Abstract:

The discoveries, which have been emerged from the tender minds of young scientists in
20th century, had led too much innovative ideas. One such idea is applying the concept of
nanotechnology in the fields of nanorobots. This technology if handled safely can make
the world without famines, air without toxic gases and many more. This technology
mainly concerns with the atomic level and so the atom or molecule can be molded to any
required state by just changing the atomic position. While the notion of 'science' has often
been contrasted with that of 'technology'--the first referring to the building of theory and
the second referring to the application of this theory--such a distinction may be blurred in
the case of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

This paper is mainly deals about Nanomedicine and some of its applications namely
nanorobots and NASA. Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology i.e.
engineering of tiny machines which is used for the prevention and treatment of diseases
in human body. Nanomedicine has potential to change medical science dramatically in
twenty first century.
Index:
 1. Introduction and definition.
 2. Carbon Nanotubes.
 3. Concepts of Nanotechnology.
 4. Nanotechnology at NASA.
 5. Nanomedicine.
 6. Nano in cancer treatment.
 7. Future of Nanotechnology.
 8. Conclusion.
Introduction:

Nano is a Greek prefix that defines the smallest (1000 times smaller than
micrometer) natural structures. It is building with indent &design, molecule by molecule,
these two things.
Incredibly advanced extremely capable nanoscale machines & computers.

With the introduction of nanotechnology we say we are in for a new invention, but we
knew the concept of this technology from the days of Darwin; even his findings were
based on this nanotechnology. There are many evidences for the existence of the concept
of nanotechnology.

It is going to be responsible massive changes in the way we live, the way interact with
one another & our environment.

What is nanotechnology?

Nano is one billionth of one. Now we have the so-called microprocessors and
micromanipulations that would reach the nano level within a few decades.

The term "nanotechnology" has evolved over the years via terminology drift to mean
"anything smaller than microtechnology," such as nano powders, and other things that are
nanoscale in size, but not referring to mechanisms that have been purposefully built from
nanoscale components. A key ingredient in understanding nanotechnology is realizing
precisely what it is and what it isn't. ... We are talking about research and development in
the length scale of .1 nanometers to 100 nanometers to create unique structures, devices,
and systems.
Many materials, once they are individually reduced below 100 nanometers,
begin displaying a set of unique characteristics based on quantum mechanical forces that
are exhibited at the level. Due to these quantum mechanical effects, materials may
become more conducting, be able to transfer heat better, or have modified mechanical
properties. The most important fact is, CARBON –the king of organic chemistry is
playing a prominent role in the development off nanotechnology, as major part of nano
advancements is spun around carbon nanotube.

Carbon Nanotubes:
Depending upon the structure can be metals or semiconductors. These have extremely
high thermal conductivity and used as nano-wires or active components in electronic
devices such as FET. Carbon nanotubes are extremely thus hollow cylinders made of
carbon atoms. Their diameter is about 10000 times smaller than a human air. It is
possible to manipulate the

nanotube positions, change their shapes, cut them and place them on electrodes. The
mechanical behaviour of the nanotubes can be simulated by calculating the forces acting
between nanotubes and other objects such as substrate. Carbon nanotubes are chemically
stable, mechanically very strong, and conduct electricity. Depending on their chirality
and diameter, they are great candidates for many potential applications in the new field of
nanotechnology.
Totally tubular nanotubes: Research is being taken on a computing
memory technology that could also double as a data storage medium. The method stores
data by flipping electrons in structures called carbon nanotubes.They are prime examples
of the weird properties quantum effects can produce in nanoscale structures. Carbon
nanotubes (CNs) can serve as nanowires in molecular computers, thanks to a quantum
property called electron tunneling, which lets them propagate electrical signals at scales
where ordinary current flow is impossible.
Light emission by carbon Nanotube: A nanotube transistor that emits 1.5-micron infrared
light have been made and could be used in telecommunications. Light-emitting nanotubes
could be used to form efficient communications devices and optical computer chips. By
injecting electrons into one end of a nanotube, and holes, or positive charges, into the
other end, the two combine to emit light with a wavelength inversely proportional to the
tube's diameter.

Concepts of nano technology:

There are two concepts commonly associated with nanotechnology:

• Positional Assembly

• Self-Replication

Clearly, we would be happy with any method that simultaneously achieved the following
three objectives. However, this seems difficult without using some form of positional
assembly (to get the right molecular parts in the right places) and some form of self-
replication (to keep the costs down).

1. Get essentially every atom in the right place.

2. Make almost any structure consistent with the laws of physics and chemistry that we can
specify in atomic detail.

3. Have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost of the required raw materials and
energy.

APPLICATIONS OF NANO TECHNOLOGY:

NANO TECHNOLOGY AT NASA:

Multi walled carbon nanotubes to make denser more

efficient data storage devices. It was possible to use multiwalled carbonnanotubes tips
rather than silicon to write data on to a polymer film. Binary data is written by heating the
polymer to make indentation that represent 1s; blank space represent 0s.nanotubes tips
can be used to write more than 250 gigabytes.

Nano Technology at NASA

Ultra small sensors, power sources, communication navigation, and propulsions

systems with very low mass, volume and power consumption are needed.Revolutions in
electronics and computing will allow reconfigurable autonomous ‘thinking’ spacecraft
Nanotechnology presents a whole new spectrum of opportunities to build device
components and systems for entirely new space architectures
1. New works of ultra small probes on planetary surfaces
2. Micro-rovers that drive, hop, fly land burrow
3. Collection of micro spacecraft making a variety of measurements
The Nan rover Technology Task is a technology development effort to create very
small (10-100s of grams) buy scientifically capable robotic vehicles for planetary
exploration, which can easily fit within the mass and /or volume constraints of future
missions to asteroids, comets and Mars. The task objectives two fold:
• to create a useful rover system using current-generation technology including
mobility , computation, power and communications within a mass of a few
hundred grams and
• To advance selected technologies which offer breakthroughs in size reduction,
mobility, or science return to enable complete rovers tube built with a mass
well under 100 Gms.
Key Technology Elements
 • Miniaturization of all rover systems including science payload
• Computer/electronics design for operation without thermal enclosure and
control to survive ambient temperature ranges of -125C to +125C
• Miniature actuator usage and control in thermal/vacuum environments
Mobility and navigation in low gravity (1/100,000 of earth) environments
Sensing and autonomous control of rover operations.

NANO TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL SCIENCIES:

Nanomedicine:

Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology (the engineering of tiny machines)

to the prevention and treatment of disease in the human body. It has the potential to
change medical science dramatically in the 21st century.
According to Jar off, Nanotech is capable of delivering medication to the exact
location where they’re needed. In addition touch fewer deaths (and disorders) from side
effects; the drug would also be more potent. The drug
Could also reach nearly inaccessible places that current techniques don’t allow.
The most elementary nanomedical devices will be used to diagnose illness. Chemical
tests exist for this purpose; nanomachines could be employed to monitor the internal
chemistry of the body. Mobile nanorobots, equipped with wireless transmitters, might
circulate in the blood land lymph systems, and send out warnings when chemical
imbalances occur. Similar fixed nanomachines could be planted in the nervous to monitor
pulse, brain-wave activity, and other functions.

In cancer treatment—NANO:
WHAT IS CANCER?

The human body is made up of many cellular units that worn out regularly. These worn
out cells are removed and new cells replaces the old existing cells by a cellular division
referred to as mitosis. Cancer begins when there has been a permanent change in the
structure of DNA, referred to as the mutation. This change in gene structure takes place
in several steps given below.

Primary steps:

1. Proto-Oncogenes Become Oncogenes:

2. Tumor Suppressor Genes Stop Working

3. Cell Cycle Clock Malfunctions:

4. Cells Achieve Immortality:

B. Secondary steps:

1. Tumors Spread:

2. Tumor Forms:

Cancer Detection and Treatment

Nanotechnology can be used in detection of cancer at an early stage. Nanotechnology
tools are extremely sensitive and can be used with out physically altering the cells or
tissue and can be run on a singly small device. The cantilever is a tool and when the
cancer molecules bid to the cantilevers the bends. From this, the detected from which the
cancer ells are detected.
Nanotubes help to identify DNA changes associated with cancer. Quantum dots
are tiny crystals that flow when UV light stimulates them. Latex bend filled with these
crystals can be designed to bind to specific DNA sequences and the cancer cells detected.

Nano Robots: Medicines of Future

“Living organisms are naturally-existing fabulously complex systems of molecular
nanotechnology”. The above statement raises the interesting possibility that machines
constructed at the molecular level (nanomachines) may be used to cure the human body
of its various ills. This application of nanotechnology to the field of medicines is
commonly called as Nanomedicine.
Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and
protecting the human body against pathogens. They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to
3 microns and will be constructed out of parts with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100
nanometers. The main element used will be carbon in the form of diamond/fullerene
glucose and oxygen for energy can do the powering of the nanorobots. Communication
with the device can be achieved by broadcast-type acoustic signaling.

IMPLEMENTATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CANCER TREATMENT:

A navigational network may be installed in the body, with station keeping

navigational elements providing high positional accuracy to all passing nanorobots that
interrogate them, wanting to know their location. This will enable the physician to keep
tract of the various devices sin the body. When the task of the nanorobots is completed,
allowing them to excuses themselves
Via the usual human excretory channels can retrieve them. They can also be removed by
active scavenger systems. This feature is design dependent

Nan robots working in the Blood Vessels

A) Normal Blood b) Nano robot catching c)

Nano robot moving the impurity
hold of an impurity blood
d) Front view of nana robot e) nano robot bursting f)
Nano Robot back to normal
out the impurity

In this case we could use the nanorobots, specially designed nanodevices that could carry
the chemotherapic drugs for the treatment of cancer cells and also to improve the MAb
contents in these robots thereby improving the efficiency of the chemotherapy in cancer
treatment, which has been a major problem in today’s treatment techniques. Also the use
of ATP powered biomotors used for nanodevices create a low hypoxia environment that
decreases the danger of spreading of tumor to other regions. The chemotherapic drugs are
injected into the patient that along with the MAb are used to identify the affected areas
thereby making a localized perception of the cancer tissue. Then the nanosensors used
identify the temperature variation in the local environment that detects the specific areas
of infection that could be used for application of chemotherapic drugs. The hypoxia is
decreased in the local environment, due to the use of biomotors in nanodevices that helps
in controlling the further spreading of tumor. Thus nanotechnology is implemented in the
biomedical field for treatment of cancer.

FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:
Nanotechnology is expected to have an impact on nearly every industry. The U.S.
National Science Foundation has predicted that the global market for nanotechnologies
will reach $1 trillion or more within 20 years. The research community is actively
pursuing hundreds of applications in nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, and
bionanotechnology.
By 2020, scientist at Rutgers University believes that nano-sized robots will be injected
into the bloodstream, and administer a drug directly to an infected cell. This robot has a
carbon nanotube body, a bimolecular motor that propels it and peptide limbs to orient
itself. Because it is composed of biological elements such as DNA and proteins, it will be
easily removed from the body.
Results:
Replicating Nanorobots
MNT nanofacturing is popularly linked with the idea of swarms of coordinated nanoscale
robots working together, as proposed by Drexler in his 1986 popular discussions of the
subject. It is proposed that sufficiently capable nanobots could construct more nanobots.

Recent technical proposals for MNT nanofactories do not include self-replicating

nanobots, and recent ethical guidelines prohibit self-replication.
 Medical Nanorobots
One of the most important applications of MNT would be medical nanorobotics
or Nanomedicine. The ability to design, build, and deploy large numbers of medical
nanorobots would, at an optimum, make possible the rapid elimination of disease and the
reliable and relatively painless recovery from physical trauma. Medical nanorobots might
also make possible the convenient correction of genetic defects, and medical nanorobots
have any need for self-replication themselves since they would be manufactured
exclusively in carefully regulated nanofactories.

UTILITY FOG

Another proposed application of nanotechnology involves utility fog in which a

cloud of networked microscopic robots (simpler than assembler) changes its shape and
properties to form macroscopic objects and tools in accordance with software commands.
CONCLUSION:
Nano-technology will change the world as we know it. It will change how we
live, in every conceivable and inconceivable way. It will impact every industry and every
product. Humanity will be faced with a powerful, accelerated social revolution as a result
of nanotechnology. In the near future, a team of scientists will succeed in constructing the
first nano-sized robot capable of self replication. Consumer goods will become plentiful,
inexpensive, smart, and durable. Medicine will take a quantum leap forward. Space
travel and colonization will become safe and affordable. For these and other reasons
global life styles will change radically and human behavior drastically impacted.

THE NANOSCALE MANTRA