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Abstract—One of the challenging issues for Orthogonal below the specified limits. This situation leads to very inefficient
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is its high amplification and expensive transmitters.
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In this paper, we review Therefore, it is important and necessary to research on the
and analysis different OFDM PAPR reduction techniques, based
characteristics of the PAPR including its distribution and reduc-
on computational complexity, bandwidth expansion, spectral
spillage and performance. We also discuss some methods of PAPR tion in OFDM systems, in order to utilize the technical features
reduction for multiuser OFDM broadband communication sys- of the OFDM.
tems. As one of characteristics of the PAPR, the distribution
Index Terms—Complementary cumulative distribution function
of PAPR, which bears stochastic characteristics in OFDM
(CCDF), high power amplifier (HPA), multiuser OFDM, OFDM, systems, often can be expressed in terms of Complementary
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF). Recently, some
researchers have reported on determination of the PAPR distri-
bution based on different theoretics and hypotheses [4]–[10].
I. INTRODUCTION Moreover, various approaches also have been proposed to
reduce the PAPR including clipping [11]–[14], coding schemes
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258 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 2, JUNE 2008
(3)
(5)
where is the amplitude of OFDM signals.
(6)
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JIANG AND WU: OVERVIEW OF PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SIGNALS 259
B. Passband PAPR Although, a high precision DAC supports high PAPR with a
reasonable amount of quantization noise, but it might be very
Note that, if is large, an OFDM system usually does not
expensive for a given sampling rate of the system. Whereas,
employ pulse shaping, since the power spectral density of the
a low-precision DAC would be cheaper, but its quantization
band-limited OFDM signal is approximately rectangular. Thus,
noise will be significant, and as a result it reduces the signal
the amplitude of OFDM RF signals can be expressed as
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) when the dynamic range of DAC
is increased to support high PAPR. Furthermore, OFDM sig-
nals show Gaussian distribution for large number of subcarriers,
(7) which means the peak signal quite rarely occur and uniform
quantization by the ADCs is not desirable. If clipped, it will in-
where is the carrier frequency and . Therefore, the troduce in band distortion and out-of-band radiation (adjacent
peak of RF signals is equivalent to that of the complex baseband channel interference) into the communication systems.
signals. Therefore, the best solution is to reduce the PAPR before
Moreover, the average power of the passband signal is OFDM signals are transmitted into nonlinear HPA and DAC.
B. Power Saving
When a HPA have a high dynamic range, it exhibits poor
power efficiency. It has been shown that PAPR reduction can
significantly save the power, in which the net power saving is
directly proportional to the desired average output power and it
(8) is highly dependent upon the clipping probability level [54].
Suppose that an ideal linear model for HPA, where linear am-
Therefore, the passband PAPR is approximately twice the plification is achieved up to the saturation point, and thus we
baseband PAPR, i.e. obtain
(9) (10)
In this paper, we only consider the PAPR of the baseband where is the HPA efficiency and it is defined as
OFDM signals. , where is the average of the output
power and is the constant amount of power regardless of
IV. MOTIVATION OF PAPR REDUCTION the input power.
To illustrate the power inefficiency of a HPA in terms of the
A. Nonlinear Characteristics of HPA and ADC PAPR, we give an example of OFDM signals with 256 subcar-
riers and its CCDF has been shown in Fig. 1. In order to guar-
Most radio systems employ the HPA in the transmitter antee that probability of the clipped OFDM frames is less than
to obtain sufficient transmission power. For the proposed of 0.01%, we need to apply an input backoff (IBO) equivalent to
achieving the maximum output power efficiency, the HPA is the PAPR at the probability level, i.e.
usually operated at or near the saturation region. Moreover, ( 25.235), referring to Fig. 1, and thus the efficiency of HPA be-
the nonlinear characteristic of the HPA is very sensitive to the comes . Therefore, so low efficiency
variation in signal amplitudes. is a strong motivation to reduce the PAPR in OFDM systems.
However, the variation of OFDM signal amplitudes is
very wide with high PAPR. Therefore, HPA will introduce
inter-modulation between the different subcarriers and in- V. DISTRIBUTION OF THE PAPR IN OFDM SYSTEMS
troduce additional interference into the systems due to high It is known that the CCDF of PAPR can be used to estimate
PAPR of OFDM signals. This additional interference leads the bounds for the minimum number of redundancy bits re-
to an increase in BER. In order to lessen the signal distortion quired to identify the PAPR sequences and evaluate the perfor-
and keep a low BER, it requires a linear work in its linear mance of any PAPR reduction schemes. We can also determine
amplifier region with a large dynamic range. However, this a proper output back-off of HPA to minimize the total degrada-
linear amplifier has poor efficiency and is so expensive. Power tion according to CCDF. Moreover, we can directly apply dis-
efficiency is very necessary in wireless communication as it tribution of PAPR to calculate the BER and estimate achievable
provides adequate area coverage, saves power consumption information rates. In practice, we usually adjust these design
and allows small size terminals etc. It is therefore important to parameters jointly according to simulation results. Therefore, if
aim at a power efficient operation of the non-linear HPA with we can use an analytical expression to accurately calculate the
low back-off values and try to provide possible solutions to the PAPR distribution for OFDM systems, it can greatly simplify
interference problem brought about. Hence, a better solution is the system design process. Therefore, it is of great importance
to try to prevent the occurrence of such interference by reducing to accurately identify PAPR distribution in OFDM systems.
the PAPR of the transmitted signal with some manipulations of Recently, some upper and lower bounds of the PAPR, which
the OFDM signal itself. is based on the Rayleigh distribution and Nyquist sampling rate,
Large PAPR also demands the DAC with enough dynamic have been derived. In the OFDM system with M-Phase-Shift-
range to accommodate the large peaks of the OFDM signals. Keying (MPSK) modulation, signal constellation has the same
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260 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 2, JUNE 2008
amplitude level, and thus the power of each subcarrier is con- In this case, the expression of the PAPR CCDF, as shown in [6],
stant. Therefore, the PAPR of an MPSK-OFDM signal can be can be simplified as
expressed as [30]
(15)
(11)
The approximation of (15) can be made relatively accurate
However, for the OFDM system with square M-Quadrature
for a relatively large number of subcarriers by appropriately
Amplitude Modulation (MQAM), signal constellation has
adjusting the reference level of the PAPR. If the range of the
varying signal power levels over different constellation points.
PAPR of interest is great, the distribution can be further simpli-
When all the subcarriers have the same phase, the maximum of
fied without loss of the accuracy. In [6], it also has been shown
PAPR occurs. Therefore, according to the conclusion of [55],
that the statistical distribution of the PAPR of the OFDM signals
the upper bound of PAPR in MQAM-OFDM systems can be
is not so sensitive to the increase of the number of subcarriers.
derived out
In coded OFDM systems, it has been proven that the com-
plex envelope of the coded OFDM signals can converge weakly
(12) to a Gaussian random process if the number of subcarriers goes
to infinity [9]. In [9], a simple approximation of the CCDF
of PAPR has been developed by employing the extreme value
For a relatively large , the lower and upper bounds of the
theory, and the expression can be written as
distribution of the PAPR have been proposed in [7], which
were developed based on the previous works in conjunction
(16)
with some approximations and parameters obtained through
simulations. In [8], some bounds analysis has also been de-
veloped for both independent and dependent subcarriers in However, all the above mentioned the expressions of the
OFDM systems. For independent subcarriers, a generic path for CCDF have not been considered power distribution strategy in
bounding practical constellations was used and discussed. For OFDM systems. Similarly, with the help of the extreme value
dependent subcarriers, some theoretical bounds of distributions theory for Chi-squared-2 process, a more accurate analytical
of the PAPR have been obtained in terms of the Euclidian expression of the CCDF of PAPR for adaptive OFDM systems
distance distributions, in which the focus was mainly on binary with unequal power allocation to subcarriers has been derived
codes, such as Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. in [10]
However, the lower and upper bounds can offer little help in
characterizing the distribution of the PAPR in practical OFDM
systems. In fact, the accurate statistical distribution of the PAPR
for generic OFDM system is what we want.
When the number of the subcarriers is relatively small, the
CCDF expression of the PAPR of OFDM signals can be written (17)
as [4] where if the subcarrier at DC is inactive, oth-
erwise if the subcarrier at DC is active,
(13) in which denotes the number of active subcarriers (car-
rying information) and denotes the number of inactive
However, (13) does not fit well in OFDM systems with a very
subcarriers (idle). If the subcarrier at DC is nonzero, it is active
large [4]. In [5], an empirical approximation expression of the
subcarrier; otherwise it is inactive subcarrier. Thus, the number
CCDF of the PAPR in OFDM systems has been given as
of the subcarriers should be equal to the sum of and
(14) . denotes the transmission power allocated to the
-th subcarrier.
It should be noted that (14) lacks theoretical justification and
also yields some discrepancies with the simulation results for VI. PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN OFDM SYSTEMS
large , which has been proven in [6]. In this section, we mainly discuss five typical techniques for
In [6], an analytical PAPR CCDF expression has been de- PAPR reduction in OFDM systems.
veloped, which is based on the level-crossing rate approxima-
tion of the peak distribution along with the exact distribution, A. Clipping and Filtering
since the envelope of an OFDM signal can always be consid- The simplest and most widely used technique of PAPR reduc-
ered as an asymptotically Gaussian process in a band-limited tion is to basically clip the parts of the signals that are outside
OFDM system. In fact, the theoretical results obtained in [6] the allowed region [11]. For example, using HPA with saturation
were based on the conditional probability of the peak distribu- level below the signal span will automatically cause the signal
tion of the OFDM signals when the reference level is given. to be clipped. For amplitude clipping, that is
When the constraint provides a lower bound of , the
effect on the accuracy of the PAPR distribution can be numer- (18)
ically evaluated. Indeed, for high , the conditional probability
that the peak of the OFDM signals exceeds may be very small. where is preset clipping level and it is a positive real number.
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JIANG AND WU: OVERVIEW OF PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SIGNALS 261
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262 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 2, JUNE 2008
random partition. Then, the subblocks are transformed IFFT operations for each data block, and the number of the re-
into time-domain partial transmit sequences quired side information bits is , where denotes
the smallest integer that does not exceed .
Similarly, in SLM, the input data sequences are multiplied
(20) by each of the phase sequences to generate alternative input
symbol sequences. Each of these alternative input data se-
quences is made the IFFT operation, and then the one with the
These partial sequences are independently rotated by phase lowest PAPR is selected for transmission [51]. A block diagram
factors . The objective of the SLM technique is depicted in Fig. 3. Each data block
is to optimally combine the subblocks to obtain the time- is multiplied by different phase factors, each of length ,
domain OFDM signals with the lowest PAPR , resulting
in different data blocks. Thus, the vth phase sequence after
multiplied is
(21) . Therefore, OFDM signals becomes as
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JIANG AND WU: OVERVIEW OF PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SIGNALS 263
an SLM scheme without explicit side information was proposed function. Therefore, the companded signals at the transmitter
in [68]. can be recovered correctly through the corresponding inversion
Although PTS and SLM are important probabilistic schemes of the nonlinear transform function at the receiver; 2) Nonlinear
for PAPR reduction, it was already known that SLM can produce companding transforms enlarge the small signals while com-
multiple time domain OFDM signals that are asymptotically pressing the large signals to increase the immunity of small
independent, whereas the alternative OFDM signals generated signals from noise, whereas clipping method does not change
by PTS are interdependent. PTS divides the frequency vector the small signals. Therefore, clipping method suffers from three
into some subblocks before applying the phase transformation. major problems: in-band distortion, out-of-band radiation and
Therefore, some of the complexity of the serval full IFFT op- peak regrowth after digital analog conversion. As a result, the
erations can be avoided in PTS, so that it is more advantageous system performance degradation due to the clipping may not
than SLM if the amount of computational complexity is limited be optimistic. However, nonlinear companding transforms can
[69]. Also it is demonstrated that the PAPR reduction in PTS operate well with good BER performance while keeping good
performs better than that of SLM. However, the required bits of PAPR reduction [70].
the side information in PTS is larger than that of SLM. The design criteria of nonlinear companding transform has
also been given in [70]. Since the distribution of the original
D. Nonlinear Companding Transforms OFDM signals has been known, such as Rayleigh distribution
One of the most attractive schemes is nonlinear companding of the OFDM amplitudes written in (3), we can obtain the non-
transform due to its good system performance including PAPR linear companding transform function through theoretical anal-
reduction and BER, low implementation complexity and no ysis and derivation according to the desirable distribution of the
bandwidth expansion. companded OFDM signals. For example, we transform the am-
The first nonlinear companding transform is the -law com- plitude of the original OFDM signals into the desirable distribu-
panding, which is based on the speech processing algorithm tion with its PDF , . Therefore,
-law, and it has shown better performance than that of clip- the nonlinear transform function can be derived as
ping method [24]. -law mainly focuses on enlarging signals
with small amplitude and keeping peak signals unchanged, and (23)
thus it increase the average power of the transmitted signals and
possibly results in exceeding the saturation region of HPA to Obviously, this nonlinear companding transform of (23) be-
make the system performance worse. longs to the exponential companding scheme. Based on this
In fact, the nonlinear companding transform is also an espe- design criteria, two types of nonlinear companding transform,
cial clipping scheme. The differences between the clipping and which are based on error function and exponential function, re-
nonlinear companding transform can be summarized as: 1) Clip- spectively, have been proposed in [25], [27].
ping method deliberately clips large signals when the amplitude It is well-known that original OFDM signals have a very
of the original OFDM signals is larger than the given threshold, sharp, rectangular-like power spectrum as shown in Fig. 4. This
and thus the clipped signals can not be recovered at the re- good property will be affected by the PAPR reduction schemes,
ceiver. However, nonlinear companding transforms compand e.g. slower spectrum roll-off, more spectrum side-lobes, and
original OFDM signals using the strict monotone increasing higher adjacent channel interference. Many PAPR reduction
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264 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 2, JUNE 2008
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JIANG AND WU: OVERVIEW OF PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SIGNALS 265
of power. If an operation of the technique which reduces ferent. For example, when , the PAPRs are
the PAPR need more additional power, it degrades the BER 2.6 dB, 4.5 dB, 6.6 dB, 6.8 dB, 6.9 dB and 11.7 dB for the
performance when the transmitted signals are normalized exponential companding, error companding, PTS, TR, clipping
back to the original power signal. scheme and original OFDM signals, respectively. Obviously,
7) No spectral spillage: Any PAPR reduction techniques can the signals companded by the nonlinear companding transform
not destroy OFDM attractive technical features such as with exponential function can reduce the PAPR largest and the
immunity to the multipath fading. Therefore, the spectral PAPR reduction of the clipping scheme is the smallest among
spillage should be avoided in the PAPR reduction. these typical methods. Although clipping scheme can improve
8) Other factors: It also should be paid more attention on the its performance of the PAPR reduction through reducing its
effect of the nonlinear devices used in signal processing preset clipping level A. However, the performance of the BER
loop in the transmitter such as DACs, mixers and HPAs will be degraded largely when its preset clipping level is re-
since the PAPR reduction mainly avoid nonlinear distor- duced [73].
tion due to these memory-less devices introducing into the Fig. 7 depicts the performance of BER versus SNR of actual
communication channels. At the same time, the cost of OFDM signals with PAPR reduction based on different schemes
these nonlinear devices is also the important factor to de- over the AWGN channel, in which the typical HPA of the Solid
sign the PAPR reduction scheme. State Power Amplifier (SSPA) has been considered. Note that
We consider a typical OFDM system with 256 subcarriers SSPA produces no phase distortion and only the AM/AM con-
(namely ) and 16-QAM constellation in which over- version [25]. In Fig. 7, the performance bounds are obtained
sampled OFDM sequences with the oversampling rate of 4 are by ignoring the effect of SSPA and directly transmitting the
used to analyze PAPR reduction and BER performance based on original OFDM signals through the AWGN channels. Gener-
different schemes as shown in the following figures. The preset ally speaking, the performances of the BER with different PAPR
clipping level has been selected to 80% of the maximum of the reduction schemes have some degradation from Fig. 7. Specifi-
original OFDM symbols in the clipping scheme and the number cally, to achieve a BER of , the minimum required SNR is
of the reserved tone is 20 in TR scheme. For PTS scheme, the 13.8 dB (performance bound). The required SNRs under the ex-
rotation vectors belong to the set and the number of ponential companding, PTS, TR, error companding and clipping
the subblocks is 16. Therefore, the searches is for each op- schemes are 14.9 dB, 15.7 dB, 16.6 dB, 17.5 dB and 25.6 dB,
timal PTS. Note that, for PTS and TR schemes, all the side in- respectively.
formation have not been submitted to the receiver. For nonlinear Therefore, an efficient PAPR reduction should be the lowest
companding transform, the error companding is that proposed possible value of PAPR while keeping a minimal level BER. In
in [25], and the exponential companding is based on (23). Table II, we summarize the five typical PAPR reduction tech-
As shown in Fig. 6, different curves of the CCDF have been niques based on the theoretical analysis and simulation results.
given for random original OFDM symbols generated and
different PAPR reduction schemes. From Fig. 6, it is very clear VIII. PAPR REDUCTION FOR MULTIUSER OFDM SYSTEMS
that all schemes can reduce the PAPR largely in OFDM system. Recently, multiuser OFDM also has received much attention
However, their performances of the PAPR reduction are dif- due to its applicability to high speed wireless multiple access
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266 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 2, JUNE 2008
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PAPR REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
communication systems. In multiuser OFDM system, data 1) PTS/SLM for PAPR reduction in multiuser OFDM sys-
streams from multiple users are orthogonally multiplexed onto tems: PTS and SLM techniques can easily be modified for
the downlink and uplink subchannels. In a multiuser OFDM PAPR reduction in downlink of multiuser OFDM systems.
system, a group of carriers is assigned for each user with For PTS, subcarriers assigned to one user are grouped into
adaptive modulation, bit and power allocation. Obviously, the one or more subblocks, and then PTS can be applied to sub-
characteristics including distribution of the PAPR for each user blocks for all users. As side information, the selected phase
in uplink multiuser OFDM is the same as that of the PAPR factor for each subblock can be embedded into the pre-re-
in single user OFDM system since the data of each user will served subcarrier in each subblock. Note that, the pre-re-
be transmitted to channels independently in uplink multiuser served subcarrier does not undergo the phase rotation in
OFDM system. Therefore, the PAPR can be reduced according each subblock. Similarly, some of the subcarriers can be
to these schemes mentioned above in the uplink multiuser used to transmit side information when the modified SLM
OFDM systems. However, the characteristics of the PAPR in is applied to reduce the PAPR for multiuser OFDM sys-
downlink multiuser OFDM is different from that of the PAPR tems. All users use the information carried by these subcar-
in single user OFDM system since the data composed from riers to obtain the phase sequence is used at the transmitter,
different users will be transmitted to channels successively and thus the data for each user can be recovered correctly.
in downlink multiuser OFDM system. Therefore, the PAPR 2) TR for PAPR reduction in multiuser OFDM systems: In the
reduction is more complicated in an downlink than that in TR technique for multiuser OFDM systems, the symbols
OFDM uplink in multiuser OFDM systems. If downlink PAPR in peak reduction subcarriers are optimized for the whole
reduction is achieved by some approaches which have been data frame in both amplitude and phase. At the same time,
designed for OFDM, each user has to process the whole data some peak reduction subcarriers are assigned to each user
frame and then demodulate the assigned subcarriers to extract in the TR for PAPR reduction.
their own information. Thus, it introduces additional processing
for each user at the receiver. Therefore, we mainly describe IX. CONCLUSIONS
some modifications of PAPR reduction techniques for the OFDM is a very attractive technique for wireless communi-
downlink multiuser OFDM systems. cations due to its spectrum efficiency and channel robustness.
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JIANG AND WU: OVERVIEW OF PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SIGNALS 267
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[53] S. H. Han and J. H. Lee, “An overview of peak-to-average power ratio in applied geophysics from China University of
reduction techniques for multicarrier transmission,” IEEE Personal Geosciences, Wuhan, P. R. China, in 1997 and 2000,
Communications, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 56–65, Apr. 2005. respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in information
[54] R. J. Baxley and G. T. Zhou, “Power savings analysis of peak-to-av- and communication engineering from Huazhong
erage power ratio reduction in OFDM,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Elec- University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
tronics, vol. 50, pp. 792–798, Aug. 2004. P. R. China, in April 2004. Then, he joined the
[55] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 4th ed. New York, , USA: Brunel University, UK. In Oct. 2006, he moved
McGraw-Hill, 2001. to the University of Michigan, USA. He is now
[56] D. Wulich, “Reduction of peak to mean ratio of multicarrier modula- with the Department of Electronics and Information
tion using cyclic coding,” IEE Electronics Letters, vol. 32, no. 29, pp. Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and
432–433, Feb. 1996. Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China. He has authored or co-authored over
[57] S. Fragicomo, C. Matrakidis, and J. J. OReilly, “Multicarrier transmis- 40 technical papers in major journals and conferences and five books/chapters
sion peak-to-average power reduction using simple block code,” IEE
in the areas of communications. His current research interests include the areas
Electronics Letters, vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 953–954, May 1998.
[58] T. Jiang and G. X. Zhu, “OFDM peak-to-average power ratio reduction of wireless communications and corresponding signal processing, especially
by complement block coding scheme and its modified version,” in The for OFDM, UWB and MIMO systems, cooperative networks, cognitive radio
60th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference 2004 Fall, Los Angeles, and wireless sensor networks. He serves on the editorial boards of some
USA, Sept. 2004, pp. 448–451. international journals, such as Wiley of Wireless Communications and Mobile
[59] S. Boyd, “Multitone signals with low crest factor,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Computing (WCMC), and as a Technical Program Committee Member for
Systems, vol. CAS-33, no. 10, pp. 1018–1022, Oct. 1986. some major international conferences, including IEEE Globecom, ICC, VTC
[60] B. M. Popovic, “Synthesis of power efficient multitone signals with flat and Chinacom. Dr. Jiang is a Member of IEEE Communication Society and
amplitude spectrum,” IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. IEEE Broadcasting Society.
1031–1033, Jul. 1991.
[61] J. A. Davis and J. Jedwab, “Peak-to-mean power control in OFDM,
Golay complementary sequences and Reed-Muller codes,” IEEE
Trans. Information Theory, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2397–2417, Nov. 1997.
[62] T. Jiang, G. X. Zhu, and J. B. Zheng, “A block coding scheme for Yiyan Wu (Fellow) received the B.S. degree from
reducing PAPR in OFDM systems with large number of subcarriers,” Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
Journal of Electronics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 482–489, Dec. 2004. and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
[63] S. G. Kang, J. G. Kim, and E. K. Joo, “A novel subblock partition from Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, in 1986
scheme for partial transmit sequence OFDM,” IEEE Trans. Broad- and 1990, respectively. After graduation, he worked
casting, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 333–338, Sept. 1999. at Telesat Canada as a senior satellite communication
[64] W. S. Ho, A. S. Madhukumar, and F. Chin, “Peak-to-average power re- systems Engineer. In 1992, He joined Communica-
duction using partial transmit sequences: A suboptimal approach based tions Research Center Canada (CRC) and now is a
on dual layered phase sequencing,” IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, vol. 49, Principle Research Scientist. His research interests
no. 2, pp. 225–231, June 2003. include broadband multimedia communications,
[65] O. Kwon and Y. Ha, “Multi-carrier PAP reduction method using sub- digital broadcasting and communication systems
optimal PTS with threshold,” IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, vol. 49, no.
engineering. He is an IEEE Fellow, an adjunct professor of Carleton University,
2, pp. 232–236, Jun. 2003.
[66] T. Jiang, W. D. Xiang, P. C. Richardson, J. H. Guo, and G. X. Zhu, Ottawa, Canada; Shanghai Jiaotung University; and Beijing University of
“PAPR reduction of OFDM signals using partial transmit sequences Posts and Telecommunications, China. He is a member of IEEE Broadcast
with low computational complexity,” IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, vol. Technology Society Administrative Committee, and a member of the ATSC
53, no. 3, pp. 719–724, Sept. 2007. Board of Directors, representing IEEE. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE
[67] D. W. Lim, S. J. Heo, J. S. No, and H. Chung, “A New PTS OFDM TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING. He has more than 200 publications and
Scheme with Low Complexity for PAPR Reduction,” IEEE Trans. received many technical awards for his contribution to the research and devel-
Broadcasting, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 77–82, Mar. 2006. opment of digital broadcasting and broadband multimedia communications.
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