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MECHANICS
JOURNEY TO THE WORLD OF
THE ULTRASMALL
“Quantum mechanics is the description of the
behaviour of matter in all its details and, in
particular, of the happenings on an atomic
scale. Things on a very small scale behave
like nothing you have any direct experience
about. They do not behave like waves, they
do not behave like particles, they do not
behave like clouds, or billiard balls, or weights
on springs, or like anything that you have
ever seen.”
Richard P. Feynman
Particles and waves
Behaviour of Particles
Behaviour of waves
Atomic Behaviour
Unlike ordinary experience
Very difficult to get used to
Appears peculiar and mysterious to
every one
All direct human experience and
intuition apply to large objects.
Even experts do not understand it
Particles
Water Waves
ELECTRONS
DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT
Electrons travel as waves but
depart and arrive as particles
The de Broglie Relation
All forms of matter
exhibit dual behaviour h
mv
Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle
The more precisely the position is determined,
the less precisely the momentum is known in
this instant, and vice versa.
--Heisenberg, uncertainty paper, 1927
The position and velocity of an object cannot be
simultaneously known with certainty.
Uncertainty Principle applies to location and
momentum along the same axis.
h
mv x
4
Consequences of the new
findings
Bohr theory ran into trouble
Bohr tried to predict the movement of the
electrons too precisely
Restricted electrons to certain location in
the atom
Orbitals instead of orbits
Erwin Schrodinger came up
with a new idea.
The famous “Schrodinger
equation”
A mathematical equation
which provides all
information regarding an
electron in an atom.
Mathematics – The language of
Nature
"To those who do not know mathematics it
is difficult to get across a real feeling as to
the beauty, the deepest beauty, of nature
... If you want to learn about nature, to
appreciate nature, it is necessary to
understand the language that she speaks
in"
Richard Feynman
y = x2
x -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
y 9 6.25 4 2.25 1 0 1 2.25 4 6.25 9
9
8
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Schrodinger Equation
2 2 2 8 2 m
E V 0
x2
y 2
z 2
h 2
Hˆ E
Hamiltonian Operator - Operator for Total Energy
Wave Functions
Emerge as solution
to the Schrodinger
Equation
Represented as
A function of x, y
and z coordinates
For convenience
we use polar r , and
coordinates,
Spherical polar coordinates
Orbitals
There are infinite number of wave functions for the
electron in the hydrogen atom.
Or an infinite number of orbitals for the electron in the
hydrogen atom.
The term atomic orbital is used for an electron wave
function since the wave function gives the maximum
possible information about electron motion in an atom
In each orbital electron has precise energy, magnitude
for angular momentum
All other dynamical variables (position, velocity etc.) do
not have sharply defined values
The square of the wave function directly gives the
position probability distribution for a particular orbit.
Quantization of energy
The permitted 4
me
values of energy
En
are given by
8 0 n h
2 2
Nodes
Misleading Terms
„an electron is placed in an orbital‟
„an orbital is getting filled‟
„electrons occupy certain orbitals‟
„accommodate electrons in an orbital‟
„electrons jump from one orbital to
another,