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Anatomical Terminology

• Directional Terminology:
– anterior/posterior (ventral/dorsal)
– medial/lateral
– superior/inferior
– proximal/distal

• Anatomical Position:
– Standing upright
– Facing forward
– Palms facing anteriorly
– Feet forward
– Neutral position for every joint
Anatomical Terminology Continued
• Planes of Section:
– Coronal (Frontal) – divides a
structure into anterior and
posterior parts
– Sagittal – divides a structure
into right and left halves
– Transverse (Horizontal) –
divides a structure into
superior and inferior parts

• Special Directional Terms:


– Cranial/Caudal
– Rostral/Caudal
– Ventral/Dorsal
Lab 1

The Axial Skeleton


Textbook Chapter 7
Learning Objectives/Goals
• Review anatomical position and practice applying it
• Review planes and categorize movements within each
of the planes
• Review classes of bony landmarks
• Differentiate axial from appendicular skeleton
• Differentiate cranial from facial bones
• Identify bones, bony landmarks, and cartilages of the
axial skeleton
• Name the regions of the vertebral column and the
number of vertebrae within each region
• Orient bones (including right from left)
General Bone Markings Terms

Table 6.1 in your text


Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton
Regions of the Axial Skeleton

3 Regions of the Axial Skeleton:

• Skull (cranial bones, facial bones)

• Vertebral column

• Thoracic cage (ribs, sternum,


thoracic vertebrae)
The Skull

• 22 bones that form the skull

• 8 cranial bones surround cranial


cavity which encloses the brain

• 14 facial bones support teeth, facial,


and jaw muscles
Cranial vs. Facial Bones of the Skull

Cranial Bones (8) Facial Bones (14)


• Frontal bone • Maxillae (2)
• Parietal bones (2) • Palatine bones (2)
• Temporal bones (2) • Zygomatic bones (2)
• Occipital bone • Lacrimal bones (2)
• Sphenoid bone • Nasal bones (2)
• Ethmoid bone • Inferior nasal conchae (2)
• Vomer
• Mandible
Posterior View of Skull

Occipital Bone

External occipital protrusion


Inferior View of the Skull
Anterior-Superior View of Skull

Frontal Bone
Anterior View of Skull - Face
Superior View of Skull

Frontal Bone

L. R.
Parietal Parietal
Bone Bone

Occipital
Lateral View of Skull

Temporal
Bone
Landmarks of the Temporal Bone

External
Auditory
Meatus
Superior View of Base of Skull
Inferior-Posterior View of Skull – Mandible Removed
Anterior View of Orbit
Superior View of Base of Skull

The crista galli


and cribriform
plate are parts of
the Ethmoid
Bone.
The ethmoid bone also contributes to the medial wall of the orbit.
The lacrimal bone also forms part of the medial wall of the orbit.
Bones Forming the Nasal Septum

Perpendicular Plate
(ethmoid)

Vomer Bone
Nasal Conchae

Nasal Conchae
Nasal Bones
Inferior View of Skull – Mandible
Removed
The Mandible
Body
The Hyoid

Looks like a mini-mandible

Located immediately
inferior to the mandible

Only bone in the skeleton


that does not articulate
directly with another bone
Posterior View of Mandible

Alveoli –
individual
sockets for
the teeth
Cranial Foramina
Olfactory Optic

Rotundum

Ovale

Spinosum
Internal
Acoustic
Meatus

Foramen
Magnum

Jugular
Hypoglossal
Canal
Internal
Acoustic
Meatus

Jugular Canal
Lacernum

Carotid Canal
The Vertebral Column

Cervical Vertebrae
C1-C7

Thoracic Vertebrae
T1-T12

Lumbar Vertebrae
L1-L5

Sacrum

Coccyx
General Features of Vertebrae

Lamina – portion of
the vertebral arch
between the
transverse process
and spinous process

Pedicle – portion of
vertebral arch
extending posteriorly
from the body
Body
Vertebral Arch
C1 - Atlas

No true body
Transverse Process

Inferior Articular
Surfaces are located
inferiorly and are less
concave
C2 - Axis

Body

Superior Articular
Surface

Spinous Process
Articulated C1 and C2
Cervical Vertebrae (C2-C7)
Transverse Foramen

Body
Transverse Process Pedicle

Superior Articular
Lamina
Surface
Superior View

Inferior View Bifid Spinous Process

Inferior Articular
Surface
Vertebral Foramen
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Pedicle
Body

Superior Articular Transverse Process


Surface
(facing posteriorly)
Superior View
Lamina
Inferior View

Spinous Process
Inferior Articular
Surface
(facing anteriorly)
Vertebral Foramen
Lateral View of Thoracic Vertebra
Costovertebral Articulation
Lateral View
Superior View

Tubercle of rib articulates with


the facet on the transverse
process of a single vertebra. Head of rib articulates with the
articular facets on the bodies of
two vertebrae.
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
Pedicle

Superior Articular Transverse Process


Surface
(facing medially)
Superior View
Lamina
Inferior View

Spinous Process
Inferior Articular
Surface
(facing laterally)
Vertebral Foramen
The Sacrum – 5 Fused Vertebrae

Body

Anterior View
Superior Articular
Process

Posterior View
Posterior View
The Coccyx – 3-5 Fused Vertebrae
Intervertebral Foramina

An individual intervertebral foramen is formed by the


pedicles of two stacked vertebrae…and allows passage of
a spinal nerve.
The Ribs – 12 Pairs
True Ribs: 1-7 (attach directly to the sternum via an individual costal cartilage)

False Ribs: 8-12 (not directly attached to the sternum)

Floating Ribs: 11 & 12 (no attachment to the sternum)


The Floating Ribs

11

12
Costal Extremity Body/Shaft

Inferior View

Neck
Inferior
View

Articular Facet of
the Tubercle

Inferior Articular Superior Articular Facet


Facet of the Head of the Head
The Sternum

Costal Cartilages
Jugular Notch

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid Process

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