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Festsc h rift fiir Roland Bieber
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Essays in honorof RolandBieber

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 211

Lessonsfi'om thc ErtropeanUnion for InstitutionalDesrgn

in MultinationalStates
F/orian Riel'er*

As ihc Euro|.ranUnion has increascdits tirreignpolicy proliLein rccentvears.it has

beenconlrontedwidr assistrngin the iilsritutionaldesignofdirided socicties.The
fools of classienicdiation,.( in thc caseof ll)e shoft lived statcunion ol Sr'rbiaand
l\lL.ntcnc!ro.irndthe combin.rtjonof ncdiali(,Dirndthc l|oslecl ofIU acr'essjon. as
in llie cas!-(\l C)'prus,hrLlebccn utili/ed to dcvclop nc\\ institutionarl xrlrnecmcnls
'
for fragilestxtc\ itt luropc . ncighbotrrho.rd.The n.-cdttr rdentif) corr\rlexinstilrl-
ljonal setupslo acconrnrodltccompetirtgsclf-detrrlninalionnrovcrnenlshasbccome
conmon cufrr'r)c\jn internr)lionalconllicl D)[rrgcrncnt.not leastsincelh!'compli-
.ir1edDallor I'c.rceAcconls \hiclt crdcd tht l()92-!)5Bosnjrn \\ar. As hr.:hlishlctl
b y l h c i i i l u r . o f t h e p c i t c cI l l n f i ) r ( \ ' n r L r i\ n t h c r c l e r e n d u r snh o n l \ f f i o r t o t h c
c o u n l r y ' 'ls: ( l a c c c s s i o na n , lt h c s h o r i - l i \ c Jn a t u r eo f d r c S t r l c U n i o o o i S c r b l aa l i d
Nlontencuro.thcrc is nothlng ce\] aboui acconrmodatingconllicting dcl]randslirr
sovcfcignt)ir'ra statc1ian]e,'\ofk.
This chaptcr\hitll arguc thul (\nc pfilnrD rc:ourcc ol lhc ll, in lrconrnrrxlating
d i i c r s r t fi n a ( ' n r p l c r\ l l s t i l u t L ( r Iaerl r l n i e r t t c r r thsa sh c r n e ! i c c i c d .n : r n r e i tyh c F . L i
itsell Thjs i\ n(rlto slrgllcstthal thc l:.Llis r blue-print\\ h ich shoulclbc :rll trroelsily
copicd.First,(lircct co|ics nc!lcct fcglol)alspccillcitiesa d thc proccssesrn rvhich
1 tl)cscinsiilulr\'uscanrcaboLrt.:Sccond.thc LU rs a panicLrllrinstitr,rtionul arrangu-
D)cnlthrl l)f!'\cnls r nurrrbcr.rl challc ic\ \\hcn trrnsli !-(l to e slrt.'lr'lnrc',r'o|k
\ l r i c h r c q u r r ca ( l _ l L r s h n . 'Inht sc .; c \ \ e r n r n g sn o t w i t h \ t x n L l i nl rl i. c c \ l ) ! f i c n r eo l l l ) c
l--tl is onc trl the ]]ros1Iir\tin! iuld succ!s\lll expcriurcntsin insrjlutio0 Lruildins.
\\'herers thc failLrreof the jiU constituli,m in lcf'crendl il thc Ncthcflandsand
|iurcc in 2005 might appcrr lo d.llpcn tl)r rsucccss(oflhc ElJ, thc vcru feot rhat
lhc lU haslIc institutiol]rlcirfeaily to acconlnrodate such criscscan bc r iervcdas
s(rengllinrlharthnn a rlc:Lkness.
ln order 10 e\llnrine lhcsc illstrtutional!(r(rlsol 1heEU lnd thcif uselirLness for thc
stud).of multinationalstates-this chapter\r i11hrst discussthe approfrialcnessofthe
IIL.Jasa cascor cxarnplcofinstitution building il dividcd \ocieties.S0bscqucntl)', il
\r'rlLcxplorcthe ffoccss b} rr hich lU inslrlutjonshaveev(tvcd and ho\ this pilnir-
ulrr r'llciiiriac is rcle\ itnl in lruliinrlionxl statas.Fin.rll). the chaplcr \\ ill dtsuuss

' Leclurcr.
ldnicslnd lDtcmrorrlItelatiors.
Ur)ryersity
ofKcnt.CaDrcrbury,
Unjted
Kingdom.
I (td gdnd \, 'vr{rar d, I'., Ihd lir 7i)Lci and Tuntu o Kar:i,l:c, ,lluhp.aDizdion and ( on fl icr Re$lu
- t'on:Thcoric!JrdPrrxdign)!.".lournelonErhn,rtoliricsandMjnllrtllssuesinF.un)rr.(1001)
: s c c t t r t n J I t ) h r , l , D e , n r r c \ r n P l u r l l S o c j e l i c , A C o r . t r r l l r \ e E r p l o r a r i o D( N r \ H , t \ c n l o n
don: \ rl. l,ni\er:lt] tre{r lqi7l. pp. 209,1l0
lTli
rvhich typcs ofinstituliotrs and inslilulion,rlprctccssesrnigltt bc ilpproprialu rn unLlcf-
slan(li,)glhe l.Ll nnd horr thc)'ctn bc trilns,i'r-rcrlclscrrherc.
A. \ i o l t , t ) t 1 . 1 1 ) l ) r ( ) l )itu l a t i ( )\ . \
l s r l l ) 1a l l r p p f o D f i a t cl o c o n t l a t e l h c l r u f o p c i l nL , l t i ( ] n\ \ ' i r l )\ ( r \ c l . c i { ns t i t l f \ . , ( i l I ] t h c
l : L r ( ) p c l l ri l t l c { f l l l i r ) rItr ' r r l c c tb c c o n s i t l c r c tiil s i t n t o d c l l i r r s o t i c t i e : t o r n b \ f ( r D l l i c l
: t t l d\ \ i t r - l r r s i r o t t . . l c c p l l t l i r r i l e csl r r e i c t r c s .\'i t l t r r L r r lrhc r r r r u :c, ( ) n c c r n \ .t i t r s cr l . ( r -
L i r ) r 1s\h o u l dn o t p r c \ c t u s l i r r n t c o n s i r l c r i n gt h e I : L l . r : . r p r r t c n t i l rDl r o r l c tl i r r | l t u l t i -
n i l l l ( ) l t t ls l i t l c s .[ i i r s l .h r r $ c t c r . u c s h l r l l c o n t j o n t h c s cl ) ( ) l c t ] t i aolb l a c l i o n \l o s u c hI
cornjralison.
O r l \ i l t h c l r t , \ \ c r e r , ' l r c c l i l s s i l l c i i i L su c o n r c n t i o n i l li u l f f n i l l i o n u lo r - g r ] n r . / r l r \( ,rnt d
s t i l l 0 s\ \ c r c r i c t r c d t h r r r L t l hl h e l c n \ ( ) l ( ( r \ c l l l i o l t i l l \ l i t l r : ( J \ c l c i g n l ) t n r n l c r , t i l -
t 1 { ) r r .llill \ - \ \ ( ) l t l ( li 1r ( ) | ] t 0 i l f l : , , )l rnp p t r r r ' : r h s L r l| nt l .r r l r i i t r . i l t c r el r . r sh u r . r r o s i d c r . -
i r b l c c ( r u \ r u c n c c h c l r r e L ng o r c r n l n < a i l l t c l r L t r o p c i ut) n r L r ni i n t l i r r l l r n i . o r c r -
e r g r r\ l l r l c \ . , \ r g u l r l t l _t rr l ] L l n r h cor l p o \ t - c o l t l l t c ts l a l c s .r r r e l tl r . l i r s n L r i l | . 1 l l c r , , c ,
! o \ i n i l i l n d S c | l r i l rl n c i \ ' l o n l c l t c g l o l l r d a t r c l r l e r d c l i t c t o l I d 1 t 1 l l ) t c \( l c - . i U r c
i l i r l l r ( ) r i l \l o \ \ i t r ( l \ t h c i f c ( ) n \ t i l u c n tL t n t l :l l t i l n t h c l : t l t I i r r r r 1 o \ \ i [ ( l \ l t i 0 ] I c t b a r
\ 1 u 1 a ls( r L l i l \ \. \ ' h f r ) \ l I t ( l \ i n g l h e l ) i t \ l o l ] l , . t r c e \ c u r r r ' t l s:.( ) n t ( ' l l U t h o f \l t : r r t t n j i r c t
r ( r r r l l r i r f c((hi c i L r f i l n ! c n t a n1( i ) ll J ( ) \ l ] l .ltl t ( i l l c l . / e g r ) \L n xc \ p i r ! t t i \ ! \ L t l lt l l r I ( t 1 , 1 ) c . u l
l i r r t o n .c t r n s i d c I i n gi t t r , , S l l l l r l e r t r e r l r L r r rf(c1\ .o.l.] l l 1 i n :.lt ! l l i l | l r c l c l i . / i l l t { ,, , 1 t l t c l : 1 .
. t l r l , ( \ l l r \ I r ' ( . { , ( t l . . r . , r ' r \ tl r t t, r ' , . r\1, r . t r l .
N c \ 1 . \ \ ' c h l l v c t o a s k o t l s c l r c s . \ \ h c l h c f l l t ! ' l : r r l o p c l n( ' n i o r c r n s c f \ c l l s l n l o ( l c l
l i r t r o c i c t i c s * h i c h ; r l c c ( ) n s i d c f c (dl i r r r l c c lu n c ls h . r p c r l . r . l | ( ) s l - c o n l l i ! l \ c l l i n g l
\ \ l t c r c r t s u n u n r h c ) r ) l c l h l t o | o l r t i c i r lu r i n l l i c t sh l r r c o e e u l t c t l* t t l t i n t h c l L r r r , I c l n
L r r t r o r rl .i o r n \ r r r r h c l r r l r e l a n t ih r t h . l l i l s ( l ( ! l l c g L t , n -r l \ ! ( j t t i ( lr c t t . r i r i l \ h c l t i t ( l c ,
q u r t c t o c o n s i d e rl h e : u e o n l l i c l st o t J cl l c l j t g l i r I t h c l - L r | o p e l nL . n i o J r l l t ( : c . o n -
s l i l u l c t h c c \ c c f t i o n t o t h c n o f n r i n t h . l r u f o p c u nl l n i 0 n u r r i lh a t e r r o ti i r n d r i n t e n t u l l l
s h i l D c dt h c i n s t i l u t i o n i rsl c l L r po l t h c I : 1 . ( a n i l r i c c - rc r s l ) . \ c r c r t h c l c s st.h c q L r c s t i o n
cilr) [r('ilns\\'clcd atilfnlilti\cl] tionr nro pc|spcelircs. I irstlr. thc I:[] is lirrriurrcn
t r t l l l r t I r r s t - c o n l l i e pl l ) j f r l . l t \ i l n c l ) ( ) r i \ l l r ' r ) r l v $ i t h l h c c \ l ) ! ' r ' i c n coet \ \ r ' r ' [ ! \ \ ' l r l l
i l l l d t h c i l t t c r r r p t ( r l ) r ! \ a n l l r c r ) e c u n ! n ! e ( ) l ' ! ! i ! ( r l t h a l ] r r o l ) c i t nc ( ) n l r n c n l .\ s
s u c h . i n i t s a n l b i l i r ' n -t l r c l : L l c l o c sn t r t ( l i l i . : f l L n d t u l c n t l l l - l i o l l r o t h c r p ( r \ l - c o n l l i c l
statc-builclinp g t o j c c t s I I o $ c v e r . \ \ l t h J n c \ c r i n c r c u s l o gn L l n t b c ro 1 - l : u t o p c l t n s
tllrclling. stuilying lnd \\'ofking across rliltioDal border\. thc conccpt ol il di\idcd
s o c i c l vN p p c n r si n a d c q u u t cS. t i l l . o n l v a p p r - o x i n r a t c2l vp c r c c n to l t h c I r L rl { ' l ) l r l l l { r o n
l i r e ' si n l n o t h c r I l l J c o u n t n . r W h i l c t h i s l o u l c r c l o l n r ( ) b j l i l vi l c r o s sI I h o l l c r . i s
n r ) l i t s i g n ( r 1 ' p o s l - c a r n i l ii cuii l ' r i c i ( ' n .h u i r r f a l i o s r! ' l o l h c r l i c l o . s . r h c i . r e lt r . t l t . r i r t s
t h a l t h c E t J g o v c r n s o v c r r h i g h l v l i l g r n c r r t c ds o c i c t \ . l l r i s i s h i g h l i g h t c Lbl ) ' t h c
llrintuhth,.tl.t."Fticclciiirllosnronllcr/csosinirllh\\'cdrrlrsscrl\onl)r\rur.rlsit.rarrv
l o r d c , u n s I i n L u r o n r - l l ' } e r c el i ) r l r o \ . i r l i c ; ; c r o \ i i r L r : ' r r , . n , ' i , " i ' " " t . , ' r s r ( h , , l l c n g cI ' r
l u f o t c l . I n r e g r r t r o \l rr.l 1 t ) . N o l ( 1 9 ( ) r ) ) . f . . 1 .
l ' ! r ( \ r a r .l , L l l r l . ! ' f l i , ! ) \ \ ' ' r l h r r u g h \ r r r , s l r i s i l . u \ c n r b o u r j : . 1 { ) { ) o
l (l). .J r
Lt:utu:7tont thc t.utopLtn ( ttton/rtr Irtsritutioit! D!!it!tl itt,lltthi,,tttontl Stdtt:2'/9
elcctorul canrp0ignsti)f thc Eur(r|caD ['arlianrcnt. which ilrc lirrgclr national cam-
| l i g r s ( e v c n i f l h c L l L lh a s h c c o n r cr r D o r cd o D r i n r D li s s u e ) t. v i t h l i t l l c c l m p a r g n r n g
t a k i n g p h e . ' i l c r o s s t h c l r L l . . \ \ l r c s L r l t . . l o s e p\h\ c i l c ' r ' h a sa r g u c d l h l l l t h ! - [ i [ ] i s
r'As
c h l l r a c t c r i z c db y h a ! i n g n r U l l i p l cd e r n o i h ( ' t f g u c s i n r c g i t t ' rt1, r E u r , ) l c r n ( r l r -
z c n s h i p . m e r r h c r s l r t e c i t i z c n s h i p i s m c r c l l , s L r p p l c r n e n t ebd) c i 1 i / e n s h i pr t l h c
E u r o p c a nl c r c l . ' -A s s u c h .c i l i , . c l s o f t h e t i L l h o l d d u r l c i t i z c n s h i po t t h e h U o r r dt h c
mernbcr statc. This dullity is chalirctcristicDol.ju\l in thc lcgal scrsr'. but illso trlorc
b r o a d l v u i t I r ! ' ! : i i f (1l c lt h e r c l a t t o n s h i po l l h c I : t l t r r n i t t d si t s c i t i z c n : . A s s u c h u c
c r n c r r n . r r i c irh c [ : 1 , c i l h c r u s a l i i r ! : n r c n l c rslo c r . ' t ro I r s n r u ] l i p l cs r r i c l r c s $ h i e l l : r r c
l i n k e d . \ \ ' i t l r o u ti r u r s u i l ] gt h c l . l l t c rc i l l c L : o r i clsi l r l h c f . \ c c a n c o n s i i l c It h c n l t u r c r r l
t h c I t I t o a p p r o p r i l t . t o c x i l n ]1 r c l s i r c a s cl b r i t t s t r t L r t i o ndacl s i g n r n t l i r i t l c d s o c i c t -
ic:.
( ltrttt.!1,
l') t)( t,\\ d||tl 1LittDtntrtduIirt.<
r \ t i t s c o | c . t h c I u f o p c u l ]l n t c g r i r l i o np | o j c c t r : . r I f ( ) c c s s .n o t i r f r , \ l u c t . l h c n r ( r \ l
t i l n l o i l sl i n c ( ' l l l r r t r c u t i c sc s t i t t r l L s h i nt hg c l r L r r o l ) c i L( no n r n r u r i l r . n a n r c l yt l t c t l c t c t -
n r i n l l t i o no l l h e n r e l ] r b c sr l i r l c si r l h e l i o r ] l c t f c l l l \ t o ) i i l \ 1 h al i r L r n d . r l i o nost a n c \ c r
c l o s c r u n i o r l i l r n ( ) n gl h e I q r p l e s o l I : r r l o p e < "s L r . t . t c s t sh l r l \ i r r c r r l \ c r c l r l i o n .t h c
l : L r r o p c l rl : c o n r r n r i c( o r n n r L r n r lh\ l r sb c c n c o r r r r d c r r 'lr .pl r o c c s sr r h r c l rs o L r l dl c l r ctj , t
r i i r n i ( ) nh. i i l r t r ' i i h c rl i ) rn r ul l r l ! ' \t h c , r c n r ll , -rr' r i r r c t , ,n. o r ' , .ri c, : i t r l c ' l i r r teh c ( ) r ! . r , ,/,i r li i , il
I r . ir i r c h . T h e l l r ( r c c \ so f i c n l . r l i ( \ rrrr l t h c l : u r r r p c . r lLl n i o r p r - o - ; c e .t u l l ) c I n \ l r u u t r ! c
i ' r - o n1r * o l t r i : l c s l i t i n : t i l r r t i o r t . rdl c r c l o p r t t c n lr n t l r r i r l c r ls o c i c l i a \ :t h c f u r f o s c o l
n r i t i n t i i i n i n il t p r o c c s sa n t l t h c n r c c l l l l r i s r n (s) l t h r s p r o c c s s .
\ \ ' h r i s i t i n r D r r l t a nl to c o r s i ( l e f I n \ l i l u l i o n i r lt l c r r ' l t r p n r c nitl s i r l l l r ) . c s sa t u l l . ' \ \ ' h 1 '
s h o L r l di n s t i t r r t r L r rnr0r 1b c s c l r l ) ( ) l c c i t n d l b r l r l l ' \ \ ' l r c n u s i n r ll h c l e r ' l ] rp r o c c s \ .r l
c a n d c s e r i b ch . r t h t h c c r o i r i r t - gn l l u r c r ) 1 ' r l r co \ ( r u l l l : u r ( ) l e l r ) i r ) l c ! r ' . r l i ( )lr) r r ) i L ' c l
i l r d c h r n ! c \ o l t ( ) l h c i n s t r t u r i ( r r i r\ l r u c l u r c L r l t h c L : L . l h u s i r u J ) i I g L h c l : t ] a : . r
p f o c c s sr e c l u i r c \u s 1 t tc \ u n r i n ( ' $ h r t k i n c lo l o r l l n i z u l i ( J nt h c L L i : l l t o g c t h c r a n d
n r o r e s p c c i l i c l r l l l .' , r h i c hi n s t r t u t i o n sr l r o u l d l l o r c r n t h c l r L l a n d r v h i c h l T o l i c )a l c a s
shilll thcsc ilr\trtution co\ er.
l l s l i t u t i o n s i n u o r r p l c r s t a t c sn c c r lt o b c s p c c i l i cr r n r l l c ' . i b l e .S p c c i l i c i t r i \ I l f t i r l r -
Iarll r'cc1uir.'<l r',hcn il ct,nrcs to pror rtiing slliguitlr.is an,.lclc.ulv out)ir)rD! resl)r',r\i-
b i l i t i c s t o n n n i l { c c o n l l i c ( l r c t u c c n d i i l c r c n t c ( ) n ] n r u n i t i c si r r r l i r i d c i l s o c i c t i c s .
Whcreits all tlcnrocratic c( strtutrons neecl lo Lrc spccilic in dcfining instrtutrons.
i n s t i t u t i o n si n d i v i d c d s o c i c t i c sr c q u i r c g r c i r t c rd c t r i l . I i r s t o f r l l . i n s t i t r L t i o n r\ n
( l d L ' l l r l L t r ' r ' , . \ | \ r n I l t . t r , i t ' , ' t l.l , , l l i . t \ r m r L , , I l r t , ' ( ; 8 , , , r ( , / d / , / , , ' . l l ) c \ . \ \ r ( i , \
c r . t ! . . i r h . l ( r r r l L u n ) p . . r r f ' r r l r i l r n ! n ( i L rL\ l . r r l L r n( r r n t r i r g I L r l j ( i r L n r r . \ - t u r ( , p . x nt f r o r r
Polrtr.:\ol I No l(1006).tn lri 501
. l l l l l t t i t i , t . " t o b . L rl u r 1 , t t . l | f' r t r / c n I i n \ i r r r l( r \ i l 1 , , a t r o nK. rt t l l ( ; , l J u a t L l l I l d , , . 1 : .
( h d r l t s I t l \ 1 ! t r ( c ( l s ) . \ r t i o r u l l \ r n r n d I n l c r r . t i ( n r a l L \ r rrrn l h c P o n ( i J l J \ \ l l l I r r u ( l o | l d ( n
R o u l l r d g . . 1 0 0 0 ) .l ) 1 t ) 0 .
I b i d .p l 9 l
P r c . t l r r b l e . ( , , n s o l i d r t c ( l V e r \ i ( , , l r ch l.n \ L r s l i r b l i ' h i , r ! . r h c E u r ( J t . n ( , r m n r u n i t y . O l i i c i r l . l o ! l
i . r l ( l l a . l . l L ) . r e n r b . r: 0 r ) 1 .
280 Lrs\on\l)rn tln'Iiuntp,un I' iott lat tn\titutionulDL:ignin \ltrltiutttionul\trtrLs281

sLrchsocietics Decd to takc into irccoL t citi,/ers. ln addiliorr. thc) also ha\e to f6mpromisc in dirided socictics in\ol\'1ng issucs of sovcrcigtlly al]d po\cf
incorporatc intenrccliale collcctivitics. \\'hethcr these arc statcs (in l'cdcrittioDs).
betwecn thc slatc and its units can bc diftictrlt nd clusire-. While spccrllc rlnd
lin!:uistic of cthnic groups (in consociational stiltcs) of nrcmbcf slltlcs (as in thc
detailed institutional an-angcntcnlsrright bc tctlttitctl in sonle tspccts. such as thc
l : U ) . t h e s e r e r l u i f c m o r e s p e c i l i c i t y i n o u t l i n i n g r c s p o n s i b i l i t i c sa n d p o i r c r s r h a n
institutional nlcchitnjsnlsto Ncc(nnnlodiltccompeling dcnrands.anlbi\ lllcncc cln bc
c o n ! e n t i o n r l n r l i o n s l a l c s .I n t h e I r L j . i t i s n o t o n l y t h c l n u l t i p l c l a v e r s 0 r s o v c r - useful elsc\hcrc. Ilcrc lhe conccpt of rinconlplctell thcoriTcd llgrccnlcnlsl. as
cignt) thrt fcqLrifcgfcltcf dctlil. lt is irlso thc inhcfcDt tcnsion bct\\cen thcses so\- (
termed b) 1hc Antcricln coDstilLllionallltuycr ass Stttlslcin. is panicLllafl-"" Llsclill.
e r c i g n l i c s .l h i s l c n s i o n i s p e r h l p s r n o r eo b r , i o u si n c l l s s i c d i r i d e d s o c i c t i e ss. u c hl s He notcs thrl ilgrccne l oll o\ cfxrchins eonccpts nlight bc clLtsir c. Alrrbiguitv and
I 3 c l g i u r uo r L c b a n o n .b u t i t a l s o c r i s t s i n t h e L u r o p c a n U n i o n . S u c h a l c n s i o n i s ritthcf lhnn gleill (lctril can pt.olitle rccorn nlodllt ion lbf (Jlhcr\ri\c
abstraction
r c l l c c l e ( li n t h c c r f l \ t u i l u r c so l p f o i c c t st o c x p a n dt h c p o i v c r o l t h c I : F l ( r r rr r r cr a c c c o n f l i c t i n gp o s i l i o r r s .l ' h c c r s c o i l s r a c l $ o L t l d b c c a s c i n p o i n l . u h i c l l l l r c k sr r $ r ' i l -
o l ' n r c m L r c rs t a t c o p p o s r l i o n .s L r c hl s l h c [ : u r o n ! ' l i nl b l i l i c i l l ( o n r n r u r i t v l n d t l t c I'
t e n c o n s t i l u t i o ni n l h e a b s c n c co f a s o c i l t lc o n s c n s L rosl l t h c n l l l u f c o l ' l h ! ' s l i l l c .
l i u l o p c a n D c l i ' n c c ( o n r n r u n i t y .o r l r l c r t h c d c c i s i o no i t h c ( i c f n r l n ( o n l i l u l i o n i l l W h i l c s u c l ta r ti r p p r r ) r c lnl r i g h l t r ec l i t i c i z c d l i t t a r o i c l i n gc o n l i o r l l i l l l o no n I c \ l s s t l c s
( o u r l o n t h e N l i l n \ l ri c h l I r c i r t \.
i n a s o c i c t i c s .r i n c o t r p l c t c l r t h c o f i . / c di l s r c e n r e n l \ (l l l l \ c c l c i l f b c n e l i t s l r r t l i r i t l c d
T h c n c c t l l i r l s p c c i i i c i t l ' o l c o n r p l c x i n s t i t u t i o n r la r n l n s . n l c n t s\ t l r ( l s t n i l p p t f c n l s o c i e l i e s r: l s l ' r c c i r t l lilt r u r l i r c r s e s o c i c t l . s i l c n c c o n s ( j r n c l h l r l gt h l l t n l x v I r o \ e
c o l ] l f l \ l l o r t r n c c d t o i ( l i i y ' rl tr r r . cl h l n g c o \ c f l i n r c . ; \ s $ i t h t h c r r c c dl i ) | s p c c i l i c i t r . f a l s e .o b l u s c .o r e r c c s r r r c l r c o t r l c n i i o r t s c l t n h c l p r r r i t r i n r i zcc( ) n l l i c l. . . l t r l r ls i t rc l i
l l c r i b i l i t r i s n o l c \ c l u s i \ e t o d i i r r l c c ls o c i c l i c s .b u l i t l p p l i e s t o 1 h . \ r i r ) | i l f l r c u l r f . grelt dclll ol lirnc rnd c\pcnsc.(r '\r strch. thcsc 1\l)c.\ (rl llgrc!'lllcnl\ i.lo n()l onl\
\ s i n s t i l L r t i o l si n c o r p o n l c i r l c n t i t r l n d c o l l c c t i r r t i c s t. h c r l r e r c e l r r i r c tr ol a l l o * l i r r r e d u c c) l h c p o l i t i c u lc o s l o l c r l r l u t i t t gd i \ r t g f e c l l r c r l l \ i (. b t r t t t t i g h tl t l s t rI t o r i r . l e l i r I
l r r c l l c c t i r r no l c h l n g r n g r c l l r t i o n sb e l * c c n t h c s c L r n i t s . I" l i n s l i t r r t r L r nr cs t u l l l t c l n a t h c D e c c i s l r \ r n \ l i t L r l i o n usl t r b i l i t ) . l l l ( l l h c l r L r f o p c i l nl l n i o n i t t r t r l i ) t l n d l r t r ( rrnr \
I i l r l i c i I i r l i o n o l l l ' r o l T u l i r t i oi nn I s t i r t ci i n d 1 h c c \ e c u l i o l ] r r l r l c c i s i o r tr a k c n l \ r h c Europcltn [:cononrc ( orrttrrrrrrilrbccn c]clincrlll\ ir collle(lcfillion ()f lls ll lc(l!'rllll(Jn.
s l a l c . c h n n g e s i n t h . f c l l t l o n s h l p b c l \ \ e c n s l r l c r n d c i t l , / c n sn c c r l t r , b c c i t h c r t h e p f o j c c l n o L r l r lh l t r c r t l i c n l t t c rl tl r r t r r r r b corl r n a r n b c fs t l l l c sl r r l ( Il o l i l i c l i l r l c l ( J f . l.l
r c l l c c l c d h ) i t l : t i t u t i o r l l ri lr d r n l i i l i ( ) no f 1 h c \ ci n \ 1 i 1 u 1 i ( ) n c\ c r it o b c l l e r i h l c l i o f r t h c i s u n l i k c l y t h r l l l n \ s u t r \ c q u c n tl f c l l l \ \ \ ( J t l l ! lh a r e b c c r l . i g n c r l .t t r r tl ( r l l l c l r l L \ ) fl l. t L l
b c g i n n i n r l 1 o c c o n r ( ) ( h l c : r r c hc h a n g c .l n r r s c i n s l i l u t l o n sf c l l c c l l [ ] r i i l i ( ) n l lrl . l l a - f i c d . h a d i t r o n l r i r . d s L r c hu c l c u r t l c l i r r t t i o t (r ' l \ \ h r r t l h . I : t r s . l r r l l l c 1l l l c c r c i l t l \ e
r ( ) r i c \ . \ | l c l ] i ! \ c l h l l i c ( ) f { ) 1 1 ) c{ r 1 ) L r p \L. l f c t l c rp o l e n l i l l ll i l r c h i i I ] g cc \ i s l s . I o r r \ i l D r - a m b i g u i t r ( J l r r h l l l h c l ' L r r o 1 ' r c l[t.nn i o n l s h u s n o l o t r l r s p u t n c d r i r i t l d e L r l t t el i r I
p l c . i l i n a g i \ c n s l l l l c c t h n l c g r \ ) u f s h l r r c c r l c n s i r e i n s t r t t r t r o n af el l ) r c \ c l l l l r t i ( ) b nu
.l d e c a d e si r r r o r s \ c h ( ) l l r ' \ .l r u l h l r - i n r n l r r t rr ' , i l r sh t c n t h c I i r L t n d l t l i oor lt l l t c l : L t f o l l e i t t t
( ) \ c f t i r r c c l h l ] i c i ( l c l ] t i l Yd c c r c l r s c ri l ] r n r l r ( ) r l l l l r ci rer d r c g i o n l t l i r l c n t i t r t l r k c s i t s U n i o n . I I e r c . t h . c \ u n r D I c( ) l 1 h al r t c l l n b c i t r s t t L t e t i r cl i r l r l i r i d c d s r r t i c l r c . .\ \ h i l c
l ) l l r e c .l h c n i n s l r l t r t r o n rsr r i l h l r r c t o r c l l c c t t h i s c h a n g c t o f c n i n r c \ p ( ) r r s i \ al l n d i t m i g h t b c d i l l i c u l l 1 ( )u r o i c l d c c l a l i n gl h c \ l l l c t o h c i l s t i l t c .( r l h e rl l t t b i r u i l i r . ! J t r
lcgitinrirtc. b e u s c l i r l . l r o r c x a n r p l c .* h c t l r c t t o c o n s i d c f l l s t u t c l I c ( l c r i r l i o no f c o n l ! ' d c r i r l i o n
' \ s a l c s r r l t c. h a n g ch l s t o b c a t t h c c o l c o l ' i n s t i t L r t r o nlar n l r n g c n r c n l si r l c o n r l ) l c \i L r r d m i g h t b c b c s l l c l i L r n d c i l n c d l.l l L l s t r r t i \ co l t l t i s i i p p t o a c hi : t h c t r a r t r t c t - i t *t h i e h
i l i r i r l c d r o c i c t i c s . l h c r c r - r l i r c t t h l t t h c l r r r r ( ) p c l l i] n l c g r | t i o l ] h a s h c c n u p t r r c c s s B o s n i a a n c lI l c l z c g o r i n a i s d c l l n c d i n t h c l ) u y t o n c o n \ l i l u l i o n o l 1 9 9 5 t t n L t s L t l t l l l
r u n l i r l d i n g o i c r ' l i l i r r c l r s n r r k c s i t u p o s s i b l c c r r n r p l c l i u c l i r i c: o l ccci l, : t i e s . o n l y b v l h i s n i r r r c .$ i t h o u ta n Vd e i i n i l i o no l l h c l ) p c o i s l i l t c .A n o l h e r c r t n r p l c r r t a n
; \ s c c o r l dc o r l s i d c r l t i o no n $ h r I p r o c c r s o r i q r t c d c o n c e p t L r i l l i z r i i oonl i r l s l i l u l i o n i l l r i n c o m p l c t c l r t h c o l i z c c la g r e e D r ct s ( i s t h c p | c u n r t r l co l ' t h c l l c l g i a n c o n s t i t L r t i r r t t .
rrrangcnlcnts nright bc usclirl can bc lirLrnciin thc controrcrsf ilnd lcnslon\ llrcl(i\ Where otlrcr counlrics oullin. th.fe historie lcgltcy. Llclinc thc pcoplc ol lhc stlllc
n o t c d i t b o ! c . ( ( ) n r f l e \ i n \ l i l o 1 i o n si t r c t h c r c \ u l l o 1 - c o r n p r o n i s cb c l $ e c t t o l j c n e o n - a n d t h c h o l d c r so i s o r c l c i g n l v . l h c l l c l g i r n c o n s t i t L r t i osnn ) s n ( ) 1 h i n ! 1 . . , i\ lng r e c
l r a d i c t o n ' c l a i n r s I. n t h e n r o s tc x t r c n r cc a j c s . i n s t i t u t i o n sh o l d l o g c l h c f s l J t r \ t t , l r ri r l m e n t o r l c r \ i 1 1 1ol p c ! rc c l t a i n r s p c c i so f c l e l i n i n g t h e s t i t t co t i t s i n s t i l L t t i o t tcsi i n l h u s
d i l l i i e n t d r r c c t i o n sb y c o r n p c t i n gs c l l : d e t e n ] l i l ] l l l i o |nl o \ e n l c D t s .( i c l ] c I u l l l s l l c l k - be part oi thc \ itrl pfoccss ol rnaragillg institutional clcrelopnrcnt in tlir iciccisocict
ing. sLrchlensions can bc Lrnclcrstoodas challenging the exislcl]cc. nillllrc lnd thc les.
p o \ t c r o l t h q s t a t c i n i t s r e l a t i o n s h i pk ) o t h c r u n i t s ( c o m n r u n i l i c s .1 i ' d c | a lu n i t s . Conceptuulizing i n s t i t u l i o n i rdl c s i u nl s u p l o c c s sl i l t h e rt h l n l o n c - o f l c v c n l n o c r l s )
l L r l o n o n l o L r sc g i o n s .c l c . ) . I n s u e l rc i l s c s .( l r cs l u t ei l s c l l o r i l l I ! ' r s t i l s i o \ t i t u t l o l l sl l f c f e a t . [ : \ e n i l c o n s l i t u t i o n si n s o n r c d i r i r l c d \ o c i c t i c s . l - c b i l n ( r nl i ] r e \ l l r n p l c . h r \ c
a conrpfonrisc.As thc Frrltrr',r/l.rlPrrTL'rrr tlocunrcnt.dislgreenlcrlt lnd conlnlt,mise- explicitlv callccllirr a ploccss that *oulcl lllos fi)| inslilulionll crrrlution. sLrchpro-
sceking are nol onh- nornral. but rre {lc1ui}llylirnclltncntalll- itDportlnt itspcct in thc cesseslfe ditllcult to initiutc. sustainaod tlo not al$ ays l icld rcsulls. ( onsiitutional
cons(itution of denrocrillic statcs. and tnslilutionrl cvolulion has bccn o pcrnl ncnl lcitlLlreof thc Europeirn LJnlon.

l0 c ; \ \ / r \ r r r . / ( r r l , . . r r L r i r l ) . | n LL T J L \ \ \ h r l ( i ) n \ l r l u t r o nIs) o ( N r ' s Y o r k ( ) \ l i ) r d l l n r \ . . \ i l !
S c ( '1 7 , ,f t , r . 8 & t r r . l h e ( h l l l . r g ! o l f t r s t r r L r r i o r x l i / I rL!l h l r r . i l l 1 nl h ! U ' ( ' s l c n rU t t l k x r r \ . "l : r r r ( r P t u \ \ .t l t l ) t ) .r r i i ,
"
p . r n \ . r r b o o L o l N 4 i r ( , i t !l s m c , : \ i r l l ( : 0 0 1 . 1 ) . ( l h ; l i . r g u . :( k r $ . r l - r $ l n r L ' r 1 r n r 1 ( ) r n l . 1 0 0 ' l ll Ibi .I if
fp t9 l0r t2
282 Lcssottin theEuropeanUnionfar I^ttfiuianal D.sig in MultinationtrtStates283

thus oossibh oftcnng sonle lessons The failure ofthe European Constitution and teristic ofco sociational democraciesor by Wiliiam Riker called Federal bargaining
q?c ofprocessis
rhe ci allcneesin rdopting the Maa:tricht Treaty suggesttbat this in caseof the United Statcs.''Elite bargains,as cxcmplifiedin the casr-of thc tlll
EU either' Funhermo'e, thc difiiculties ofthc EU
not ilee ofobstrcics in cascofthe alstt bare risks. The conlplcxi4, oi these Degotiationsand the deal-making bchind
in adaDtinqinstitutions and institutional practices confirm thc above on the Seneral closcd doors have undermined the democratic legitimacy of the European Union
js
challengesto such processes Yet, it importantto notc that two f-eaturesI'aciiitated and hence its popularitv. This is compounded further by the fact that political elites
the proJessof instiLrtionaladaptaliorlin casc of thc EU over the decadcs First.the speakto different publrcs.i.e. to their respcctivccountry's cilizens,in cxplarnrng
facithet EU rvas conceived as a process has ntade change casier- ln essencc,the EU thcir decisions.Consequcntly,testsofthe E.U'spopularityhtve beensobering,cc,n
was driven by a task. lamely c)oset cooperation and integration of thc member sideringboth the shrggles to ratiF{ the Maastricht treaty and the more recent failurc
srates.'l-he insrirlrrions follo$ed the task and the super-structurc let us call it a stale oflhe EU cr)nsfitution. The institutionalmcchanisrnsthal liken the EuropeanUniern
folLorvedthe institutiorls.In most stales'this processis reverscci fDstitutionsln lo consocintLonal dentocracics could thus be considcrcdobstiicleto furthcr inrcgra-
quo, while fromoting
statcsrarcly have the dual iunctiol1 t)fadrt'iinistcring thc status tion.tT
arnbitio; of integrati(tr or some odrer fom of statc translonnljlion. This
an Irc'aler
rcversc'ddvnantrcntight accouolfoI s('ne oi- tlie greatcr d)'nsnlisnlon the Insiifu_ Cofisaci a I I.]1aI I t tsI i I ui io I 1.r
tiorul rlcveloprnentoi the EtJ. Secondly,the EC/LU changcd by viftuc of enlarge-
mcnt. ln classiccicbates of lhe EuropeanUnion anclstill in some policl discussions ln recent)ears, the stud) ofthc EU has no longer bccn confided to intcmatioltal
_
tr)aix!. enl.lrqanre t and deepcning thc two l'l'lostprcrforrndfonrls ofchange are but thc ljnion has found its plac!'in c(rnpilttive polilics. This r.hanle ru
rclalir.rns.
scen as alteiatile strategiesofthc [']U' thcy nrigl'lt be bettcr und!'rstood as nvo inler- scholarship i. groundcdin the e! olution of thc EU. ln additiorlto discursionsin the
jn
lilrked proccsres.Inlergemcnt has trl lact bccn a Dlajor force of changc the EU field of lidcralisln studjcs,thc conceprof consociationalism has been applicd\rith
o.,c, rhc ,lccadc.and indu(L'Lla nLcJ I,) not orrlYto adjusl llle inslilutionalsel-up,bul incrclsingflcqucncy tLrtl dcrslandthe Erunpear LJnion As Boogardi loilits oul.
also t1rrccalibr3lethe conccptuallbundati'lnof the union theclassicleliturcsot Lilpltart'sconsocietionalisnr can be idrntihcd in rhc Eurolrcdrr
'l'his by incre eilalism and
processofinstrtutionalevolutionhasbecn characrerised Union fioln a gnnd coaliti(nrol all gtoups (rcad: mcmbershtes),to propoftionill
elite tnrgai ing. Thc incrr.:r'nenlalist f'rspcctive drarvs oti vie\\'ing the institutlonal represcnlatioD in public adminislrationand parliante-nt to muiual \elo rights and
evolutioi oftlr.' fU to a llrge degrcc lls d lrLrcess\l hich is not onil caprurcdb) rcr i- rut,)n(rn! (r.ad suh5i,li.rrit-!).'"
sions ofthc tlcoties,but which olien prccedesformaLrc\isionr by ne$'prrrtices ljr)like nrosl consociatiolalarringenlents_ thc !.U has not adoptedconsociationel
q,hich trke hold de facto only to be jnsiitr.rtioDalized or rathcr formalizedleteron.rr approachcs t{) fiold toFethcr(.but lather 1()establisha nc$ p(,lit},.As such,thc Ftl
Itunhennore.a bargatn *hrch eslahlJshrs ne\r inslilulilnl0l arrrng!-mcnlsnliehl be is a acntripelillconsocriliolt,establishcdio brjn_tlloltelherlncntbcr staies.$herels
jnstitLLtional cvoLutio ' As David
rnerclr thc first step,ratllcr thcn thc cnd point ol all classicctrnsociations, such as Belgiun and thc Ncthcrland\,are ans\\.crsto ecn
bargaii is constanlly rc nesotieted a process trilirgaltcndencies. '' lt might bc
McKcv has notcd.r,. . . the original arguedthat the ELi sharcsthis characleristic\1,ith
thlt n!1\ result in lunhcr D,.rlitical ccntraliTali(rn oL ilt rnor'es to\atds decentraliza- sorre ofthc consociatirrlale\pL-rjmcntsin rccenl 1ears.mr)stnotablv Bosnia ald
Helzegoviuir.Serbia and Monlenegroa d tbc Annan Plan lor Cli,prus Althoush
The pfocessofelitc bargai ing is d(lminantwhen citherentilely ncw institutjonsare 8o\ernlng olle sovelelgn statc! these anangementshavc brought together ulllts
establishedor cert.in institLltionalplictices arc-legalizcd Such closcddoor compro- r,hich ha\,cbeenseparateand oftcn dc-facto independent. As slrch,thcseconsoerr-
misc scckinghils its roots in thc origins oi'thc Iuropexn Union a\ ifltcrgo!emnlental 1i('\nai
arrangcntcnts:irc at leaslin partccntripctal,evcn ifthe experiorcnt:havc been
ls
oroanizatiotis whore such methods of con'ipromisc seeking arc colt'tmon At the of limited successin achicvinga coherenlcentre.lt is strikingthat the IU hasin f'act
sainetime. it remindsol thc clite birrgaining Arend Lijphart describes as a charac- beena key promoteroftheseconsociationalanangements. \Vhilc someolhersntight

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its foreign policy'20 is the promo- EuropeanUnion and dividcd societiesis thc formersavailabilityof time. The inte-
cxaggerate the )consociational<urge ofthe EU in
of the instirutional self-perception gration process has been ablc 1cltake its time and to cvolve over half a century as
tion-6f power-sharing anangements a reflcction
self-consciously reflectedwithin the EU' dlere non-integration did not pose an unsustainablestatus-quo.In order words, thc ternpo
ofthe EU'/ Although not necessanry
arrnngernenlHitt::' ofintegralion has been slower thaDmost sovcreign countries might be able to afford.
ion fr" nu anuUtth"atthe EU is a self a\rare pouer-sharing
o t h c l (r'lll'llle: ll mlgnl De Despitcthe differencein the tinrc'availablefor thc institulionalcvolution,the key
$ l t a l n c i l " r u d , ' ( . t U c o n ' o c l a l i o n r l l ' l nh d v e f o r
c,.rnsociaiional arangr-mcDts, citing prob- lessonfrom lhe EuropeanUnion rcmainsthe process-oricDled alproach to thc in5lr-
arcued thet frlqucnt scepticismtoruards
-r"i*
reinforcement oi erisring li cs of divisions and tu(io al devciopment.llerc. ou. understandingol inslilutionaldesign in dirided
a".i","ric iiclusion.
"iii, in thc case of the ELI' socicticsstandsonly at the beginning.
i""g i.*, f""af" can be both contirmed and chailenged
deDcndjnl, rn the Pointof \ icw
iii. ;'*ii,,,"."i.:""text q hich mules tbc Europcan Union rclevarlt is the rclation-
BibLiography
shiDbct\\ceDther'lnttsorapillars,'l$usethetcnninoiogyofconsociationalism'As
the flu between
O'.1"" tn" approp'i,,i.nct' "i the coltsociationelmodcl ior
" "" discrcpaDciesbctwecn the l'ltJ and Bicbcr,l'l!,.nan,,lhc Challeng.L'l'lnslituticnraliTing Llhricilr in the Westemllilkilrs.(
ilogn.r:a, ,ntl Cr"po, itighllghr*.one c,f the kc-v l:uroTon learbookof,{/rr,rrin/.(ui.r.Vol. I(2001 4i.'IhcHirgue:KluwerLaw Irrter'
otlhe units While in thc Etl lhc constin'ent
corisociatic,nllthc'or)'is the sr)!crergntv nalrc,nal. :0{)5.Pp.89-l()7
uni|slrc'trlctnberstatcs$'iihilrr.'rtrati.lnllsovcreignt\'.consoclati(lna]-stxlcsx|c Bog.Nrds, Nlalthrjs. )Corsorr:rronrlInt,Jrpretations oftht ELrropcan t,nion:A CriticitlApp-
also do not pos-
..ti rrLn*"rnous units $'hich lack sovercigntvantl oiten t^i$1,,1 EuropeanLirio' P,/r/i.r Vol. l. No. i (2()01), p. 157 l7(J.
""'r,li"i.-,i l"nn"O t ordcrs Whilc tlrrsdistinctionis relc\int for corl\'cntionalcon Brusis.Maftn, )TheEufope.rn llnic,fandIntefethnic Po$crshaangArrxngcncnls i '\c.cs-
,",,.t"o,tY
;t appliesiessto post-conflictconsoci:rtions'\\hcre the con\tit- sionCountrics,(JorlralofL!ltnca]tdtlinorit! lrsaasir; frrro2r'.No. l. (2003).]\vaih-
,""Lri""ri.1**r, bleat:wu'w.ccmi.de, jemie.
inicrnationel but
sorereignt'Y, quasi-stelc
possess likc leatures'
ucnt units night lack ClacsH de Vrecsc,SusanA. IlaDduccj. Holli A. Scrnctko. IIaJoG. Boomgaardcn- rlhe
than many cldssrc
iitu., tl," ItL: may incleed bc a rrt-re appropri'rte coltplrison News ('overagcol the 200,1ELrropcan ParliamentaryE['crion Camprign in 25 Cc,un-
exirmlleso I'col)socialionalis]n trie\.<Eurapcdnarlo, P.,lIlL \. \'ol 7, No. :1(2006),pp. .1,'r 50,1.
Crcpaz, Nlrrku: M.L..)\orns. fLrnclrL.ns- Lbcprocers,'t Lurq)crnilrlcgrrlroD
anddialectics.
r rcpl) tti lJcgaards.< 2un,p,anl:n:ot loltrcr. Vol. l. N,r -l ll0l)l), I l?0 l?6
E(lron.rt. t{,j Integrdtion !,'.t) tht.)u:!ltst.rtistics.
Lu\.nlbourt-2006.Availatrl.^t. ht(p:r
to prollltrtethe institutionaldesign efp curoslrl.cc.curopa.eLr crcltuITY OFFPTJ BiKS-l I '0a 69lrENrKS-?l-05'69t
h is nol onl) lhc mcreasecl ol)enrll} oflhe EU F-N, PDF.
l l
r n r , : ' t . ( u r l l l ( l: \ n \ ' l c l l e ' I l l r r p c r r h l
i l t l r a l et l r c I U l c l c ' r l f o l ' l i r i d c J' n c i ' t
Lilphan.Arend, Dentoctuc)ii L'lutal .\a(k'tit\. '1 Canq)d|&i\r EVlotlrlirr,. Ne\\'l1r\!n
e\olLrtioD
i.. i.,f"..it"p,., na\ \oLr:ht10 illustratc thc inslitutionalsct-upand its London:Yal. Univcrsit)' Irressl9ll.
*otild h! 'r nll\lrl( to.consider
111o!idc antl)lclnateriallal lnshtullonrl JcsrgncrsJt McKav,David./ crlaralisntand llttn4tttn L:nion:,1 PolitiLalI:totrr.,rrr-r, ft'ryerliv r: Oxfi'rd:
arulrDdlLc u urld. Thc devel- OxiirrdtJni!ersilyPrcss,I99r)
iir" r..L-,,rrri,"nri,ua bc easilylransfcncd ro roLrnrrics
decision maling proccsses oflhe turopean Union dem- NoDtclle\a. (iergena, NathalicT,)cci.rndl anrere KovziDdTr, .LuroDcenization and('r)nfl)cl
op,r',..t-oi-;t*iu,t;onsanrl Resolulionl heoricsarrdPrrutligns.<./r,rrriulan Elh)l.tDlitittdnd Mntorit)l\\u,' tt
Ihus a diret^tttrnsler of
onsrrrtcs(hat instirutlonsnever are urtd al"'1s becotrc' Eutapc. 2Ot)JAvaihblca| $'\\'$.ecnli.dc jcnric.
\\1lile app]ylngLeSsons leaml
insutlLtions is less|ruitful (andpossibLyel en hannlill]. Riker,Wrllrarr,Fedd,.r1;.rrr. Orlr/ri Ot)otrtian,Sign'ia .t 8os()n:Littlc&Bro\rr. 196J
clservhere Arl importent caveat' nowever' ls
in F,uropcitninlegmtion can be useful Riltbcrgcr. tserthold. FrankSchimmcllcnning. ))Explajrr)gthc constlnrdonalizatiolr oi the
political
iir" fu",,ft", tl" A--oropcan Union grew out ofa strategiccommitmentofthe EuropcanUnion,( Jo nal aJEwo|ea Publir folir],, \irl 11, No. 8 (2006).pp. I 148-
;lit;s to prorrotc intcgration ln man)' divided societies such an integration consen- I l6r.
Schneider, Hcinrich.)Fricde hir Bosnien-llcrzcgowira?l)a\ Verlragswcrkvon Daytonals
sus cannot be takcn for gtantcd' IIer:usfordcrung liir Europa,./r/.?,?1irrr.Vol. l9,No. I (1996).pp.I 13.
dcgreesof
r.vevcrthcless. the EuropeanL'nron has been conl'ronled\\ith varying SuDslcin. C.R, Dsrigri,?g Dem(,.rd,.\.Irht Can:titutian \ DL).N ervYork:OxlbrdUnrrersrtr
prLrcess among-its member
commitntcnt 1or lack thcreoll touards the intcgration Press,200l
The mos-rsignilicant difJctencc betweenthe Weilef,JH.H.. 'To bc a Furoperncilizcn Eros ar)dCi\'rlizalion,,(
sr.rt.j.r".utting in .unrplrab)e obsr:rc1,.-s. Kjcll ColdmanD, LIf
Hannerz,ChadcsWestin(ed\L\?rnrr(/ir/, d ,! I'*111.ttionati:nin the PostCol,l tYdr
Fru I ond,'ll:BoulleJue. . rj'ru oo 170 194
( o r o c r a r r o n' rJrl ' r n r ( l ] e r r r o f ' d _ ' l . n r o 1r , 4 J t r
\'( \..,,,,/ rir/l.r 'f n^nd,rr idh- r i d e dS o c r e t r e s Wrlkrnson, Slc!en f, ,,Cinartron.riril. Consociationalism. and rhe European Unron,<Sid
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