3–5C Is there any difference between the properties of satu- liquid water boils at 100°C have to be equal to the

al to the amount of
rated liquid at a given temperature and the liquid of a saturated heat released as 1 kg of saturated water vapor condenses at
mixture at the same temperature? 100°C?
3–6C Is it true that water boils at higher temperatures at
3–18C Does the reference point selected for the properties of
higher pressures? Explain. Arab Academy for Science,
a substanceTechnology
have any effect onand Maritime
thermodynamic Transport
analysis? Why? (AASTMT)
3–7C If the pressure of a substance is increased during
3–19C What is the physical significance of hfg? Can it be
a boiling process, will the temperature also increase or will it
remain constant? Why? College of Engineering & Technology
obtained from a knowledge of hf and hg? How? Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Khairy Elsayed
3–8C Why are the temperature and pressure dependent prop- 3–20C Is it true that it takes more energy to vaporize 1 kg of
saturated liquid water at 100°C than it would at 120°C?
Course title: Thermodynamics II
erties in the saturated mixture region? Course code: ME 333
3–9C What is the difference between the critical point and 3–21C What is quality? Does it have any meaning in the
superheated vapor region?
the triple point? Sheet3–22C
1: Review on Thermodynamics
Which process requires more energy: completely
3–10C Is it possible to have water vapor at 10°C?
vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 1 atm pressure or
3–11C A househusband is cooking beef stew for his family in completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 8 atm
a pan that is (a) uncovered, (b) covered with a light lid, and pressure?
(c) covered with a heavy lid. For which case will the cooking
time be the shortest? Why? 3–23C Does hfg change with pressure? How?

A Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis

3–12C How does the boiling process at supercritical pres-
sures differ from the boiling process at subcritical pressures?
3–24C Can quality be expressed as the ratio of the volume
occupied by the vapor phase to the total volume?

Property Tables 3–25C In the absence of compressed liquid tables, how is

Property Tables
3–13C In what kind of pot will a given volume of water boil
the specific volume of a compressed liquid at a given P and T
determined?
at a higher temperature: a tall and narrow one or a short and
1. wide
Complete this table for H2 O:
one? Explain. 3–26 Complete this table for H2O:
3–14C A perfectly fitting pot and its lid often stick after
cooking, and it becomes very difficult to open the lid when the T, °C P, kPa v, m3/kg Phase description
50 4.16
200 Saturated vapor
*Problems designated by a “C” are concept questions, and 250 400
students are encouraged to answer them all. Problems designated
110 600
by an “E” are in English units, and the SI users can ignore them.
Problems with a CD-EES icon are solved using EES, and
complete solutions together with parametric studies are included
on the enclosed CD. Problems with a computer-EES icon are
3–27 Reconsider Prob. 3–26. Using EES (or other)
2. A cooking pan whose inner diameter is 20 cm is filledsoftware,
with water
comprehensive in nature, and are intended to be solved with a determineand covered
the missing with
properties a 4-kg lid. If the local atmospheric pressure is
of wa-
101 kPa, determine the temperature at which
ter. the water
Repeat will for
the solution
computer, preferably using the EES software that accompanies start boiling when
refrigerant-134a, it is heated.
refrigerant-22, and
this text. ammonia.

3. A piston-cylinder device initially contains 50 L of liquid water at 25 ◦ C and 300 kPa. Heat is added to the water at constant
pressure until the entire liquid is vaporized. (a) What is the mass of the water? (b) What is the final temperature? (c) Determine
the total enthalpy change. (d ) Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines
Ideal Gas
4. The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air in the tire. When the air temperature is 25 ◦ C , the
pressure gage reads 210 kPa. If the volume of the tire is 0.025 m3 , determine the pressure rise in the tire when the air temperature
in the tire rises to 50 ◦ C . Also, determine the amount of air that must be bled off to restore pressure to its original value at this
temperature. Assume the atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa.

5. The pressure gage on a 1.3-m3 oxygen tank reads 500 kPa. Determine the amount of oxygen in the tank if the temperature is
24 ◦ C and the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa.

1
 B Properties of Pure Substances
Boundary Work
6. A piston-cylinder device with a set of stops contains 10 kg of refrigerant-134a. Initially, 8 kg of the refrigerant is in the liquid form,
and the temperature is -8 ◦ C . Now heat is transferred slowly to the refrigerant until the piston hits the stops, at which point the
volume is 400 L. Determine (a) the temperature when the piston first hits the stops and (b) the work done during this expansion
process. Also, show the process on a P-V diagram.

Conservation of Mass
7. A hair dryer is basically a duct of constant diameter in which a few layers of electric resistors are placed. A small fan pulls the air
in and forces it through the resistors where it is heated. If the density of air is 1.20 kg/m3 at the inlet and 1.05 kg/m3 at the exit,
determine the percent increase in the velocity of air as it flows through the dryer.

8. The ventilating fan of the bathroom of a building has a volume flow rate of 30 L/s and runs continuously. If the density of air inside
is 1.20 kg/m3 , determine the mass of air vented out in one day.

2
 C Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Closed-System Energy Balance: General Systems
9. The radiator of a steam heating system has a volume of 20 L and is filled with superheated vapor at 300 kPa and 250 ◦ C . At this
moment both the inlet and exit valves to the radiator are closed. Determine the amount of heat that will be transferred to the room
when the steam pressure drops to 100 kPa. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.

10. A well-insulated rigid tank contains 5 kg of a saturated liquidvapor mixture of water at l00 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass
is in the liquid phase. An electric resistor placed in the tank is connected to a 110-V source, and a current of 8 A flows through
the resistor when the switch is turned on. Determine how long it will take to vaporize all the liquid in the tank. Also, show the
process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.

11. An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of the tank contains 2.5 kg of compressed liquid water at
60 ◦ C and 600 kPa while the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the water expands to fill the entire tank.
Determine the final temperature of the water and the volume of the tank for a final pressure of 10 kPa.

Closed-System Energy Balance: Ideal Gases

12. A 4-m × 5-m × 7-m room is heated by the radiator of a steam-heating system. The steam radiator transfers heat at a rate of
10,000 kJ/h, and a 100-W fan is used to distribute the warm air in the room. The rate of heat loss from the room is estimated to
be about 5000 kJ/h. If the initial temperature of the room air is 10řC, determine how long it will take for the air temperature to rise
to 20 ◦ C . Assume constant specific heats at room temperature.

3
 13. A student living in a 4-m × 6-m × 6-m dormitory room turns on her 150-W fan before she leaves the room on a summer day,
hoping that the room will be cooler when she comes back in the evening. Assuming all the doors and windows are tightly closed
and disregarding any heat transfer through the walls and the windows, determine the temperature in the room when she comes
back 10 h later. Use specific heat values at room temperature, and assume the room to be at 100 kPa and 15 ◦ C in the morning
when she leaves.

14. An insulated rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. Initially, one part contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 800 kPa and
50 ◦ C , and the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the gas expands into the entire tank. Determine the
final temperature and pressure in the tank.

15. A mass of 15 kg of air in a piston-cylinder device is heated from 25 to 77 ◦ C by passing current through a resistance heater inside
the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during the process, and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs.
Determine the electric energy supplied, in kWh.

16. A room is heated by a baseboard resistance heater. When the heat losses from the room on a winter day amount to 6500 kJ/h,
the air temperature in the room remains constant even though the heater operates continuously. Determine the power rating of
the heater, in kW.

Steady-Flow Energy Balance: Nozzles and Diffusers

17. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200 ◦ C , and 30 m/s and leaves at 100 kPa and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the
nozzle is 80 cm2 . Determine (a) the mass flow rate through the nozzle, (b) the exit temperature of the air, and (c) the exit area of
the nozzle.

18. Steam at 5 MPa and 500 ◦ C enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 80 m/s, and it leaves at 2 MPa and 400 ◦ C . The inlet area
of the nozzle is 50 cm2 , and heat is being lost at a rate of 90 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the exit
velocity of the steam, and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.

19. Air at 80 kPa and 127 ◦ C enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily at a rate of 6000 kg/h and leaves at 100 kPa. The velocity of the
airstream is decreased from 230 to 30 m/s as it passes through the diffuser. Find (a) the exit temperature of the air and (b) the
exit area of the diffuser

4
 20. Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 1 MPa and 500 ◦ C with a mass flow rate of 6000 kg/h and leaves at 100
kPa and 450 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 40 cm2 . Determine (a) the inlet velocity and (b) the exit temperature.

21. Nitrogen gas at 60 kPa and 7 ◦ C enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s and leaves at 85 kPa and 22 ◦ C .
Determine (a) the exit velocity of the nitrogen and (b) the ratio of the inlet to exit area A1 /A2 .

Turbines and Compressors

22. Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the steam are 10 MPa, 450 ◦ C , and 80 m/s, and the
exit conditions are 10 kPa, 92 percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 12 kg/s. Determine (a) the change
in kinetic energy, (b) the power output, and (c) the turbine inlet area.

23. Argon gas enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 900 kPa and 450 ◦ C with a velocity of 80 m/s and leaves at 150 kPa with a
velocity of 150 m/s. The inlet area of the turbine is 60 cm2 . If the power output of the turbine is 250 kW, determine the exit
temperature of the argon.

24. Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 25 ◦ C with a low velocity and exits at 1 MPa
and 347 ◦ C with a velocity of 90 m/s. The compressor is cooled at a rate of 1500 kJ/min, and the power input to the compressor
is 250 kW. Determine the mass flow rate of air through the compressor.

25. Helium is to be compressed from 120 kPa and 310 K to 700 kPa and 430 K. A heat loss of 20 kJ/kg occurs during the compression
process. Neglecting kinetic energy changes, determine the power input required for a mass flow rate of 90 kg/min.

5
 26. Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa and 300 K at a rate of 0.5 kg/s and leaves at 600 kPa and 450 K.
Neglecting kinetic energy changes, determine (a) the volume flow rate of the carbon dioxide at the compressor inlet and (b) the
power input to the compressor.

Throttling Valves
27. Refrigerant-134a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 800 kPa to a pressure of 140 kPa. Determine the temperature drop
during this process and the final specific volume of the refrigerant.

28. A well-insulated valve is used to throttle steam from 8 MPa and 500 ◦ C to 6 MPa. Determine the final temperature of the steam.

Mixing Chambers and Heat Exchangers

29. A hot-water stream at 80 ◦ C enters a mixing chamber with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s where it is mixed with a stream of cold
water at 20 ◦ C . If it is desired that the mixture leave the chamber at 42 ◦ C , determine the mass flow rate of the cold-water
stream. Assume all the streams are at a pressure of 250 kPa

30. In steam power plants, open feedwater heaters are frequently utilized to heat the feedwater by mixing it with steam bled off the
turbine at some intermediate stage. Consider an open feedwater heater that operates at a pressure of 800 kPa. Feedwater at
50 ◦ C and 800 kPa is to be heated with superheated steam at 200 ◦ C and 800 kPa. In an ideal feedwater heater, the mixture
leaves the heater as saturated liquid at the feedwater pressure. Determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the feedwater and
the superheated vapor for this case.

31. Steam enters the condenser of a steam power plant at 20 kPa and a quality of 95 percent with a mass flow rate of 20,000 kg/h.
It is to be cooled by water from a nearby river by circulating the water through the tubes within the condenser. To prevent thermal
pollution, the river water is not allowed to experience a temperature rise above 10 ◦ C . If the steam is to leave the condenser as
saturated liquid at 20 kPa, determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water required.

6
32. Steam is to be condensed in the condenser of a steam power plant at a temperature of 50 ◦ C with cooling water from a nearby
lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 18 ◦ C at a rate of 101 kg/s and leaves at 27 ◦ C . Determine the rate of
condensation of the steam in the condenser.

33. A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is used to cool oil (C p = 2.20 kJ/kg ◦ C ) from 150 ◦ C to 40 ◦ C at a rate of
2 kg/s by water (C p = 4.18 kJ/kg ◦ C ) that enters at 22 ◦ C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat
exchanger and the exit temperature of water.

7
 D Mass And Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
34. An automobile engine consumes fuel at a rate of 28 L/h and delivers 60 kW of power to the wheels. If the fuel has a heating value
of 44,000 kJ/kg and a density of 0.8 g/cm3 , determine the efficiency of this engine.

Energy Conversion Efficiencies

35. The space heating of a facility is accomplished by natural gas heaters that are 80 percent efficient. The compressed air needs
of the facility are met by a large liquid-cooled compressor. The coolant of the compressor is cooled by air in a liquid to-air heat
exchanger whose airflow section is 1.0 m high and 1.0 m wide. During typical operation, the air is heated from 20 ◦ C to 52 ◦ C as it
flows through the heat exchanger. The average velocity of air on the inlet side is measured to be 3 m/s. The compressor operates
20 h a day and 5 days a week throughout the year. Taking the heating season to be 6 months (26 weeks) and the cost of the
natural gas to be $0.50/therm (1 therm =105,500 kJ), determine how much money will be saved by diverting the compressor
waste heat into the facility during the heating season.

Carnot Heat Engines

36. A Carnot heat engine operates between a source at 1000 K and a sink at 300 K. If the heat engine is supplied with heat at a rate
of 800 kJ/min, determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the power output of this heat engine.

37. A Carnot heat engine receives 650 kJ of heat from a source of unknown temperature and rejects 200 kJ of it to a sink at 17 ◦ C .
Determine (a) the temperature of the source and (b) the thermal efficiency of the heat engine.

38. In tropical climates, the water near the surface of the ocean remains warm throughout the year as a result of solar energy
absorption. In the deeper parts of the ocean, however, the water remains at a relatively low temperature since the sun’s rays
cannot penetrate very far. It is proposed to take advantage of this temperature difference and construct a power plant that will
absorb heat from the warm water near the surface and reject the waste heat to the cold water a few hundred meters below.
Determine the maximum thermal efficiency of such a plant if the water temperatures at the two respective locations are 24 and
3 ◦C .