PHILIPPINE

POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
Presented by: Alex A. Dumandan
Objectives:
To understand
1. articulate the basic
definitions of politics HUMSS_PG12- Ia-1 concept
2.ofdifferentiate
Political the varioScience;
us views on politics and
HUMSS_PG12-Ia2
3. exploredevelop
To the connection betweena the phenomenon
critical(politway
ics) and the of
thinking
method of inquiryin(Polinterpreting Politics
itical Science) HUMSS_PG12- Ia-3 and
Government
4. recognize the value of politics HUMSS_PG12- Ia-4
5. differentiate governance from government HUMSS_PG12- Ia-5
LESSON 1

The Concept of Politics

and Governance
What is Politics?
“Man is by nature a
political animal”
-Aristotle, Politics
 “who gets what, when,
and how.”

Harold Lasswell
Politics (from Greek: Polis definition "affairs of the cities") is
the process of making decisions that apply to members of
a group, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of
governance — organized control over a human
community, particularly a state. It is the study or practice of
the distribution of power and resources within a given
community (this is usually a hierarchically organized
population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between
communities.
How politics can be studied?
 There are various ways by which one can study politics
or political science. It is the branch of knowledge that
deals with systems of government; the analysis of
political activity and behavior. It is a major social
science dealing with political and governmental
structures and processes. It is also the study of what is
believed to be universal in politics, such as power,
justice, and force.(Harris, 1997)
. . . ask not what your
country can do for
you, ask what you
can do for your
country.
- John F. Kennedy
LESSON 2
The Value of Politics and
Differentiation
of Governance from
Government
The value of Politics…..
help you to know your rights.
It clarifies what you yourself believe.
Politics is a living, breathing subject.
Politics helps you to understand our nation’s
parties.
Politics prepares you for adult life.
Government is the instrument of the state
through which the will of the people is
expressed, carried out, and formulated.
Governance is broadly defined as the
action of sovereign authority;
specifically, the exercise of
authoritative direction or control, over
a particular political unit or
organization.
 PARTICIPATION

RULE OF LAW

BILL OF RIGHTS

RESPONSIVENESS

CONSENSUS ORIENTED

EQUALITY AND INCLUSIVENESS

EFFECTIVENESS AND INCLUSIVENESS

ACCOUNTABILITY
Law as defined by St. Thomas Aquinas
is “an ordinance of reason for the
common good, made by him who
has care of the community…”
People exercise their political authority through the government, which
functions as an instrumentality of the state through law.

Politics and governance are shaped by institutions of a country.

According to Johnson (n.d.), institutions are significant practices
needed to “sustain and restrain orderly competition” in the field of
politics.

Recognizing the essential link between politics and governance will

provide both government officials and citizens a clear idea of the type
of political activity essential for good governance.
REFERENCES:
Ramos, Renan E. Philippine Politics and Governance
Vibal Group, Inc.2016

WEBSITES:
https://www.clopified.com/download/philippine-
politics-and-governance-curriculum-guidecg-humss/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25140478/Module-
1-Politics-and-Governancedocx/
https://www.academia.edu/40066509/DLP_Philippin
e_Politics_and_Government
https://www.centredaily.com/opinion/article6956417
2.html
https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=
N44828&sp=yes&
LESSON 3

Political Ideologies
Objectives:
critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves
as a political community;

identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism,
conservatism, etc.);

differentiate political ideologies;

examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of

political communities; and

analyze how political ideologies create an impact on the social and political
life of Filipinos.
The Nature of Political Ideology
An ideology is more or less a coherent set of
ideas that direct or organize a specific political
action (Heywood 2013). It consists of belief and
value systems, a discussion of existing power
relationships, an exploration of how political
change is achieved in line with these power
relations, and an illustration of a desired future.
 • A political belief system
• An action-orientated set of political ideas
• The ideas of the ruling class
• The world-view of a particular social class or social group
• Political ideas that embody or articulate class or social interests
• Ideas that propagate false consciousness amongst the exploited or
oppressed
• Ideas that situate the individual within a social context and generate a

Andrew Heywood sense of collective

belonging
• An officially sanctioned set of ideas used to legitimize a political system
or regime
• An all-embracing political doctrine that claims a monopoly of truth
• An abstract and highly systematic set of political ideas
Major Political Ideologies
Major Political Ideologies

Liberalism
Anarchism
Conservatism

Socialism Feminism

Marxism

Social Democracy

Fascism
Liberalism
Belief in individualism underscores the importance of the human individual
compared to any other group.

Liberty of the individual must be protected. An individual has freedom when

he or she is able to act as he or she pleases.

Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at least in moral terms. Equal
rights and entitlements are at its core.

Tolerance is the willingness of individuals to allow others to think and behave in

ways they do not approve.

Authority and social relationships must also be based on agreement or consent.

Authoritarianism
limited, not responsible, political pluralism"; that is, constraints on political
institutions and groups (such as legislatures, political parties and interest groups)

a basis for legitimacy based on emotion, especially the identification of the regime
as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable societal problems" such as
underdevelopment or insurgency

neither "intensive nor extensive political mobilization" and constraints on the mass
public (such as repressive tactics against opponents and a prohibition of
antiregime activity).

formally ill-defined" executive power, often shifting or vague.

Conservatism
Tradition must be conserved.

The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human reason. As a belief,

pragmatism emphasizes that action should be shaped by practical circumstances
and goals

Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of conservatives on the

individual

Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and is a living entity,

more than being an artifact of human ingenuity.

Conservatives also believe that social position and status are

only natural. With this, hierarchy is thought to be inevitable.
Socialism
Belief in the community highlights the degree to which the
individual is connected with others.

Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common humanity.

Socialists thus prefer cooperation rather than competition and
collectivity rather than individualism.

Socialists put primacy on social equality over other values.

This is believed to be the basis for social stability and cohesion.

Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the distribution of income or

wealth. Social class is believed to be an important social cleavage, which divides
societies.

Common ownership is also central to socialist thought. Unlike private property,

common ownership is a means to harness material resources for the common good.
Marxism
Historical materialism or the materialist conception of history provides that the
economy (mode of production) conditions all other aspects of social life—
including the law, government, politics, education, etc.

The dialectic, a process of interaction between competing forces, drives change

and leads to a higher stage of development.
Historical change is therefore a consequence of contradictionsin the mode of
production, as reflected in class conflict.

The exploitation of the proletariat (workers) by the capitalists (owners of the means
of production) would develop class consciousness among the former, hence
ushering a proletarian revolution which will facilitate the creation of a communist
society.
Social Democracy
Social democrats stand for a balance between the market and
the state, and between the individual and the community.

This ideology promotes compromise between the acceptance

of capitalism and the distribution of wealth according to moral,
rather than market principles.

Social democratic thought is concerned with the weak, the

vulnerable, and the underdog.

Compassion, common humanity, freedom, equal opportunities,

paternal duty, and care are among the values social democracy
recognizes.
Fascism
Fascism was manifested during Mussolini’s fascist dictatorship
in Italy and Hitler’s Nazi dictatorship in Germany.

Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power, heroism,

and war.

The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor, and

self-sacrifice; and gives unrelenting obedience to the supreme
leader is a fascist ideal.

Fascism has an anti-character: antiliberalism, anti-individualism,

anticapitalism, etc.

Fascists believe in a unified national community or strength

through unity. As such, individual identity is not as important
as that of the social group or community.
Anarchism
The state, or any political authority, is seen as both evil and
unnecessary.

Anarchists prefer a stateless society. Individuals can best

manage their own affairs through voluntary agreement and
cooperation.

Anarchism is thus at the intersection of liberalism and

socialism.
Feminism
Feminism is diverse but its unifying theme is the desire to
enhance the social role of women.

Society is characterized by sexual or gender inequality.

The structure of male power must be overturned, hence the

belief in gender equality.

Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist feminism,

and radical feminism. There are also “new feminisms” that
emerged.
REFERENCES:
Ramos, Renan E.Philippine Politics and Governance.Vibal Group, Inc.2016

WEBSITES
https://www.history.com/news/socialism-communism-differences
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/59ca69abf484e310000ac5ec/political-ideologies
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oAHoECAEQAA
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subjecting-all-political-movements-to-moral-scrutiny.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/books/review/american-conservatism-
andrew-j-bacevich.html
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the-us
https://aldepartyim.wordpress.com/tag/liberalism/
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productivity/