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Mahatma Jotirao Phule was a great proactive social thinker during the 19 th century. His
thoughts regarding Human Liberation were far reaching and similarly his work in this
regard was great. These thoughts are reflected in his life also.
He delved into the root cause of the difficult and painful life of the masses including
villagers, farmers, labourers, women and the downtrodden in society.
He found that the factors behind the deterioration of society were : Ignorance,
Exploitation and Slavery based on religious and financial exploitation.
After identifying these factors, he strongly condemned them. He fought throughout his
life in order to grant Natural Human Rights to the deprived sections of society. He
minutely studied the people who had lost their sensitivity to suffering because of
ignorance, injustice and the wrong traditions in society. Jotirao dreamt of creating a new
society through the welfare of such people.
Jotirao's ancestors belonged to the village Katgun, Tal. Khatav, Dist. Satara. Their family
name was Gorhe. Jotirao's great grandfather- Kondiba Gorhe was the 'Chougule' of the
village. As a result of difference of opinion, there was a dispute between Shri. Kondiba
Gorhe (´Chougule ' of the village) and the ´ Kulkarni' of the village. As a result of this
dispute, there was a scuffle between them and ultimately 'Kulkarni' was killed. In order to
prevent being charged for murder and to save his own life, Shri Kondiba Gorhe migrated
from village Katgun and came to village Khanawadi, Tal. Purandar, Dist. Pune.
Later on, Kondiba's son Shetiba left Khanawadi because of famine and settled in Pune.
After coming to Pune, he was engaged in preparing different objects from flowers, for the
ruling Peshwe(rulers of Pune). With this, a new surname- 'Phule', was conferred upon
him.
Shetiba had three sons- Ranoji, Krushnaji and Govind. Govindrao was married to one
Chimnabai. Joti was one of their sons. This Joti was later on glorified as Mahatma Jotirao
Phule-the noble founder of Social Revolution in India.
Taking into consideration, Jotirao's enthusiasm and interest in education, their neighbours
– Shri. Munshi Gafar Beg and Mr. Lijit – advised that even after the break in education,
Jotirao should continue with his further education in English. With this advice, Jotirao's
name was enrolled in an English school, in 1841.
While studying in school, Jotirao read a book- ' Rights of Man', written by Thomas Paine.
This book gave him a new insight into social transformation. After completing his
education, instead of taking a job, Jotirao helped his father in his profession. During this
period (1848) an important incident took place in his life. On the basis of his caste,
Jotirao was humiliated in the marriage of a friend at the hands of the upper caste mob. He
condemned this as social injustice. He realised that education is the best and the most
powerful medicine for the liberation of the underprivileged social components such as the
downtrodden ('Shudras/ Atee Shudras') communities and many social components under
pressure. Fired by this realisation he started his struggle for the liberation of the lower
castes. He started working for the cause of establishing equality by eradication of -
hierarchy in society, ignorance & poverty.
He started the first school for girls, at Pune, in the year 1848. He advocated Education for
women- female students from the downtrodden (Shudras/ Atee Shudras) communities
and adults. He started schools. He established institutes like the 'Pune Female Native
Schools' and the 'Society for Promoting Education for Mahar, Mangs'.
Jotirao prepared his wife Savitribai to teach in the girls' school, with a view to educating
the women first, in order to bring in the value of equality at home. Savitribai had to face
bitter opposition from the orthodox people in the society for teaching girls and people
from the underprivileged groups in the school. Despite this bitter opposition, Jotirao and
Savitribai continued their work with sincerity. Jotirao was the first Indian to start a school
for girls and women. His work in the field of Education obtained recognition from the
British Government and Jotirao was felicitated in a special programme held on 16th
November, 1852.
During those days, the untouchables were forbidden to fetch water from public sources of
water (public wells). Jotirao allowed the untouchables to fetch water from the well in the
premises of his house.
In order to institutionalise social education, and have a continuous follow up, Jotirao
established 'Satyashodhak Samaj' on 24th September 1873. Motivation from St. Kabir's
thoughts played an important role in the establishment of the Satyashodhak Samaj. In
order to destroy social and religious slavery, the Satyashodhak Samaj established by
Jotirao, emphasised & re-emphasised the following :
• Equality.
• Brotherhood.
• Non-requirement of middlemen in religious matters.
The required educational system for the downtrodden, women & underprivileged sections
of society- was mentioned in various programmes of Satyshodhak Samaj and it is also
reflected in Jotirao's writings.
One of the associates of Mahatma Jotiba Phule, Shri. Hari Raoji Chiplunkar, had
arranged a banquet in honour of the British Prince – Duke of Connaught. Mahatma Jotiba
Phule was present conspicously in the dress of a poor farmer and effectively
communicated the impecunious circumstances of the Indian farmers. He also acquainted
the British Prince with the problems related to their education. Mahatma Jotiba Phule
requested the dignitary to convey this message to the Queen.
Mahatma Jotiba Phule opined that the curriculum should be such that education becomes
practically useful in life. Taking into consideration the importance of Agriculture in our
country, he opined that Agriculture should be included in the curriculum. He realised that
the following factors were responsible for drop outs in education:
• Social Conditions.
• Social Deterioration.
• Poverty.
After taking a review of these factors, he suggested useful measures to combat the
situation. He implemented these measures in his schools. He suggested that the schools
should impart education based on professional skills. He believed that such a curriculum
would attract students and this arrangement would help in preventing unemployment. For
maintaining a high quality of education, he opined that :
Jotirao employed various methods and remedies in his mission for social education and
social transformation :
Letter Writing :
• In order to convey his principles and thoughts regarding social education in public
life and at the family level.
• To enquire sympathetically about the well-being of the people.
• He effectively disseminated his thoughts and feelings through this medium (letter
writing).
Reports :
Institutionalisation:
• Established the 'Satyashodhak Samaj ' in order to carry out regular activities and
maintain continuity in the activities.
• Established Educational Institutes.
Jotirao realised the fact that Education is an effective medium for the upliftment of
society, whose sensitivity has become blunt because of deterioration for various reasons.
With this realisation, Jotirao started schools for women and the downtrodden in society.
He also encouraged the efforts of others in the same field. Jotirao gets the credit of being
the first Indian who started Education for women.
• Meetings with farmers and the downtrodden in society, for social work.
• Explained his thoughts through lectures and discussions
Jotirao travelled to various villages for mass – awakening and for the spread of
the message of the 'Satyashodhak Samaj'.
He initiated the strike by tenants against money lenders.
He initiated and carried out various social movements.
He initiated big awareness movement among farmers, in order to prevent the
transfer of lands from farmers to money lenders.
As a result of his speeches and activities, people in various villages boycotted the
Bhats and money lenders to protest against their injustice.
Jotirao tried to stop a Devdasi's so called marriage which was being conducted
according to hollow rituals.
He helped poor children by opening 'food centre' during the famine in 1877.
He encouraged and conducted widow re-marriages.
Started the first Indian Workers organisation – 'Bombay Mill Hands Association',
with the help of Shri. Narayan Meghaji Lokhande ; Jotirao ceaselessly worked for
this organisation.
He worked continuously for liberating women from bondage.
While doing the work, he criticised the affluent in the society which included
even his friends.
He started a 'Maternity Home' for helping the widows from higher castes, to
deliver safely and thus prevent infanticides.
He initiated the strike of barbers , against the inhuman act of 'keshavapan' -
tonsuring the heads of widows.
He imparted Education for improvements in agriculture.
He initiated the following movements and missions -
- decreasing the hardships laid upon farmers, by the Forest Department.
- decreasing the exorbitant tax upon farmers.
- worked for improvements in agriculture.
Submitted many request applications to the Government for –
- helping the farmers.
- making canals.
- decreasing the hardships faced by labourers in various factories.
- granting concessions to the labourers on humanitarian grounds.
He understood the problems of the farmers by actually working and mingling with
them . After understanding these problems, he wrote a book- Shetkaryacha
Aasood (Cultivator's Whipcord). The contents of this book were read in various
villages. This reading helped in
revising this book.
Thus it is observed that to succeed in his Public and Social Work-
He resorted to requests, applications, representations, letters etc.
He resorted to movements, struggles, strikes against troublesome members of
society such as – moneylenders, Bhats etc.
Ramsheth Urawane, an associate of Jotirao, became a guarantor for Lokmanya Tilak &
Gopalrao Agarkar in a court case.
Jotirao publicly felicitated Lokmanya Tilak and Gopalrao Agarkar after they were
released from the jail at Dongari
Court case :
According to the Satyashodhak Samaj principles, there was provision for performing
marriage ceremonies without the Bramhin Priest.
Publication work :
Jotirao published the second edition of the book – 'Jatibhed Viveksar', writen by Shri.
Tukaram Tatya Padwal.
Jotirao was the Government nominated member of the Pune Municipality, during 1876 to
1882. During this period, he worked for the safe-guard of the interests of the general
public. He vehemently expressed his opinion.
He tried to construct a lake of water and thus supply clean filtered water to the citizens of
Pune.
Considering the fact that the poor vegetable vendors would not afford the rent of the
stalls in the proposed market, he opposed the construction of the market.
With a view to prevent the wastage of money collected from the poor people, he opposed
the proposal for the expensive beautification of the city on the occasion of the visit of the
Viceroy Lord Lytton.
For the purpose of livelihood Jotirao practiced different types of businesses. He earned a
considerable income because of :
• sincerity.
• motivation given to the labourers.
• appreciation of the labourers for their hard-work.
• keeping busy always.
• loyalty.
• honesty.
Moreover, he spent his entire income for social work. Jotirao did farming in a good and a
systematic manner. He obtained a bountiful crop of fruits.
He advocated that the farmers should take advantage of the water from Mula-Mutha
dams.
He owned shops, mainly for selling moulds, vegetables & books. Apart from farming, he
also undertook contracts for building work. He had the sub-contract for digging the
Katraj Tunnel He had the contract for the construction of small bridges on the Mula-
Mutha dam. He had the contract for the digging of channels below the Mula-Mutha dam.
He was engaged in selling pebbles, artificially prepared by breaking bigger stones, lime,
bricks, gitti.
After completing his education, instead of doing a government job, Jotirao preferred to
help his father in the business of flowers. In his future life also, Jotirao preferred to do
various kinds of business instead of accepting the slavery of government service. By
doing various kinds of business, Jotirao earned his family's livelihood. The accounts,
related to public activities and schools, presented by him, reflect his clean and transparent
personality. Moreover he spent his own money for public and social activities to such an
extant that he had no money to buy medicines during his last terminal illness.
In order to spread and disseminate his thoughts, Mahatma Phule produced ample
literature, both in prose and poetry. The following facts are clearly observed from his
literature :