term
ms of the
motion off water moleecules.

m
co (2 maarks)
Ansswer:
l.
(a) Let P be thhe power off the kettle.
ai

Applying Q = mlv and d E =Pt, wee have

gm

29.2
( P)(60)  ( 2  10 6 )
)(2.26
s@

1000
P  1099.87 (1M+
+1A)
hy

 1100 W
op

(b) Let t be thhe time taken to boil thee water.

al

Applying Q = mcT and E = Pt, we have

(1099.87))(t )  (0.8)(4200
4 )(100  20)
(1M+
+1A)
t  244 s
It takes 2444 seconds to
t boil 0.8 kkg of water at 20C.
(c) Evaporatioon has takenn place befoore the wateer boils (1A)). Water moolecules at th
he
surface wiith higher kinetic
k energgy have escaaped from the
t liquid too the air (1A).
Thus the total
t mass of
o the kettle of water is reduced.

(Lev
vel 2)

Code
e: 03B2Q001, Total
T marks: 6

Afteer barbecue, we put outt the fire byy splashing the

t burning charcoal w
with a large
amoount of wateer.
(a) State two advantages of using w
water to put out
o the fire.
(2 maarks)

© Pe
earson Hong
g Kong 2015 37
Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(b) The initial temperature of the water is 20 °C. Suppose the temperature and the
mass of the burning charcoal is 800 °C and 2 kg respectively. Estimate the
amount of water required to lower the temperature of the charcoal to 100 °C.
(The specific heat capacity of water and charcoal are 4200 J kg−1 °C−1 and
711 J kg−1 °C−1 respectively. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is
2.26 × 106 J kg−1.)
(4 marks)
Answer:
(a) (any two) (2A)
(1) Water has a high specific heat capacity and specific latent heat of
vaporization. It absorbs large amount of energy when it changes from liquid
to steam and therefore it can cool down the burning charcoal effectively.
(2) Water is non-flammable and non-toxic.
(3) When water boils off, its volume expands by 103 times. The water vapour
could cut off the supply of air to the fire.

m
(4) Water is cheap and easily available. co
(b) Applying Q = mcT, the energy required to remove from charcoal is
l.
Q  2  711  (800  100)
ai

(1M)
 9.954  10 5 J
gm

Let m be the amount of water required.

s@

The energy absorbed by the water when it changes from 20 °C to steam at

100 °C is
hy

Q  mcΔT  ml v
op

 m  4200  (100  20)  m  2.26  10 6 (1M)

al


 2.596  10 6 m 
Assume that all energy released by the charcoal is transferred to the water.
energy removed from charcoal  energy absorbed by water
 
9.954  10 5  2.596  10 6 m (1M+1A)
m  0.383 kg
The mass of water required is 0.383 kg.

Code: 03B2Q002, Total marks: 7

A boy puts 0.5 kg of water at 25 °C into the freezer compartment of a refrigerator. The
water freezes and the temperature of the ice drops to −8 °C.
(a) Sketch a graph to show how the temperature of the water changes with time.
(3 marks)
(b) Find the total energy removed from the water and the ice.

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 38

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(The specific heat capacities of water and ice are 4200 J kg−1 °C−1 and
2100 J kg−1 °C−1 respectively. The specific latent heat of fusion of water is
3.34 × 105 J kg−1.)
(4 marks)
Answer:
(a) temperature / °C

25

time

-8

m
l. co
(1A for the initial and final temperatures + 1A for the shape of the graph + 1A for the labels
ai

of the axes)
gm

(b) Applying Q = mcT, the energy removed in cooling down the water from 25 °C
s@

to 0 °C is
Q  0.5  4200  (25  0)
hy

(1M)
 5.25  10 4 J
op

Applying Q = mlf, the energy removed when the water at 0 °C changes to ice at
al

0 °C is

Q  0.5  3.34  10
5
(1M)
 1.67  10 5 J

Applying Q = mcT, the energy removed in cooling down the ice from 0 °C to
−8 °C is
Q  0.5  2100  [0  (8)]
(1M)
 8400 J
Hence, the total energy removed is
( 5.25 × 104 + 1.67 × 105 + 8400 ) J = 2.279 × 105 J. (1A)

Code: 03B2Q003, Total marks: 5

(a) Define the specific latent heat of fusion of a substance.

(1 mark)

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 39

 Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(b) The figure shows an ice-skater of mass 30 kg moving at a speed of 6.0 m s−1. She
eventually comes to stop due to friction between the skate and the ice. Suppose
the ice is at 0 °C and 50% of the kinetic energy possessed by the skater is
absorbed by the ice. Estimate the mass of the melted ice. State your assumption
1
in your calculation. The kinetic energy of the skater is given by 2mv2.

(The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 3.34 × 105 J kg−1.)

(4 marks)
Answer:
(a) The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the energy required to change
1 kg of the substance from solid to liquid without a change of temperature. (1A)
1
(b) Applying K.E. = 2mv2, the kinetic energy possessed by the ice-skater is

1
K.E.   30  (6.0) 2
(1M)
2

m
 540 J co
Hence, the energy transferred to the ice is 540 × 50% = 270 J.
l.
Q
ai

Applying m  , we have
lv
gm

270
m 
s@

3.34  10 5
 8.08  10  4 kg (1M+1A)
hy

 0.808 g
op

The mass of the melted ice is 0.808 g.

al

It is assumed that the energy is transferred to the same piece of ice. (1A)

Code: 03B2Q004, Total marks: 4

The figure below shows the cooling curve of a substance changing from liquid state to
solid state.

temperature

B C

time

(a) In what state does the substance exists in

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 40

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(i) AB, and

(ii) BC?
(2 marks)
(b) Suppose the rate of heat loss to the surroundings increases. Sketch, in the graph
above, the new cooling curve.
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) (i) The substance exists in liquid state only. (1A)
(ii) The substance exists in both liquid state and solid state. (1A)
(b)
temperature

B C

m
l. co
time
ai

(1A for the freezing point + 1A for the shape of the graph)
gm
s@

Code: 03B2Q005, Total marks: 6

The following set-up is used to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of
hy

water.
op

heater
al

thermometer
kilowatt-hour meter

water

triple beam balance

(a) Describe the experimental procedure for finding the specific latent heat of
vaporization of water.
(4 marks)
(b) Suggest two improvements on the set-up to increase the accuracy of the
experiment.
(2 marks)

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Active Physics 1 Question Bank

Answer:
(a) The beaker of water is heated by the heater (1A). The kilowatt-hour meter
measures the energy supplied to the heater (1A). After boiling starts, the energy E
required to boil off m kg of water is recorded (1A). The specific latent heat of
Q
vaporization of water can then be calculated using the formula l v  (1A).
m
(b) The accuracy of the experiment can be increased by immersing the heater
completely in water (1A), or wrapping the beaker with cotton (1A).

Code: 03B2Q006, Total marks: 7

A solid is heated by a Bunsen burner. The figure below shows how the temperature of
the solid varies with time.
temperature

m
II co
I
l.
ai
gm

time
s@

(a) Describe how the molecular kinetic energy and the molecular potential energy of
the solid changes in
hy

(i) region I, and

op

(ii) region II.

al

(4 marks)
(b) Suppose the solid is replaced by another one of equal mass, but with a lower
melting point, a smaller specific heat capacity and a smaller specific latent heat
of fusion. Sketch in the graph above to show how the solid temperature varies
with time.
(3 marks)
Answer:
(a) (i) In region I, the average molecular kinetic energy of the solid increases (1A)
while the molecular potential energy remains unchanged (1A).
(ii) In region II, the average molecular kinetic energy of the solid remains (1A)
unchanged while the molecular potential energy increases (1A).
(b)

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 42

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

temperature

time

(1A for the melting point + 1A for the specific heat capacity + 1A for the specific latent heat
of fusion)

Code: 03B2Q007, Total marks: 7

The set-up below is used to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.
The graph shows the variation of the reading of the electronic balance with time (the
total mass of the empty beaker and the heater has already been eliminated). The initial

m
temperature of the beaker of water is 25C. co
reading of the balance / kg
l.
1000 W electric heater
ai
gm

0.2
water
s@

beaker
0.147
hy
op

electronic balance time / s

0 63 183
al

(a) How can you estimate the specific heat capacity of water from the graph? Briefly
explain your answer and find the specific heat capacity of water.
(4 marks)
(b) Find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water from the graph.
(2 marks)
(c) Suggest an improvement in the set-up to increase the accuracy of the experiment.
(1 mark)
Answer:
(a) When the water temperature reaches 100C, the water boils and the mass of
water starts to decrease (1A). Thus, the rise in temperature, the energy absorbed
and the mass of water are known when the water starts to boil (1A). We can
Q
estimate the specific heat capacity of water by applying equation c  ,
mT

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 43

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(1M)
Q
c
mT
(1000  63)
 (1A)
(0.2)  (100  25)
 4200 J kg 1 C 1
(b) Applying Q = mlv
Q
lv 
m
(1000)(183  63)
 (1M+1A)
0.2  0.147
 2.26  10 6 J kg 1
Therefore, the specific latent of vaporization of water is 2.26  106 J kg1.
(c) The accuracy can be improved by wrapping the beaker with cotton or using a
foam cup instead of a beaker (1A).

m
co
Structured Questions (≥ 8 marks)
l.
ai

(Level 1)
gm

Code: 03C1Q001, Total marks: 11

s@

immersion
heaters
hy
op

device X
al

crushed
ice

beaker B
beaker A

apparatus B connected to
apparatus A power supply

A student sets up the above apparatus to measure the specific latent heat of fusion of
water. The funnels contain crushed ice at 0 °C. The student switches on the power
supply for 12 minutes. Then he switches it off and waits until the water from the two
funnels drips at a steady rate. The following results are obtained:

Initial reading of device X = 21 150 J

Final reading of device X = 37 300 J

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 44

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

Mass of water in beaker A = 30.1 g

Mass of water in beaker B = 69.8 g

(a) Name device X.

(1 mark)
(b) What is the purpose of apparatus A?
(1 mark)
(c) Why should we use finely crushed ice in this experiment?
(1 mark)
(d) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of water. Account for any difference
between the value obtained and the standard value, 3.34 × 105 J kg−1.
(4 marks)
(e) Would you expect the value obtained to be lower, equal to or higher than the
value obtained in (d) if the experiment is repeated
(i) without apparatus A; and
(ii) by using ice at −5 °C?
Explain your answer in each case.
m
co
(4 marks)
l.
ai

Answer:
gm

(a) joulemeter (1A)

(b) It is used as a control to measure the mass of ice melted due to heat from the
s@

surroundings. (1A)
hy

(c) Finely crushed ice is used to ensure a good thermal contact between the heater
and the ice. (1A)
op

(d) Mass of ice melted by the immersion heater is ( 69.8 − 30.1 ) g = 39.7 g. Energy
al

supplied to the heater is ( 37 300 − 21 150) J = 16 150 J. (1M)

Q
Applying l f  , we have
m
16 150
lf 
0.0397 (1M+1A)
 4.07  10 5 J kg 1
The specific latent heat of fusion obtained is 4.07 × 105 J kg −1. It is larger than
the standard value because there is energy loss to the surroundings (1A).
(e) (i) The value obtained in this case is lower (1A). This is because the mass of
melted ice due to heat gain from the surroundings is taken into account (1A).
(ii) The value obtained in this case is higher (1A). This is because more energy
is consumed in raising the temperature of ice from −5 °C to 0 °C (1A).

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 45

Activve Physics 1 Question Bank

Code
e: 03C1Q002, Total
T marks: 11

A sttudent perfoorms an exp

periment to ddetermine the
t specific latent heat of vaporizaation
of w
water. A beaaker contain
ning water iss placed on an electron
nic balance aas shown. A
heatter is used to
t heat up th
he water. Deevice X is used
u to meassure the eneergy supplieed to
the heater.

(a) Name devvice X.

m
co (1 mark)
m
(b) When the water startss to boil, thee reading off the balance and devicce X are
l.
recorded. After 5 min
nutes, the reeading of thee balance an
nd device X are recordeed
ai

again. Thee following results are obtained:

gm

Initial readding of the balance = 5566.1 g

s@

Final readding of the balance

b = 5555.8 g
he heater = 22.4 × 104 J
Energy suupplied to th
hy

Find
op

(i) the power of thee heater; andd

al

(ii) the sppecific laten

nt heat of vaaporization of water.
(5 maarks)
(c) Compare the
t value ob d value 2.266 × 106 J kg
btained in (bb) (ii) with the standard g−1.
Account for
f any diffeerence betw
ween the two
o values.
(3 maarks)
(d) The studennt suggests covering thhe beaker with
w a lid. Ho
ow would thhe result be
affected? Explain
E you
ur answer bbriefly.
(2 maarks)
Ansswer:
(a) kilowatt-hhour meter (1A)
E
(b) (i) Appllying P  , the pow er of the heeater is
t

© Pe
earson Hong
g Kong 2015 46
Activve Physics 1 Question Bank

2.4  10 4
P 
60  5 +1A)
(1M+
 80 W
The power
p of the heater is 880 W.
(ii) Masss of water boiled away = ( 566.1 − 555.8 ) g = 10.3 g. (1M)
(
Q
Appllying l v  , we havee
m
2.4  10 4
lv 
10.3  10 3 (1M+
+1A)
 2.33  10 6 J kg 1
The specific
s n of water iss 2.33 × 106 J.
lateent heat of vvaporization
(c) The value obtained iss larger thann the standaard value (1A
A). This is b ecause therre is
energy losss to the surrroundings ((1A). Besidees, steam maay condensee on the heaater
and drip back
b into thee beaker (1A
A).
(d) The value obtained will
w be higheer (1A). Thiss is because the water ccondensed

m
under the lid may dro
op back intoo the beakerr (1A).
co
l.
Code
e: 03C1Q003, Total
T marks: 10
0
ai
gm
s@
hy
op
al

A scchematic diagram of a refrigeratorr is shown above.

a A reffrigerant is fforced to flo
ow
arouund the refrigerator. It changes
c froom liquid staate to gas sttate at the evvaporator and it
channges from gas
g state to liquid
l state at the comp
pressor.
(a) Name the physical prrocess that ttakes place in the evapo
orator.
(1 mark)
m
(b) Explain brriefly how food
f inside the refrigerrator is cooled down.
(3 maarks)
(c) Suppose thhe refrigeraant can remoove heat fro
om the insid
de of the refr
frigerator at a

© Pe
earson Hong
g Kong 2015 47
Active Physics 1 Question Bank

rate of 500 W. Find

(i) the time required to cool 2 kg of water from 30 °C to 4 °C; and
(3 marks)
(ii) the time required to change 0.4 kg of water at 0 °C to ice at 0 °C.
(3 marks)
−1 −1
(The specific heat capacity fo water is 4200 J kg °C . The specific latent heat of
fusion of water is 3.36 × 105 J kg−1.)
Answer:
(a) evaporation (1A)
(b) When the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator, it absorbs heat from the inside
of the refrigerator (1A). When the refrigerant is pumped through the compressor
and the condenser, heat is released to the outside of the refrigerator (1A). The
above process repeats and the food inside the compartment can hence be
cooled (1A).
(c) (i) Applying Q = mcT, the energy removed from the water is

m
Q  2  4200  (30  4)
(1M)
co
 2.184  10 5 J
l.
E
ai

Applying t = P , we have
gm

2.184  10 5
t 
s@

500
 436.8 s (1M+1A)
hy

 7.28 min
op

The time required is 7.28 minutes.

al

(ii) Applying Q = mlf, the energy removed from the water is


Q  0.4  3.34  10 5  (1M)
 1.336  10 J5

E
Applying t = P , we have

1.336  10 5
t
500
 267.2 s (1M+1A)
 4.45 min
The time required is 4.45 minutes.

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 48

Activve Physics 1 Question Bank

Code
e: 03C1Q004, Total
T marks: 9

Crediit: Maxim Petricchuk | Shutterstock.com

In a five-hour race,
r a cycliist loses 80%
% of the heaat generated
d by his boddy through
sweeating. Supppose he losees 9.6 kg of water durin
ng the race.
(a) Define thee specific laatent heat off vaporizatio
on of a subsstance.
(1 mark)
m
(b) Explain why
w sweating
g can help tto maintain the body teemperature oof the cyclist.

m
co (2 maarks)
(c) Besides evvaporation, suggest a w
way in which energy is carried awaay from the
l.
cyclist.
ai

(2 maarks)
gm

(d) Determinee the averag

ge power deeveloped by
y the cyclist..
s@

(4 maarks)
6 −1
(The specific laatent heat off vaporizatiion of waterr at 37 °C iss 2.42 × 10 J kg .)
hy

Ansswer:
op

(a) The speciffic latent heeat of vaporrization of a substance is

i the energgy required to
t
al

change 1 kg
k of the su
ubstance froom liquid to gas withou
ut a change oof
temperatuure. (1A)
(b) During thee race, the body
b temperrature of thee cyclist ten
nds to increaase (1A). Wh
hen
sweat evapporates from
m his skin, llatent heat of
o vaporizattion is takenn away (1A).
Hence, hiss body is co
ooled and hiis body tem
mperature is maintained .
(c) Heat can be
b carried away by air from his bo
ody through conductionn (1A). The
cyclist cann also lose heat
h throughh radiation (1A)
( .
(d) Applying Q = mlv, the energy caarried away by evaporation of sweaat is


Q  9.6  2.42  10
6
 (1M)
(
 2.3232  10 7 J

232  10 7
2.32
The energgy generated
d by the cycclist is = 2.904 × 107 J. (1M)
(
80%

© Pe
earson Hong
g Kong 2015 49
Active Physics 1 Question Bank

E
Applying P = t , we have

2.904  10 7
P 
5  60  60 (1M+1A)
 1610 W
The average power developed by the cyclist is 1610 W.

Code: 03C1Q005, Total marks: 9

A liquid of mass 2.5 kg is heated by a 500 W heater. The figure below shows how the
temperature of the liquid varies with time.

temperature / C

40

30

m
co
20
l.
ai

10
gm
s@

time / s
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
hy

(a) Read from the graph,

op

(i) the initial temperature, and

al

(ii) the boiling point of the liquid.

(2 marks)
(b) Find the specific heat capacity of the liquid.
(3 marks)
(c) At 1700 s, the mass of liquid that remains is 0.6 kg.
(i) Explain why the mass of the liquid decreases.
(ii) Find the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid.
(4 marks)
Answer:
(a) (i) The initial temperature of the liquid is 7 C. (1A)
(ii) The boiling point of the liquid is 35 C. (1A)
(b) The energy supplied by the heater in the first 200 s is
E  Pt  500  200  100 000 J (1M)
Assume that all energy released by the heater is transferred to the liquid.

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 50

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

Applying Q  mcT , the specific heat capacity of the liquid is

Q 100 000
c   1430 J kg 1 C 1 (1M+1A)
mT 2.5  (35  7)
(c) (i) Some of the liquid is boiled off. (1A)
(ii) Energy supplied by the heater from 200 s to 1700 s is
E  Pt  500  (1700  200)  750 000 J (1M)
The specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid is
Q 750 000
lv    3.95  10 5 J kg 1 (1M+1A)
m 2.5  0.6

Code: 03C1Q006, Total marks: 8

The figure below shows an experimental set-up for determining the specific latent
heat of fusion of water. The heater is switched on when the ice melts and drips into
the beaker at a steady rate.

m
co
100 W immersion heater
l.
ai
gm

ice
s@
hy
op
al

water

(a) Explain why the ice melts before the heater is switched on.
(1 mark)
(b) The following results are obtained in the experiment.
Mass of empty beaker = 200 g
Mass of beaker with water = 265 g
Time taken to heat the ice = 200 s
(i) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of water.
(3 marks)

(ii) Compare the experimental value with the standard value, 3.34  10 5 J kg 1 .

Account for any difference between the two values.

(2 marks)

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 51

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(c) Suggest two improvements to increase the accuracy of the experiment.

Briefly explain how each of the improvement works.
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) The ice melts as it absorbs energy from the surroundings. (1A)
(b) (i) Energy supplied by the heater in 200 s is
E  Pt  100  200  20 000 J (1M)
Assume that all energy released by the heater is transferred to the ice. The
specific latent heat of fusion of water is
Q 20 000
lf    3.08  10 5 J kg 1 (1M+1A)
m ( 265  200)  10 3
(ii) The experimental value is smaller than the standard value (1A) because
some ice is melted by heat from the surroundings (1A).
(c) The accuracy of the experiment can be increased by setting up a control
apparatus. The actual mass of ice melted by the heater can then be measured

m
correctly (1A). Besides, crushed ice should be used such that the ice has a good
co
thermal contact with the heater (1A).
l.
ai

(Level 2)
gm

Code: 03C2Q001, Total marks: 9

s@

(a) How much energy must be removed from 200 mL of water to lower its
temperature from 20 °C to 0 °C?
hy

(2 marks)
op

(b) How much energy must be transferred to 500 g of ice at −10 °C to change it to
al

water at 0 °C?
(3 marks)
(c) Peter adds two ice cubes into 200 mL of water at 20 °C. The mass and
temperature of each ice cube are 250 g and −10 °C respectively. What is the final
temperature of the mixture? What is the mass of water in the mixture?
(4 marks)
−1 −1
(The specific heat capacities of water and ice are 4200 J kg °C and
2100 J kg−1 °C−1 respectively. The specific latent heat of fusion of water is
3.34 × 105 J kg−1. The density of water is 1 kg L−1.)
Answer:
(a) Mass of water of 200 mL = 200 mL × 1 kg L−1 = 0.2 kg.
Applying Q = mcT, the energy removed is
Q  0.2  4200  (20  0)
(1M+1A)
 1.68  10 4 J

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 52

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

(b) Applying Q = mcT, the energy required to change the temperature of the ice of
500 g from −10 °C to 0 °C is
Q  0.5  2100  [0  (10)]
(1M)
 10 500 J
Applying Q = mlf, the energy required to change the ice at 0 °C to water at 0 °C
is

Q  0.5  3.34  10 5
(1M)
 1.67  10 5 J

The total energy absorbed by the ice is

( 1.05 × 104 + 1.67 × 105 ) J = 1.775 × 105 J. (1A)
(c) When 200 mL of water at 20 °C is mixed with 0.5 kg of ice −10 °C, part of the
ice will melt, resulting in a mixture of water and ice at 0 °C. (1A)
Let m be mass of ice melted.
Assuming that all the energy lost by the water is transferred to the ice

m
energy lost by water of 20 C  energy gained by the ice as its temperature
co
rises from  10 C to 0 C 
l.
ai

latent heat absorbed by the ice (1M)

gm

1.68  10 4  1.05  10 4  m  3.36  10 5

m  0.01875 kg
s@

18.75 g of ice has been melted into water. Therefore, the mass of water in the
hy

mixture is ( 200 + 18.75 ) g = 218.75 g. (1M+1A)

op
al

Code: 03C2Q002, Total marks: 10

(a) Describe, in microscopic terms, what latent heat of fusion of a substance is.
(3 marks)
(b) Compare the increase in molecular potential energy in the fusion of water with
that in the vaporization of water.
(2 marks)
(c) When ice at 0 °C is mixed with equal mass of steam at 0 °C, what is the final
temperature of the mixture? What is the state of the mixture?
(4 marks)
(d) State an application of high latent heat of vaporization of water in our daily life.
(1 mark)
−1 −1
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg °C . The specific latent heat of
fusion of water is 3.34 × 105 J kg−1.The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is
2.26 ×106 J kg−1.)

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 53

Active Physics 1 Question Bank

Answer:
(a) The molecules in a solid are bound by attractive forces (1A). When the solid
melts, energy is required to overcome these forces (1A). The energy required is
called the latent heat of fusion (1A).
(b) The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is much higher than the specific
latent of fusion of water (1A). Therefore, the increase in potential energy of water
molecules in vaporization is higher than that in fusion (1A).
(c) Suppose the ice and steam have the same mass of m kg. The energy gained by
the ice when it changes to water at 100 °C is (3.34 × 105 × m + 4200 × 100 × m)
J = 7.54 m × 105 J (1A). On the other hand, the energy lost by the steam when it
changes to water at 100 °C is 2.26m × 106 J (1A). Since the latent heat released by
steam is much higher than the energy gained when equal mass of ice at 0 °C
changes to water at 100 °C (1A), the final temperature of the mixture is 100 °C.
Water exists as liquid and gas in the mixture. (1A)
(d) (any one) (1A)

m
(1) Steam is used to cook food. co
(2) Water is used to put out fire.
l.
ai

Code: 03C2Q003, Total marks: 12

gm

The figure below shows the cooling curve of 100 g of octadecan-1-ol as it changes
s@

from liquid state to solid state.

temperature / C
hy
op

70
al

65

60

55

time / min
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

© Pearson Hong Kong 2015 54

Activve Physics 1 Question Bank

(a) Describe, with the aid

d of a diagraam, how yo
ou can use th
he apparatuus below to
obtain the cooling currve.

octaddecan-1-ol

water

stand and clamp therm

mometer trippod Bu
unsen burner

(5 maarks)
(b) (i) Find the melting
g point of occtadecan-1-ol from the graph.

m
(ii) A stuudent suggests that the internal eneergy of octaadecan-1-ol remains
co
unchhanged from
m 8.8 min to 14.8 min. Do
D you agreee? Explainn briefly.
l.
ai

(4 maarks)
gm

(c) Supppose the ratee of heat losss to the surrroundings at

a melting ppoint is 45 W.
W
Find the specificc latent heatt of fusion of
o octadecan
n-1-ol.
s@

(3 maarks)
hy

Ansswer:
(a)
op
al

(1A for heaating octadeca

an-1-ol in a w
water bath + 1A
1 for insertiing the therm
mometer into the
boiling tubee)
Heat the solid occtadecan-1--ol in a wateer bath untill it completeely changess
into liquid at about 10 C above itts melting point
p (1A). T
Then, removve
the boiling tube from tthe water baath and let the octadecaan-1-ol to co
ool
down (1A). Record its ttemperaturee every min
nute until thee temperatu
ure

© Pe
earson Hong
g Kong 2015 55
Active Physics 1 Question Bank

falls to a few degrees below its melting point (1A).

(b) (i) From the graph, the melting point of octadecan-1-ol is 59 C (1A).
(ii) The student is not correct (1A). The octadecan-1-ol releases energy to the
surroundings as it changes from liquid to solid (1A). Therefore, its internal
energy should decrease (1A).
(c) The energy lost to the surroundings is
Q  45  (14.8  8.8)  60  16 200 J (1M)
The specific latent heat of fusion of octadecan-1-ol is
16 200
lf   1.62  10 5 J kg 1 (1M+1A)
0.1

Code: 03C2Q004, Total marks: 10

In an experiment, 0.5 kg of substance X is heated by a 2000 W heater. The graph

below shows the temperature variation of the substance when changing from solid
state to liquid state.

m
temperature / C
co
l.
D
ai

63
B C
gm

53
A
s@

25
hy

time / s
0 16.9 62.9 66.9
op

(a) What would be the state(s) of the substance in the following region of the graph?
al

(i) BC
(ii) CD
(2 marks)
(b) Calculate the specific heat capacity of substance X in solid state.
(2 marks)
(c) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of substance X.
(2 marks)
(d) Suppose the experiment is repeated with the power of the heater halved. Copy
the original graph above to the answer book. Sketch, on the same graph, how the
new temperature of substance X varies with time.
(4 marks)
Answer:
(a) (i) The substance exists in both solid and liquid states. (1A)
(ii) The substance exists in liquid state. (1A)

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(b) Applying Q = mcT, the specific heat capacity of substance X in solid state is
given by

(2000)(16.9)  (0.5)(c)(53  25)

(1M+1A)
c  2414 J kg 1 C 1

(c) Applying Q = mlf, the specific latent heat of fusion of substance X is given by

(2000)(62.9  16.9)  (0.5)(l f )

(1M+1A)
l f  184 000 J kg 1

(d) If the power is halved, the time spent in each section of the curve will be
doubled.
old
temperature / C
new
63

53

m
co
25
l.
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time / s
0 16.9 33.8 62.9 66.9 125.8 133.8
gm

(1A for correct melting point + 1A for the same initial temperature + 2A for correct slopes)
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Article Reading
hy

(Level 1)
op
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Code: 03D1Q001, Total marks: 4

Read the following article about electric cars and answer the questions that follow.

Hybrid cars that use both batteries and gas are available commercially, but there are
currently no cars that rely solely on batteries. One of the reasons is that the large
lithium-ion batteries that would be used to power electric cars generate intense heat.
Hybrid carmakers solve this by fitting car battery cases with fans that blow excess
heat away. However, fans are complex and expensive, and, if they fail, they could
have a major meltdown.

Since so much energy is released when the batteries are turned on, it becomes
essential to remove this heat to keep the battery operating safe.
Researchers propose surrounding lithium-ion batteries in wax. By surrounding the
batteries with slow-melting wax, the batteries would be kept at a stable temperature
because the wax would absorb the excess heat as it melts in the form of latent heat.

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When the car is switched off, the heat in the melted wax would be slowly transferred
back to the batteries, preventing them from freezing in the winter.
Source: ‘Wax may make electric cars a reality’, USA Today, August 2002.
(a) How does wax help to keep the batteries at a stable temperature?
(2 marks)
(b) What are the advantages of using wax over using fans for battery temperature
control?
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) When the battery temperature rises above normal, the wax melts and absorbs
latent heat form the batteries (1A). When the battery temperature falls below
normal, heat is transferred from the wax to the batteries (1A).
(b) Wax can help to prevent batteries from freezing (1A). Besides, wax is cheaper
than fans (1A).

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Code: 03D1Q002, Total marks: 3 co
Read the following article about a new cooling vest and answer the questions that
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follow.
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A new, lightweight cooling vest, using ammonia and powered by hydrocarbon fuel,
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could soon be helping US soldiers cope with the heat of battle.

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Some wearable cooling systems already exist and are used by astronauts, for example.
But these are based on pumping cooled water through the vest's tubes. This requires
hy

substantial power, making these systems too heavy to be carried.

op

The new vest still employs water as a coolant, but uses a cooling system powered by
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burning hydrocarbon fuel to remove the heat from the water.

Warm water in the vest's tubes is pumped past an array of microscopic tubes that
contain liquid ammonia. The ammonia absorbs the water’s heat and vaporizes,
cooling the water. This vapour is then condensed and recycled.

The researchers believe a cooling unit, capable of producing 150 watts of cooling
power for up to six hours, should weigh no more than 1.8 kilograms and be compact
enough to fit into a small pocket in the vest.
(a) Briefly describe how ammonia is used to cool down the warm water passing
through the vest’s tubes.
(1 mark)
(b) Estimate the energy that the cooling unit can remove in six hours.
(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) As ammonia vaporizes, it absorbs latent heat of vaporization from the warm

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water. As a result, the water is cooled. (1A)

(b) The energy removed is
E  Pt
 150  6  60  60 (1M+1A)
 3.24  10 6 J

Code: 03D1Q003, Total marks: 6

Read the following article about the rise of sea level and answer the questions that
follow.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the sea levels around
the world have raised fifteen to twenty centimetres in the last century. Some scientists
believe this is a consequence of the global warming. They suggest that the rise of sea
level is due to the thermal expansion of the ocean and the melting of glaciers from
landmasses (NOT from the melting of ice originally floating in the sea). For water
temperature above 4C, the water expands in volume when it is warmed and this

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makes the sea level rise. Moreover the rising temperature weakens the glaciers on
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landmasses and causes parts of them to break off. They fall into the ocean to become
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icebergs and make the sea level rises.
ai
gm

Besides the melting of glaciers from landmasses, will the polar ice caps melt and
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cause the sea level to rise dramatically? About ninety percent of the world’s ice is
located in Antarctica at the South Pole and they contribute to seventy percent of fresh
hy

water in the world. The continent is covered with ice of an average thickness of 2,133
op

meters and the average temperature there is 40C (a very rough estimation). It is far
al

below the freezing point of water most of the time, so there is no danger of large scale
melting in the present situation. However scientists do worry about how much ice is
likely to melt and enter the ocean if the world continues to warm. It is estimated that if
all of the Antarctic ice melted, sea levels around the world would rise about 61 meters.
(a) How does the global warming lead to the rise in sea level?
(2 marks)
(b) A student claims that the energy required to change all the ice in Antarctica to
0C is less than the energy required to melt all the 0C ice to water afterwards.
Briefly comment on his claim according to information given in the article.
Given that the specific heat capacity and the specific latent heat of fusion of ice
is 2100 J kg1C1 and 3.34105 J kg1 respectively.
(4 marks)
Answer:
(a) The global warming leads to the thermal expansion of the ocean (1A) and the

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melting of glaciers from landmasses (1A). Thus these result in a rise of sea level.
(b) The student is correct (1A). According to the article, the average temperature of
the ice in Antarctic is 40C.
The energy needed to raise 1 kg of ice at 40C to 0C
= (2100)(40)(1) (1M)
4
= 8.4  10 J
While the energy needed to melt 1 kg of 0C ice into one kilogram of 0C water
= (3.34  105)(1) (1M)
= 3.34  105 J
Therefore the amount of energy used in changing 1 kg of ice at 0C to 1 kg of
water at 0C is larger. Thus the energy used in changing all the ice to water is
also larger (1A).

Code: 03D1Q004, Total marks: 6

Read the following article about heat stroke and answer the questions that follow.

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The human body can maintain the internal body temperature within safe limits. In hot
co
environment, the temperature control centre in our body will trigger responses such as
l.
sweating and increasing breathing rate to cool down the body. In the extremely hot
ai

environment, when these responses cannot effectively cool down our body
gm

temperature, heat exhaustion or even heat stroke will occur. When the body
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temperature reaches 41 C or higher, the victim will have convulsion or become

unconscious; he is then suffering from heat stroke.
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Precautions for heat stroke

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1. For indoor activities, open all windows, use fan or air-conditioning to maintain
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good ventilation.
2. Avoid doing vigorous exercise in a hot or stuffy environment. Choose an indoor
venue with good ventilation.
3. Wear light-coloured and loose-fitting clothes, wide-brim hat or use umbrella
while going outdoors.
4. Do not go hiking during extremely hot weather.
5. Perform outdoor activities either in the morning or in the evening.
6. Drink plenty of fluid to prevent dehydration.
7. Do not stay inside stationary vehicles.
8. Seek medical advice immediately if feeling unwell.
Source: ‘What is Heat Stroke?’, Department of Health.
(a) Explain why sweating and increasing breathing rate can cool down the human
body. (2 marks)
(b) Explain why wearing light-coloured and loose-fitting clothes helps to prevent
heat stroke. (2 marks)

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(c) Explain why we should avoid staying inside stationary vehicles.

(2 marks)
Answer:
(a) Latent heat of vaporization is absorbed from the body as sweat evaporates (1A).
As the breathing rate increases, more energy is required to warm up the air taken
into the lung (1A). Therefore, both processes can cool down the human body.
(b) Light-coloured clothes can reduce the absorption of radiation and help to prevent
overheat (1A). Loose-fitting clothes can facilitate convection and help to carry
heat away from the body (1A).
(c) Due to the lack of convection, the inside of a stationary vehicle is hot (1A). The
people inside have a relatively higher risk of suffering from heat stroke (1A).

Describe a Method
(Level 1)

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Code: 03E1Q001, Total marks: 6
co
You are given a kilowatt-hour meter, an immersion heater, a beaker of water and an
electronic balance.
l.
ai
gm
s@
hy
op
al

(a) With the aid of a diagram, describe an experiment to find out the specific latent
heat of vaporization of water. (4 marks)
(b) State two precautions for the experiment. (2 marks)
Answer:
(a) Set the experimental set-up as shown below.

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(1A)
Heat the water until it boils. Record the mass of water as m1 and switch on the
kilowatt-hour meter. (1A)
Switch off the heater after 2 minutes. Record the mass of water as m2 and the
kilowatt-hour meter reading E. (1A)
Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization ℓv of water by the following
equation.

(1A)

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(b) Completely immerse the heater into the water. co (1A)
Wrap the beaker with cotton wool. (1A)
l.
(Accept any reasonable answers)
ai
gm

Code: 03E1Q002, Total mark: 7

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You are given two funnels, two beakers, two sets of stands and clamps, two
immersion heaters, a joulemeter and some crushed ice.
hy
op
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(a) With the aid of a diagram, describe an experiment to find out the specific latent
heat of fusion of ice. (4 marks)
(b) Why should crushed ice be used? If ice cubes are used instead, would the
experimental value be higher, or lower than the standard value? (2 marks)
(c) State one precaution for the experiment. (1 mark)
Answer:

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(a) Set the experiment set-up as shown.

(1A)

Switch on the heater in set-up B after the drip rates of the two funnels are about
the same. (1A)
Heat the ice for about 5 minutes and then switch off the heater. Wait for the drip
rates to be about the same, measure the mass mA and mB of the water in the

m
beakers A and B respectively. Record the reading of the joulemeter Q.
co (1A)
The specific latent heat of fusion ℓf of ice can be calculated from the formula
l.
ai

(1A)
gm

(b) To ensure a good contact between the heaters and the ice. (1A)
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If ice cubes are used instead, the experimental value would be higher than the
standard value. (1A)
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(c) Completely immerse the heater into the water. (1A)

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