Chapter 6: Tropical Climate: Hot and Dry Climate

Study Guide in AVT 111- Architectural Visual Techniques 1 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.
0 03-June-2020
(Course Code & Title) Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)
Chapter 6 : Tropical Climate: Hot and Dry Climate

This type of Climate prevails around 15 Degree from Equator in the Northern hemisphere and 30
degrees from equator in southern hemisphere
6.0 Characteristics of Hot and Dry Climate
6.0.1 Temperature:
1. In this type of Climate temperature is usually very hot.
2. It can very easily go up to 50° and even more in summers.
3. The difference between day and night temperature is very high ( 15 to 20 Degree
celcius)
6.0.2 Humidity:
1. Due to very hot and harsh sun rays.
2. Humidity is very low
3. It generally varies between 10 to 50 percentage.
6.0.3 Precipitation:
1. As the air is totally hot and dry in this type of climate.
2. Precipitation is very low
3. It may vary between 50 to 150mm per year.
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

Study Guide in AVT 111- Architectural Visual Techniques 1 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020
6.0.4 Sky Conditions:

1. Sky is normally clear and blue in this type of Climate
2. Sometimes dust storms fill complete the sky
3. And these dusty skies create unbearable glare.
6.0.5 Solar radiations:

1. Solar radiations are direct and strong during day times
2. And these often escapes into open clear skies during nights.
6.0.6 Wind:
1. High speed dusty winds are very common for this type of climate.
2. Wind speed may vary between 20 to 30 kilometer per hour
3. Wind often change directions locally
6.0.7 Soil and Vegetation:

1. Soil is very loose and sandy
2. Low humidity and less rain fall results in poor vegetation.
3. Only thick leaves and thorny plants can easily survive here
6.1 Main Objective:

1. Architects main objective is to avoid hot sun as far as possible.
2. To capture as much cool air as possible.
3. To provide protection from dust storms.
HOT AND DRY ZONES:

6.2 Rural Architecture of Hot and Dry Zones:

1. External look is almost dead to avoid sun
2. Exterior is light in colour again to avoid absorption of heat.
3. Surface area exposed to sun is minimum.
4. Units are embedded deep into ground.
5. Thicker mud walls act as good insulating materials
6. Smaller size of windows limit glare of solar radiations.
7. Street are narrow
8. Units are very closely placed.
6.3 Design / Planning Concepts:

6.3.1 Orientation
1. North – South orientation best suits for this type of climate as it protects from morning and
evening solar radiations.
2. Apart from this local site conditions and its surroundings also plays major role in deciding
orientation.
3. Bedrooms should be oriented to received cool night air.
6.3.2 House Plan

1. Compact plans are preferred as these will expose minimum surface to harsh solar
radiations.
2. Deeper rooms are better against hot outside solar radiations.
3. Inward looking plans best suits for this type of climate as these straight away protect us
from external solar heat and radiations.
4. Courtyard planning along with some trees and small water body creates very good cool.
Microclimate as evaporative cooling effects occurs in this type of courtyard.
5. Thicker external walls with minimum windows should be used to avoid heat and solar
radiations
6. Heat producing areas should be separated from other areas of house.

6.3.3 Roofs
1. Roof should be insulated from hot solar radiations
2. Thicker insulating materials should be used for this.
3. A light coloured or totally white terrace surface will reduce effect of hot solar radiations.
4. Roofs should be made higher so that radiations from ceiling is less harsh and there is
enough space for hot dicipated air.
6.3.4 Openings
1. External openings should be small.
2. Eastern and Western side windows should be protected by trees.
3. Large glass areas should be avoided.
4. Deep sun shades are required to shade windows effectively.
5. It would be more effective, if we somehow, separate our sun shades from main structure
6. Window sill should be higher to provide dust protection.
6.3.5 Interiors
1. Light cool colours should be used for interiors.
2. Surfaces that may reflect radiations should be painted dark to reduce glaring effect.
6.3.6 Exteriors
1. Dark surfaces should be avoided as these would absorb heat.
2. Light coloured / shiny reflective surfaces should be used to reflect solar heat.
3. Provide as much green surface as possible as this will cool the surrounding.
4. Avoid hard paved surfaces as these may create glare and radiate heat inside the building.

A well protected embedded in ground

building way better this type of climate
6.3.7 Some Construction Techniques / Materials used for Hot Dry Zones
1. Hollow block construction technique also help in Thermal insulation of buildings
2. Double roof technique to protect main structure from Solar Heat.
3. Another building showing double roof technique to protect main structure fron Solar
Heat.

4. Hot Solar radiations can be converted in useful electricity by using photovoltaic cells.
5. Sun protection devices (Pergolas) are used to protect front facades of Hot Dry Region
6. Use of Orial windows and different type of louvered sun shades also reduce sun’s
harshness,
7. Thick thermal insulating material is used to protect building from top sun.

8. Use of deeper entrance door and broad eaves to protect from glare of sun.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Midterm Activities:
1. Data Gathering and Drawing details
Final Activities:
1. Case Study of Existing structure
2. Proposed Vacation House for tropical setting.
REFERENCES
A. Books and E books:

 Aronin, J. E., Climate and Architecture New York: Reinhold, 1953
 Barreneche, R. A. Tropical Modern Thames and Hudson, London 2003
 Cain, A., Asfar, F., y Norton, J. Indigenous Building and the third world,
Architectural Design Vol 45, #4 April, 1975 Pag. 207-224
 Danz, E., Architecture and the Sun: an international survey of sun protection
methods, London: Thames and Hudson, 1967.
 Design of Low Cost Housing and Community Facilities, vol. 1: Climate and house
design. New York: United Nations, 1971
 Fry, M. and Drew, J., Tropical Architecture in the Dry and Humid Zones. Londres:
Bstford, 1964
 Koenisberger, O. H., Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. Part 1: Climatic
Design.
 Lippsmeier, G., Building en the Tropics, Munich: Callwey, 1969
 Mather, J.R., Climatology: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1974
 Olyay, V., and Olgyay, A., Solar Control and Shading Devices. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1957
 Van Straaten, J. F., Thermal Performance of Buildings. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1967
 Wright, D., Natural Solar Architecture: a passive primer. Florencia, KY: Van Nostand
Reinhold, 1978
B. Electronic Sources / websites:

http://agron-www.agron.iastate.edu/courses/Agron541/classes/541/lesson08a/541L8.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212609015300261
https://bspace.buid.ac.ae/bitstream/1234/139/1/100119.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/doc/249009435/Revew-Tropical-Design-Lecture
http://www.sdecng.net/Files/Lectures/FUTA-ARC-
810%20Applied%20Climatology/Current%20Lecture%20Materials/Introduction%20to%20Building%20Climatolo
gy/Introduction%20to%20Building%20Climatology%20-%20Chapter%204%20-
%20Shading%20Devices%20OCR.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/document/421204073/TROPICAL-ARCHITECTURE
https://www.academia.edu/31112889/TROPICAL_DESIGN_THEORIES_CONCEPTS_AND_STRATEGIES

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Study Guide in AVT 111- Architectural Visual Techniques 1 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

(Course Code & Title) Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)