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e building blocks of En
T h
Song Oh-hyun
3A
Gravoca Book 3A
Publisher Song’s English Company
Managing Editor Michael J. Meyers
Copyeditor Kevin Kim
Contributing Writer Neil Armstrong
Cover/Book Design
Bar Code Se-ra Jeong
Grammar and vocabulary are the building blocks of English. Grammar gives
us structure, and vocabulary gives us meaning. Gravoca focuses on the words
and their forms and how they are used in sentences. The vocabulary section
introduces the meanings and forms of relevant terms; the grammar section
explains the nine parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, articles, pronouns, verbs,
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections) and sentence structure.
As the saying goes, “You must learn to walk before you can learn to run.”
Learning English properly should be a step-by-step process slowly and steadily
taking the student from the darkness to the light. Gravoca does just that by
taking these basic building blocks and introducing them to the student in an
easy-to-understand format that guides the student from reading to writing using
a modified version of the DYB Circular System.
Students start with sentence grammar, which takes the student from the nuances
of words and phrases to the construction of clauses and sentences. These skills
will later be applied to writing paragraphs and essays.
In Gravoca, grammar and vocabulary come first. Once the student understands
the concepts outlined in the grammar and memorizes the vocabulary, he/she can
move on to the reading, which incorporates the grammar and vocabulary the
student has learned. Each lesson contains at least two grammar/writing points;
grammar/writing tests; vocabulary; vocabulary tests; one reading passage;
reading-comprehension questions; a vocabulary-theme prefix, root, or suffix;
phrasal verbs; speaking prompts; and writing prompts. The lessons are designed
to make a good student a great student, and to help students in the lower levels
get to the next step.
Michael J. Meyers
Director of Research and Development
CONTENTS
unit 1 Essays: p. 07
An Overview
unit 2 Prewriting I p. 29
unit 3 Prewriting II p. 51
ESSAYS: AN OVERVIEW
I’m at New York’s MoMA, the world-famous Museum of Modern Art. In front
of me is a giant painting on a huge canvas, as large as a house’s wall. The image
on the canvas is nothing but white, except for three tiny, perfectly spaced black
dots in the center, suggesting an equilateral triangle. My brochure tells me the
painting is by Lukas Czerny, a young Czech artist. This particular painting is titled
“Hannibal Crosses the Alps,” and after it leaves MoMA, it will find a home with Grant
Connington, an American billionaire who has purchased the painting for five million
dollars. “This is disgusting,” I think. “The painting is garbage! This isn’t great art!” And
that’s the question: is there a such thing as great art, or is art impossible to judge?
Personally, I believe great art exists.
Before “modern art” came along, judging art was easy. A person had only to ask
himself, “Did this require skill? Did this require effort? Does the artwork affect me
emotionally?” These were simple, clear questions, and if a person were to look at da
Vinci’s Mona Lisa or Michelangelo’s sculpture David, the answers to these questions
would be equally obvious. Not so these days! A modernist like Andy Warhol creates a
painting that is nothing more than Elizabeth Taylor’s face repeated ten times; Jackson
Pollock simply dribbles paint all over the canvas to create a spaghettified nightmare;
Piet Mondrian creates boring patterns of colored rectangles. None of this requires
effort! None of this requires skill or technique! And all of it is too abstract to evoke, in
one’s heart, any real emotion. None of this is real art. None of this is great art.
So what is great art? Aristotle famously wrote, “The aim of art is to represent
not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance.” In my opinion,
great art requires skill and talent; it also requires effort to create. Finally, great art is
deep and creates an emotional response: delight, joy, sadness, fear, anger, wonder,
awe—truly magnificent works of art can inspire any or all of these profound feelings in
answer to Aristotle’s “inward significance.” This is why most modern art is garbage: it
requires no talent, no skill, no effort, and no depth. Anyone can do it! Do you feel you
have accomplished something great every time you turn on your TV? Of course not.
But what about climbing a tall mountain, or mastering a new language? How do you
feel after these efforts? Surely, it’s obvious that greatness is linked with effort, skill, and
depth. This is why we give medals to great Olympic athletes, as well as awards to great
actors, writers, dancers, and musicians. We celebrate, and are uplifted by, mastery.
We use the word pretentious to refer to things that may seem fancy and complex
at first, but which turn out to be simple and dull, empty of substance. So much
modern art is pretentious: it seems to mean something deep, but in reality, it is hollow
and shallow. It wants to be significant, but it isn’t. This is how I feel as I walk past the
paintings and sculptures I see at MoMA; I feel as if I’m inside a silly prison, a garden
of pretentiousness. Pollock and Warhol? A waste of time. John Robson, in a 2016
National Post article, writes about how even professional modern artists are unable to
tell the difference between actual modern art and fakes. What’s the point, then?
Great art does exist, and even in this modern age, there are talented, hard-
working artists, like Australian sculptor Ron Mueck, who create great art. These artists
have the drive, the skill, and the inspiration to paint or sculpt scenes that captivate us,
fascinate us, and move us to joy, gasps, or tears. And they do this through talent, skill,
and effort, not through random and lazy motion, shallow thinking, and boring, empty
imagery.
8
In Level 1 of Gravoca, you learned all about sentences, which are
groups of words that express complete thoughts. In Level 2 of
Gravoca, you studied the art and technique of writing paragraphs.
Now that you are beginning Level 3, our focus will be on essays—in
particular, the standard five-paragraph essay.
An essay is a piece of writing that expresses and expands on a single main idea.
In a standard five-paragraph essay, the first paragraph contains the essay’s
thesis, or main idea. The next three paragraphs give support to the thesis, and
the final paragraph is the essay’s conclusion, which reviews all the ideas covered
in the essay and offers some final thoughts.
An essay normally has three parts: a beginning, a middle, and an end. More
formally, we call these parts the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The
paragraphs in each part of the essay are therefore called introductory (or “intro”)
paragraphs, body paragraphs, and concluding paragraphs. Each paragraph has
4 or more sentences.
As you see above, different paragraphs have different functions, but they also
have different purposes. Are you trying to tell a funny or sad or scary story?
That’s narrative. Are you trying to convince someone to agree with you?
That’s persuasion. Are you just trying to explain or teach something? That’s
exposition. (You will see these terms again later!) Narrative, persuasive, and
expository writing are three different styles of writing that we will cover in this
book.
Generally speaking, when you write an essay, the first line of every paragraph is
indented (pushed inside a bit—usually 5 spaces), and there are no line spaces
between paragraphs. However, in “internet-style” writing, paragraphs (like the
ones on this page!) are not indented, and a single space is placed between each
paragraph. Your English teachers will probably want you to learn the standard,
non-internet-style of paragraphs, so this book will provide samples of standard
paragraph formatting.
PARTS OF AN ESSAY
Don’t forget!
Cooking Korean ramyeon takes only a few minutes from the package to your
soup bowl. First, pour some water in a pot, set it on the stove, and heat the water
until it boils. Next, place the ramyeon noodles in the boiling water. In a couple of
minutes, the noodles will soften. Add the flavor packet’s contents to the boiling
water; stir the noodles and water. Finally, remove the pot from the heat, pour the
soup into a bowl, and enjoy your Korean ramyeon.
Passage 2
Since she was a little girl, Sarah Winston had always wanted to walk across
Canada. After graduating from college, Sarah made plans, gathered funds, trained
until she was extremely tough and fit, and went in pursuit of her childhood dream.
Starting in Mary’s Harbour, Newfoundland, Sarah walked all the way west to
Vancouver, a trip that took her 3000 miles from ocean to ocean. Her walk lasted
about a year, and when she was done, Sarah Winston had become a much wiser
woman with an amazing story to tell.
Passage 3
One of the most fascinating and horrifying questions in the endless gun-
control debate is whether American college students should be allowed to carry
guns on campus to class, to their dormitories, to the library and the gym. Because
accidental gun deaths happen all the time, even with safety measures, and because
college students like to drink and party, I think it would be a very bad idea to allow
young, drunk, partying college students to carry guns everywhere. College should
be a safe space for learning.
10
REVIEW 1
• Look at the four sentences below. Can you tell whether their style is
narrative, persuasive, or expository? Circle “N” for “narrative,” “P” for
“persuasive,” or “E” for “expository.”
1. One night, while looking out a window, Andy saw a mighty dragon. N/P/E
2. Biologists now say that many dinosaurs probably had feathers. N/P/E
3. As of 2016, the European Union consists of 28 member countries. N/P/E
4. Capitalism isn’t perfect, but it’s not as destructive as socialism. N/P/E
REVIEW 2
• Look at the short essay below and answer the questions about it.
Dinnertime at the Miller residence is quiet. No one talks to anyone else because each family member is too
preoccupied with his or her smartphone. The Millers aren’t the only family with this problem: millions of American
families have moments like these—not just at dinnertime, but all day long. We are now too obsessed with our
smartphones. Technology is tearing the traditional family apart. If the family is the most basic unit of society and
5 culture, technology’s evolution spells doom for the world, and that doom is coming from three separate directions.
First, social networking takes many forms and has become extremely popular, whether we are talking about
services like Twitter or Tinder or Instagram or Facebook. Many of these allow users to get a sense of their own
popularity through “like”s, “follow”s, comments, messages, and other interactions. The feeling of being popular,
of being listened to and appreciated, is as addictive as a drug. Being online isn’t like reading a book: it’s a living,
10 distracting, interactive experience that screens out real life in favor of artifice.
Second, virtual reality (VR) has been making enormous progress in recent years. It, too, will soon become so
engrossing that people will want to spend all day in VR space instead of talking face to face with actual friends,
coworkers, classmates, and family. Why leave the couch when there are so many new fantasy worlds to explore?
It’s easy to imagine every family member having a separate VR adventure.
15 Third, entertainment technology—games, movies, TV shows, cartoons, etc.—is evolving along with social media
and VR to produce ever more immersive activities. Many of these activities are individual, but even the so-called
“social” activities eliminate the need for friends and fellow gamers to be physically present in the same room.
“Social” activities can take place in the darkness of one’s own bedroom. Physical isolation is the opposite of the
togetherness needed to keep families healthy.
20 With so many individualized distractions from social networks, virtual reality, and electronic entertainment, how
can the traditional family survive? Family is what gives us our basic values and our sense of how to live in the world.
Family members teach and learn from each other. Family bonding happens at home: while eating dinner, watching
TV together, helping each other with homework, and so on. Modern technology is steadily eroding these bonds,
and sometime in the near future, the traditional family will disappear, to be replaced by…what, exactly?
1. Imagine you must write a rebuttal that argues the opposite of this essay’s
thesis. What would your thesis and counter-arguments be? Write a (brief)
thesis and three supporting ideas.
THESIS:
SUPPORT 1:
SUPPORT 2:
SUPPORT 3:
2. What do the sentences in lines 21-23 explain?
a. the danger of technology b. why the future will be bad
c. why families are important d. the importance of culture
SUBJECT PREDICATE
Remember that predicate nominatives can only be found after a linking verb (e.g.,
to be, to become, to seem, etc.) and not an action verb.
When you’re trying to find a predicate nominative, just look for a single noun or
a group of nouns, just as when you’re looking for a simple subject. Don’t include
adjectives and articles (a, an, the).
Oliver Twist is a Charles Dickens novel.
Jenna was the most beautiful woman I had ever seen.
Who is your boss?
In the above sentences, the predicate nominatives are “novel,” “woman,” and
“boss,” not the noun phrases “a Charles Dickens novel,” “the most beautiful
woman,” or “your boss.” Look again at this sentence:
Katie is a teacher, a mother, and a karate master.
Don’t forget!
12
You can see the group of nouns that, together, make the compound predicate
nominative. And note, too, that “karate master” is a noun phrase; only the word
“master” is a predicate nominative. (“Karate” is an adjective here.)
Pronouns can be predicate nominatives, but be careful: natural spoken English is
very different from proper written English. Use your judgment about what sounds
better, but stick with proper English in your academic writing.
REVIEW 2
REVIEW 3
14
VOCABULARY
Passage
02 For each sentence below, TWO words or expressions can go into the
blank WITHOUT CHANGING THE SENTENCE’S MEANING. Select
those two words or expressions.
1. You’ll need to with the boss before you spend the company’s money.
a. endure b. consult c. talk d. accrue
2. Sometimes, shy men who can’t meet women on their own need a(n)
to find women to date them.
a. intermediary b. professional c. go-between d. allowance
3. My son hated to sing in front of other people; he was very about
his voice.
a. enthusiastic b. precocious c. self-conscious d. nervous
4. Our soccer team was not very about facing the top-ranked team.
a. excited b. extracurricular c. self-conscious d. enthusiastic
5. Koreans have had to much hardship over the years.
a. suffer b. think about c. endure d. defray
6. Lacrosse is never played during normal school hours; it’s a(n) sport.
a. extracurricular b. precocious c. interesting d. out-of-school
7. Christina had to for her important math test the following day.
a. search b. cram c. ask d. study hard
8. Professor Axelrod is an expert in foreign
a. burdens b. acumen c. affairs d. business
16
READING PASSAGE
At first, Max wasn’t keen. He was self-conscious about having to use an ATM in front of
his friends whenever he needed money to spend. His friends wondered why Max didn’t
just carry money in his pocket, as they did. They teased him about his “wealth” and asked
Max if he had two lives, one as an ordinary student and the other working in a bank.
But in time, Max actually grew to prefer having to use a cash machine. He understood
the reasons why his mom and dad had decided to introduce Max to the adult world of
everyday money interactions. There were, he thought, advantages to their reasoning.
First of all, Max’s parents only deposit a fixed amount of money. Instead of him getting
a weekly allowance or just receiving random treats and gifts, Max’s parents place fifty
dollars on the first day of every month into Max’s Young Depositor’s account. Therefore,
Max understands the precise limitations on his spending power. His account has no
overdraft; should Max spend the entire amount in a single weekend, his parents will
not provide him with any extra funds. In this way, Max has developed a precocious
In other words, Max has become thrifty. To date, he has saved over $300.
Secondly, most fifteen-year-olds who receive allowances from their parents have the
money handed over to them directly. Cash changes hands. Max’s relationship with money
is somewhat different. The bank operates as an intermediary. Although Max is fully
aware that the money deposited into his account originates from his parents’ hard work,
it is with the bank that Max must deal. At the age of fifteen, Max already has some
limited but important experience dealing directly with a financial institution. Whenever
he has a query, Max enters the bank and lines up to consult with a cashier. Initially, he
was a typically shy teenager who needed some prompting from his elders when he found
himself in an unfamiliar situation. But today, Max is relaxed and confident whenever
he enters the bank, not to mention enthusiastic and curious about the bank’s specially
designed young-people’s accounts. Max has also become adept at handling online
banking. This has introduced him to a new and practical dimension to the internet.
Another important benefit of having his own bank account is that Max’s relationship with
his parents has improved. Although many young people understand that their parents
work hard to provide for them the essentials and the extras in life, most don’t give it
more than a passing thought. Max is different. He has to carefully consider exactly how
much money he has available to him month to month. Max, therefore, became more
considerate of the financial pressures being endured by his parents; indeed, by all parents.
He understands now more than he ever did before that his parents do not have unlimited
funds. He understands that there must be sacrifices and times of hardship, that his parents
18
cannot simply buy whatever they wish whenever they wish.
So Max is a lucky young man. He has a growing bank account and a head start on his
friends when it comes to dealing with money. He also has something else. But Max
doesn’t know about this. Without Max’s knowledge, his parents have opened a savings
account in the same bank. They deposit money into that account every month. These
funds will be for Max’s higher-education years, when the expense of university and
living away from home will be a heavy burden. His parents have been submitting funds
into this account since Max was 8 years old. Hence, the financial burden on Max in his
young-adult life will be significantly defrayed. However, there is also something that
Max’s parents don’t know. Since Max has started dealing with the bank, he has developed
quite an interest in financial affairs. Thanks to his parents’ idea of providing Max with a
personal bank account at a young age, Max now wants to work in a bank!
06 True or False?
a. Max’s account has an overdraft.
b. Max often goes into debt.
c. Most fifteen-year-olds have bank accounts.
d. Max has another account in a different bank.
20
VOCABULARY THEME
over-
The prefix “over-” comes from the Old English ofer, which means “above,”
“upon,” or “excessive.” The prefix is found in several common English words.
overdraft the removal of too much money from one’s bank account
overcharge mistakenly ask for too much money to pay for something
overwork labor too hard or intensely
oversleep sleep too long; sleep past one’s usual waking time
overthink think too hard about a problem
overspend spend too much money
oversleeping
overlook fail to see; fail to notice
overview a survey; the act of reviewing many topics in a short time
overachiever a person who tries to accomplish too many things
overabundant too numerous
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
overdraft The overdraft happened because I tried to pay $200 even though I
had only $150 in the bank.
overcharge I was overcharged for my meal. The menu said my meal was $15,
but the restaurant’s bill said I had to pay $25.
overwork Please don’t overwork yourself: you’ll be too tired to eat dinner.
oversleep Sharon overslept and was an hour late for work.
overthink You’re overthinking the problem. The solution is easy and obvious.
overspend If you overspend when shopping, you’ll have no money for later.
overlook A teacher correcting an essay cannot overlook a single student error.
overview The first chapter provides an excellent overview of Korean history.
overachiever My sister is an overachiever: she plays the piano, sings, plays soccer,
is involved in five different clubs, and is the student-body president.
overabundant Rabbits, which came from Europe, are now overabundant in Australia.
open~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “up” and “out” can change the meaning of a
phrasal verb.
The verb “open” can be used by itself (He opened a can of sardines.), but it
can often be used as part of a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are
possible with “open.”
open into lead to (as a door) This door opens into the parlor.
22
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words provided to fill in
the blanks for the sentences that follow.
Some financial and practical advice for you, son: first, you should never
have an in your bank account. Never spend too much!
Second, pace yourself when you work. If you yourself,
you’ll and wake up late the next day. Third, remember that
most problems and conflicts in life are simple, not complicated, so please don’t
them. You’ll only cause yourself unnecessary stress.
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “open~.”
FLO: Have you seen our hotel room? It’s wonderful! The balcony sliding door
on the ocean! The view is lovely!
JOE: That sounds amazing. Tell me, does the balcony door lock? Do you have
to it a key?
FLO: Yes; we’ve got a key for that door, so the room is very safe. We’ll be hungry
tomorrow morning; when is the hotel’s restaurant
business?
JOE: I think it opens around 7 a.m. Be careful, though; the door that
the cafeteria is right next to the door that leads to the
swimming pool.
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words. Can you make one sentence with each
pair?
1. precocious, self-conscious
2. consult, intermediary
3. cram, keen
4. hardship, burden
5. head start, affairs
24
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
ESSAY WRITING
In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned from this unit,
as well as at least one or two instances of this unit’s grammar point
(predicate nominatives).
POST-WRITING CHECKLIST
26
MEMO
Prewriting I
Prewriting I
PREWRITING I
Don’t forget!
30
How do you get ideas for your topic? In many cases, your teacher will assign
a topic, so you won’t have to think about that too hard. But sometimes, your
teacher will say you have a “free topic,” so it will be up to you to choose what to
write about. When you get a free topic, the sky’s the limit: you can write about
your life, about school-related things, about whatever you see on the news,
about your favorite kinds of sports and entertainment, about food, or about
whatever strikes your fancy.
You can research your topic at your school’s library, at a public library, or on
your own computer by using the internet. Talk with your teacher about research
techniques.
The harder question is: how do you arrive at a thesis? Sometimes, your teacher
will assign a topic that doesn’t interest you or is too complicated to understand
at first. In that case, you may have to do some research even before you begin
mind-mapping. Do your research, form a clear opinion, then create your thesis.
So far, prewriting looks like this:
1. Choose a topic.
2. Do research on your topic if necessary.
3. Form a clear opinion about your topic.
4. Create a mind-map with your topic/thesis at the center.
mind map of the aforementioned space topic might look like this (see next
A
page):
Unit 2· Prewriting I 31
32
REVIEW 1
What is the most important thing (skill, idea, moral, etc.) to learn from school
(e.g., “Always do your best” or “There are exceptions to every rule”)?
Include one thesis, three supporting ideas, and at least two details per
supporting idea.
REVIEW 2
Include one thesis, three supporting ideas, and at least two details per
supporting idea.
Unit 2· Prewriting I 33
PREWRITING I
Carl is tired.
Mattie is tired of the game. The disease made her sick.
My cat might be dead. Her punch rendered him unconscious.
2014 was terrible. Your excuses make me angry.
The accident could have been worse. The lightning struck him dead.
Miss Crane became very sick. I found the movie interesting.
Your decision seems unfair. You might think me silly.
Oh, God, that pizza smells delicious! The poison turned her blue.
Julian grew tall. The action movie left me breathless.
Are your roses pretty? Your sister’s behavior drives me crazy.
Did the cake taste good? Little Amy colored the picture green.
She was smart and kind. Ted squashed the mosquito flat.
I’m interested in your past, Mr. Bond.
Don’t forget!
34
To find a predicate adjective in a sentence:
1. ask yourself whether the verb is a linking verb.
2. check whether there’s an adjective in the predicate.
3. check whether the adjective modifies the subject or a direct object.
Remember that there can be more than one predicate adjective in a sentence!
When there is more than one predicate adjective, we call this a compound
predicate adjective: “My wife is smart, kind, and beautiful.”
NOTE: the verb feel is a linking verb, but many Americans make the mistake of
saying, “I feel badly.” Because feel is a linking verb, what follows should be a
predicate adjective, not the adverb badly.
WRONG: I feel badly about what I did.
RIGHT: I feel bad about what I did.
Unit 2· Prewriting I 35
REVIEW 1
REVIEW 2
36
VOCABULARY
Passage
16. art gallery n a place where fine art (paintings, sculpture, etc.) is displayed
17. cubist adj modern art that is abstract and geometric in style
18. radical adj extreme; revolutionary
19. imbue v give a quality to; infuse with
20. appeal n the quality of attractiveness; charm
Unit 2· Prewriting I 37
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
02 For each sentence below, TWO words or expressions can go into the
blank WITHOUT CHANGING THE SENTENCE’S MEANING. Select
those two words.
1. This strange-smelling perfume is a(n) product; not many people like it.
a. appealing b. niche c. strange d. specialized
2. Martha went to the mountains to find new for her paintings.
a. inspiration b. nightmares c. dreams d. exciting ideas
3. We’re going to this massive project even though we need more money.
a. undertake b. attempt c. abandon d. research
4. After training hard for a year, my son’s body showed a(n) change.
a. ordinary b. radical c. extreme d. long
5. A must know everything about the art of making great coffee.
a. tourist b. wine-bar worker c. barista d. coffee-shop worker
6. If you watch an exciting movie twenty times, it will lose its .
a. appeal b. danger c. charm d. suspense
7. It will be difficult to this plan if our best people are not here.
a. execute b. conclude c. change d. initiate
8. Never try to with my scientific experiments. You cannot stop me.
a. argue b. interfere c. agree d. meddle
38
READING PASSAGE
Deciding what kind of business to open was a relatively quick process. Darryl and Tess
think of themselves as ‘coffee-holics.’ They have consumed every variety of coffee
beverage in every coffee shop in their sizeable home city. They know more about the
coffee beans and the coffee machines used to make their cappuccinos, lattes, and
Americanos than the baristas serving them. So since coffee is their area of passion and
expertise, they decide to open an independent coffee shop.
Darryl and Tess brainstorm ideas. They face a number of problems. Many of them
are the usual problems faced by anyone opening a small business. These include
financing, location, construction work, dealing with legal matters, hiring staff, and
time management. As newcomers to the business world, Darryl and Tess will have to
research and handle these matters. However, the other problems the partners will face
are more specific to their chosen field. As they both know well, the urban coffee-shop
market is an extremely crowded place. Many of their competitors are giant corporations,
globally famous brands with a large and loyal existing customer base. Darryl and Tess are
comparatively small-scale operators. How can they attract consumers to their product?
The final idea, the concept that they generate, will define the partners’ success or failure.
Darryl and Tess sit down over several meetings to create a mind map.
Darryl says they should aim to develop a niche market. They should, she says, develop
a completely original concept that has no direct rivals in the marketplace. It could be
related to either the coffee product they sell or the décor of their store’s interior. Their
Unit 2· Prewriting I 39
mind map is starting to take shape.
Darryl and Tess discover that there are hundreds of independent coffee shops around the
country, run by individuals, families, or partners like themselves, all trying to survive in
a thriving but jam-packed marketplace. In particular, they are drawn to a medium-sized
business run by a retired artist on the coast. This artist and businesswoman has designed
her coffee shop to look like a modernist art gallery. Customers can drink their coffee in
an environment that feels like an art gallery from the turn of the twentieth century.
“That’s it!” says Tess. The art-history graduates are big fans of Picasso, especially his
cubist period. They don’t, however, wish to call their coffee shop ‘Picasso’ and simply
decorate it with prints of the famous artist’s works. They want to take the idea of cubism
literally. Their coffee shop will be called Cube Coffee. Now their mind map is really
developing.
Darryl and Tess are starting to get into the detail of what their coffee shop will look like.
It will be themed around the idea of the cube. Everything in it will be cube-shaped. The
chairs on which the customers sit will be cubes. The table in front of them will be box-like.
The counter will be a cube. The signs on the wall will be three-dimensional cubes. The
menus will be cardboard cubes. Even the cups out of which customers drink will be cuboid
in shape. The partners are very excited about their idea.
A coffee shop in which everything is designed in the shape of a cube is a radical idea.
Some might say it could be too silly or strange to attract a lot of customers. So Darryl and
40
Tess further develop their idea. They must imbue it
with general customer appeal. They agree that the furniture must
be extremely comfortable. Customers must feel at ease in their coffee shop. The layout
and ordering process must be simple, like in regular coffee shops. There should be lots
of free space; Cube Coffee must not be clogged up with cubes interfering with customer
comfort. And Cube Coffee should be cheap. The new business must not price itself out of
the market.
Darryl and Tess take a break for coffee. They are delighted with the progress they have
made in ideas development, and they are confident that they can execute their plan.
Working as partners—as a team—on design has allowed them to bounce ideas off
one another and quickly come up with an exciting concept. They are on the same page
in terms of look, interior, product, and name. Now they sit down to have fun making
up a logo for Cube Coffee. Then begin all those other problems: financing, location,
construction work, dealing with legal matters, hiring staff, time management…
Original concept
Cube design
Unit 2· Prewriting I 41
READING COMPREHENSION
★ REFER TO READING PASSAGE
05 Why don’t Darryl and Tess want to work for large corporations?
a. Corporations are too large.
b. They want to work for themselves.
c. They are art-history graduates.
d. They are two young women.
06 True or False?
a. Darryl and Tess are sisters.
b. Darryl and Tess are tea-holics.
c. Darryl and Tess don’t want to copy an idea.
d. There are hundreds of independent coffee shops.
42
VOCABULARY THEME
-corp-
The root “-corp-” comes from the Latin corpus, which means “body.” The root
is found in several common English words.
corporation a large business with the rights and duties of a person
incorporate include; take into; mix into
corpus a body of work (e.g., a series of books, essays, etc.)
corporal body-related
corporeal not spiritual; material, like one’s body
incorporeal having no body
corpulent fat; obese ancient corpse,
Peru
corpse a dead human body
corps an organized body of people, often military, with a function or purpose
corpuscle a cell (blood cell, etc.), usually unattached to tissue
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
corporation Multinational corporations should protect the rights of their workers.
incorporate Your suggestion was excellent; I will incorporate it into my plan
corpus The corpus of Shakespeare’s work is mostly plays and poems.
corporal Corporal punishment, like spanking, is still used in some countries.
corporeal Angels do not understand the troubles of the corporeal world.
incorporeal The ghost was incorporeal: I could see it but not touch it.
corpulent Our dog never exercised; after five years, he grew corpulent.
corpse LaShawn screamed when she saw the man’s corpse on the road.
corps The US Army Corps of Engineers has built many bridges.
corpuscle Red and white corpuscles float through human blood.
Language Note
Unit 2· Prewriting I 43
PHRASAL VERBS
kick~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “around” and “over” can change the meaning of a
phrasal verb.
The verb “kick” can be used by itself (She kicked the ball.), but it can often be
used as part of a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are possible with
“kick.”
44
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words to fill in the blanks
for the sentences that follow.
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “kick~.”
FLO: Why is the dog on our bed? He shouldn’t be here! him
now!
JOE: M cPherson! I want you and Abrams to go into the conference room,
a few ideas , then come back and tell me your
ideas.
FLO: C ongratulations on your promotion to vice president, Ray! I knew they
would you some day!
JOE: Last night, we the party with an amazing song sung
by Rita.
dog
a very corpulent
Unit 2· Prewriting I 45
SPEAKING PROMPTS : LET’S TALK A BIT!
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words. Can you make one sentence with each
pair?
1. kick around, cappuccino
2. streak, newcomer
3. destiny, undertake
4. inspiration, appeal
5. clogged, interfere es this living room
interior design: do
ugly to you?
look beautiful or
46
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
BRAINSTORMING
01 In the space below, create a mind map on the following topic:
What current K-pop artists (singers, etc.) do you think will be remembered
in the far future?
Mind Map
On the following pages, write an essay on the topic in the space
provided. In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned
from this unit, as well as at least one or two instances of this unit’s
grammar point (predicate adjectives).
ESSAY:
Unit 2· Prewriting I 47
POST-WRITING CHECKLIST
48
MEMO
Unit 2· Prewriting I 49
unit 3
Prewriting II
Prewriting II
PREWRITING II
Don’t forget!
52
The basic structure of a 5-paragraph essay’s outline looks like this:
I. INTRODUCTION (1 paragraph)
A. Hook
B. Buildup
C. Thesis
II. BODY (3 paragraphs)
A. Supporting Idea 1
1. Detail 1
2. Detail 2
3. Detail 3
B. Supporting Idea 2 Man with GoPro
camera
1. Detail 1
2. Detail 2
3. Detail 3
C. Supporting Idea 3
1. Detail 1
2. Detail 2
3. Detail 3
III. CONCLUSION (1 paragraph)
A. Restatement of Thesis
B. Summary of Arguments
C. Speculation/Final Thoughts
I. Intro: Too Much Filming = Loss of Privacy & Rise of Superficial “Video Culture”
A. Hook: “caught on video”
B. Buildup: a global problem in modern societies
C. Thesis: Y ES, we’re filming/videoing too much these days—over-
videoing kills privacy and gives rise to “video culture”
II. Body: How Over-videoing Harms Us
A. Getting Put on YouTube
1. unwanted attention & loss of privacy
2. verbal abuse, violence, crime
3. Orwellian “surveillance society”: cameras are everywhere
B. The Rise of “Video Culture”
1. everyone is the star of his/her own movie
2. the worship of superficiality: image is everything
Unit 3· Prewriting II 53
C. Counterarguments and Objections
1. counterargument: more video = safer society
a. with so many cameras, it’s easy to track criminals
b. with video evidence, criminals can’t deny crimes
2. objection
a. wrong person can still be caught despite video cams
b. video evidence can be interpreted in context
c. people still commit crimes despite video
III. Conclusion
A. Over-videoing Kills Privacy
B. Video Gives Rise to Image-conscious Video Culture
C. Video Doesn’t Help Make Society Safer
If you write a news article, remember that the first paragraph must show the 5
Ws. This style is a bit different from that of a regular intro paragraph for an essay.
We will talk more about journalism later in this book.
54
REVIEW
• Read the essay and fill in the outline with the words in the word bank.
Some words and phrases have already been placed in the outline.
ESSAY OUTLINE WORD BANK
Unit 3· Prewriting II 55
PREWRITING II
slide The bartender slid the beer mug down the table. The child slid on the ice.
grow Farmer John grew corn. Farmer John’s corn grew tall.
turn Lydia turned her face toward me. Lydia’s face turned green.
56
“LIE” and “LAY”: many native speakers of English confuse the verbs lie and lay.
To be clear: lay (to put down) is transitive; lie (to recline fully) is intransitive. The
present/simple-past/past-participial forms of these verbs are:
LIE
lie, lay, lain
I lie down. I lay down yesterday. I have lain here too long.
LAY
lay, laid, laid
I lay the book down. I laid it there yesterday. I’ve laid it there before.
Also: don't confuse “lie” (to recline fully) with “lie” (to tell an untruth)!
Don’t forget!
Unit 3· Prewriting II 57
REVIEW 1
REVIEW 2
• “Lie” or “lay”? Circle the LETTER(S) of the correct answer(s) for each
question below.
1. Please the document on my desk.
a. lie b. lay c. laid d. lain
2. The sick cat had at my front door for five hours before I came home
and saw it.
a. lied b. layed c. lain d. lies
3. Rick on the couch, staring at the ceiling and thinking about nothing
in particular.
a. laid b. lies c. will lay d. lay
4. We will our gifts at the king’s feet.
a. lay b. lie c. laying d. layer
5. You look tired. Why don’t you go down?
a. lay b. lain c. lying d. lie
REVIEW 3
• Write two compound sentences that each have one transitive and one
intransitive verb. Follow the examples given below.
EXAMPLES
Sarah grew corn for ten years; during that time, she also grew tall. (same verb)
You might like this sandwich; it tastes delicious. (different verbs)
1. .
2. .
58
VOCABULARY
Passage
16. enclosure n an area that has been shut away from the outside
17. bearing n orientation; direction
18. bullring n a stadium in which bullfights occur
19. lance n a long, spear-like weapon
20. executioner n a person who formally kills people or animals
Unit 3· Prewriting II 59
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
02 For each sentence below, TWO words or expressions can go into the
blank WITHOUT CHANGING THE SENTENCE’S MEANING. Select
those two words.
1. The angry elephant four people before it was caught.
a. stepped on b. trampled c. talked to d. killed
2. There was only one the car accident.
a. injured person at b. observer of c. witness to d. driver to
3. Your constant is the reason why no one wants to work with you.
a. pleasantness b. complaining c. fighting nature d. aggression
4. My nasty neighbor showed such to his poor dogs that we called
the police.
a. cruelty b. curiosity c. kindness d. savagery
5. After spinning around and around, Michelle became .
a. sleepy b. dizzy c. upset d. disoriented
6. My boss me at my desk and demanded to know why I was working
so slowly.
a. cornered b. called c. trapped d. found
7. Qingfu’s was less experienced in kung fu than he was.
a. adversary b. wife c. student d. opponent
8. The amazing fireworks show was quite a .
a. movie b. spectacle c. conflict d. wonder
60
READING PASSAGE
´
“Ole!”
The man heard himself panting in fear as the half-ton bull
pursued him down the narrow streets. If he tripped or fell,
the bull would catch him. At that point, there would be no
escape. The bull would show no mercy. It was a life-or-death
situation. He ran around a corner of this tight little street,
hoping to find a route to safety, but he couldn’t outrun the
bull. Instead, he stopped running. The man leaned back
against a house wall. He hoped the bull’s momentum would
take it past him. He hoped that it would chase someone else or tire and give up. He leaned
against the house and waited. Adrenaline was pumping through his body as he saw the
bull round the corner. Meanwhile, hundreds of people leaned out of windows and stood
on verandas in the old houses above. They waved and cheered and took videos. They
enjoyed this confrontation between man and beast. Why?
It is July in Pamplona, a pretty, historical city in northern Spain. The annual running of
the bulls festival has been held here for hundreds of years. It is a tradition at the very core
of Spanish culture. Attracting visitors from around the world, the running of the bulls is
a mixture of sport, ceremony, ritual, and art. On each day of the festival, six bulls are let
free to run an 850-meter course through the city’s famous winding streets. Thousands of
visitors seek to outrun and evade the chasing animals. However, some don’t make it. In
2016, a man just like the one trapped against the wall of a house above was caught and
gored by one of the bulls. He suffered a 12-centimeter gash to his neck. He wasn’t the
only one unable to escape. Viewers of a live television broadcast also witnessed three
Spanish men being trampled by the bulls. It is not just local people who get caught up in
the bulls’ panic and aggression. Visitors from the United States, Japan, India, and South
Africa have all been hospitalized.
Voices have been raised against such festivals. There are two main reasons. Firstly,
Unit 3· Prewriting II 61
people argue that the running of the bulls constitutes
cruelty to animals. The bulls that are released onto
the streets of Pamplona are first kept in dark and
crowded enclosures. Then they are pushed out into
the blinding sunlight. Runners hit the bulls, dizzy
and unsure of their bearing, to force them along the streets. The bulls crash into walls
and charge along the hostile route in a general state of panic. But that is not all. At the
end of the day, the bulls are stationed alongside the bullring. Now takes place the famous
Spanish bullfight. The bull is released into the bullring, where picadores on horseback
attack the bull, driving lances into its back and neck. The bull now struggles to lift its
head in order to defend itself. Next come the banderilleros. The banderilleros enter the
bullring on foot. They run around the bull while sinking brightly colored sticks, called
banderillas, into the bull’s back. The bull is now significantly weakened. At this point,
the main performer enters the arena. The matador, distinctly dressed in a ‘suit of lights,’
holds to his side a red cape, called a muleta. He stands erect to induce a charge from the
bull. The exhausted animal will usually charge at the matador, who waves the muleta
over the passing bull’s head and body. The crowd cheers and applauds. After this ritual
has been completed several times, the matador stabs the bull to death with his sword.
Should he fail to kill off the animal, an executioner is called in to finish the job.
The second argument against bullfighting concerns the risk to human life. In the
bullring, the odds are stacked in favor of the matador. He is armed with a sword against
a weakened, surrounded, and disoriented opponent. He is an experienced professional,
trained in the skill of goading and killing his vulnerable prey. But sometimes, the ritual
doesn’t go according to plan. Sometimes, the bull may find reserves of strength. On other
occasions, the matador may slip or make an elementary mistake. On these occasions, he
is in great danger. In Pamplona on Saturday, July 9th, 2016, a 29-year-old matador was
gored to death in one such confrontation. Horrified spectators saw the young man taken
from the arena, having been tragically cornered by the bull, and now losing his life. The
wife of Victor Barrio, who died that day, was among the spectators in the bullring.
62
Those who are against the corrida de toros consider it to be nothing more than a blood
sport. On the other hand, its millions of fans consider it to be a cultural art form. The
latter admire the matador’s various formal moves, which they can identify as belonging
to a particular school of bullfighting. Supporters of bullfighting revel in the drama of
the occasion and the emotional connection between the fighter and the crowd. To them,
bullfighting is spectacle in its purest form. Opponents of bullfighting view the spectacle
from a different perspective. Instead of drama, they see torture. Instead of human
skill and courage, they see men taking pleasure in murder. Today, the opponents of
bullfighting are making progress. In 2010, the Catalonian regional government in Spain
banned bullfighting. Its popularity across Spain is falling. In 2008, over 3,000 bullfights
were held there. Within just a few years, that number had fallen to fewer than 500. Now
the question is raised: what will emerge to replace bullfighting in the cultural hearts of
the Spanish?
Unit 3· Prewriting II 63
READING COMPREHENSION
★ REFER TO READING PASSAGE
01 Where is Pamplona?
a. eastern Spain b. southern Spain
c. western Spain d. northern Spain
04 What is a matador?
a. the bull
b. the bullfighter
c. the bull runner
d. the street fighter
06 True or False?
a. An executioner is sometimes used.
b. Matadors are trained.
c. There are different schools of matadors.
d. The matador charges the bull.
64
VOCABULARY THEME
-tract-
The root “-tract-” comes from the Latin trahere, which means “to pull”
or “to drag.” The root is found in several common English words.
attract pull toward (as with gravity or a magnet)
Romantic attraction can
attractive good-looking; desirable be very distracting.
distract pull attention/focus away from
abstract not concrete or tangible; in the realm of ideas and principles
detract pull or take away from
retract pull back
extract pull out
subtract take from; take away; reduce (in number or size)
intractable stubborn; unable to be moved
tractor a large, powerful farm vehicle that pulls heavy items
tractor
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
attract You can attract a mouse to a mouse trap by using peanut butter.
attractive The attractive young man received plenty of female attention.
distract Your beauty is distracting me, Marlene. I can’t concentrate on my
work.
abstract To me, freedom is not an abstract idea: it is very real—as real as
breathing.
detract I would never detract from your tragic experience by saying it was
nothing.
retract The slug retracted its eyes when I gently touched them with my finger.
extract We have no choice but to extract the snake venom from your body.
subtract If you subtract 2 from 10, you get 8.
intractable The calm political discussion became a loud, intractable disagreement.
Farmer Joe used his tractor to pull tons of
tractor
hay to his barn.
Unit 3· Prewriting II 65
PHRASAL VERBS
push~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “ahead” and “around” can change the meaning of
a phrasal verb.
The verb “push” can be used by itself (He pushed hard.), but it can often be
used as part of a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are possible with
“push.”
66
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words to fill in the blanks
for the sentences that follow.
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “push~.”(NOTE: these are separate sentences, not a
dialogue!)
MAX: My sister is a strong-willed person. She’s very brave; no one can
her .
BOB: If the teacher gives us another stupid homework assignment, we students
will need to to stop this craziness!
PAT : I know we’re all sad and disappointed about the failure, but we must
.
JUG: Because of the rock concert, there are so many people at this hotel that
you’ll have to them all to get to the front desk.
tooth extraction
Unit 3· Prewriting II 67
SPEAKING PROMPTS : LET’S TALK A BIT!
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words. Can you make one sentence with each
pair?
1. pant, beast 2. trapped, panic
3. bullring, executioner 4. disoriented, opponent
5. reserves, aggression
GRAMMAR FOCUS
03 Write three short dialogues below. For each dialogue, each speaker must
use the SAME verb, but for one speaker, the verb must be TRANSITIVE,
and for the other speaker, it must be INTRANSITIVE. Follow the example
shown below, and use the verbs provided in parentheses.
EXAMPLE
(to slide)
Kelly: Please slide your sandwich over to me. I’m hungry. (transitive)
Clarkson: While the sandwich is sliding to you, whistle like a bird. (intransitive)
(to taste)
1. BARK :
MEOW:
(to grow)
2. HARRY:
SALLY:
(to drive)
3. BEN:
STEIN:
68
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
ESSAY WRITING
In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned from this
unit, as well as at least one or two instances of this unit's grammar
point (predicate nominatives). Be sure to do your PREWRITING on a
separate page if necessary!
Unit 3· Prewriting II 69
WRITING BUILDUP
70
MEMO
Unit 3· Prewriting II 71
unit 4
Effective
Transitions
Effective Transitions
EFFECTIVE TRANSITIONS
Golf requires concentration and hand-eye coordination, just as other sports do. A
good golfer must have these skills, or he will be unable to perform well. Many shots in golf
must hit distant targets; untrained people cannot make such shots consistently. Golfers
must consider not only distance, but other physical factors like wind, lighting conditions,
and terrain. When a golfer swings his club, his form must be perfect in order to produce
both power and accuracy. But along with concentration and hand-eye coordination,
there are other reasons why golf should be considered a true sport.
This may come as a surprise, but golfing also requires strength and endurance. The
power in a golfer’s swing comes not only from proper form, but also from the golfer’s
native strength. Furthermore, playing eighteen holes of golf can take a long time, which
means the golfer’s concentration must never waver or weaken. Golfers who are too
weak, and who lack endurance, can never expect to succeed at golf.
Don’t forget!
74
crop circles:
maybe not so my
Look at the two short essays below. One has no transitions at all; ste rious!
the other has good transitions in place. Can you tell which essay is which?
ESSAY 1 ESSAY 2
We have all heard stories about aliens visiting You’re in college, it’s dinnertime, and
our planet, but how likely are they to be true? In this you’re hungry. Should you order a pizza
essay, I will argue that stories about alien visitations, or cook something yourself? A deeper
known as “close encounters,” are most likely untrue, question is: if you’re a college student,
and for several reasons: first, lack of imagination; should you know how to cook at all? The
second, lack of solid evidence; and third, a principle answer is a big yes, and there are a few
called Occam’s Razor. reasons why: nutrition, skill sets, and
When people who have supposedly lived through economics.
a close encounter are asked to describe aliens, their When you cook a meal, you’re in
descriptions sound strangely like people: hairless, control. You decide what ingredients
humanoid creatures with gray skin; large heads; and to use, so you don’t need to expose
large, black eyes. There is, however, no reason to yourself to too much sugar or to nasty
think that aliens would look like humans. Creatures chemicals. Also, when you cook, you
that evolve on a different planet will look completely control the quality of the food you eat,
different from humans: parallel evolution is statistically which means you can choose to make
impossible. For this reason, describing aliens nutritious meals.
as strange little humans shows a severe lack of Learning to cook means learning
imagination. Furthermore, there’s the problem of lack skills. These skills can be of great benefit
of evidence. no matter where you go. Learning to
People who claim to have been kidnapped by cook is part science and part art, so
aliens will sometimes show strange burns on their you’re also gaining technical knowledge
skin or tell a creepy story of being taken into a lab as well as a sense of how to make things
and experimented on. They offer no video evidence look beautiful and presentable. There’s
showing these aliens, no photographs of the alien also a certain pride that comes with
ship, no audio recordings of alien voices. They offer knowing how to cook: you’re more
no solid, provable, scientific evidence that they have independent because you know how to
really been abducted by aliens. Therefore, there feed yourself (and others) well.
must be some other explanation for their supposed Buying your own food, instead of
experience. paying for restaurant meals, means you
A principle called “Occam’s Razor” says that, can save more of your money. This is
if you have two explanations for a thing or event, especially important for college students,
the simpler explanation is more likely to be the truer who are usually on tight budgets. $100
one. If, for example, we see mysterious patterns in a can buy you three or four expensive
cornfield—the so-called “crop circles”—we should ask meals at a local restaurant, but that same
ourselves, “Did people make these patterns, or did money can feed you for at least two
aliens?” Scientists who have investigated crop circles weeks if you know how to shop for food.
have proven them all to be hoaxes: they were created In conclusion, it is clear that cooking
by human pranksters. This is easier to imagine than your own food has several advantages
aliens traveling all the way across the galaxy just to over buying pre-made restaurant meals.
mess with our vegetation. You can control the quality of what you
It should be obvious, by now, that claims of “close eat; you can be proud of your useful
encounters” are false. People who make such claims cooking skills, which help you to be
lack imagination and hard evidence, and Occam’s independent; you can also save plenty
Razor leads us to believe that earthly reasons are of money by shopping and cooking for
enough to explain weird occurrences like skin burns yourself.
and crop circles. Does this mean there are no aliens
at all? No. It just means we haven’t met them yet.
[…] […]
All sandwiches have some kind of filling One good point about being famous is
surrounded by bread. This is true for standard that people you don’t know will want to hang
sandwiches like tuna melts or hamburgers; out with you, so wherever you go, you’re
it’s also true for non-standard dishes like automatically liked. Being a celebrity has a
wrap sandwiches or pita sandwiches. The strange, hypnotic effect on people. Think
filling can be meat, vegetables, or something about it: when a movie star sees you and says
else entirely, like peanut butter and jelly. A hot “hi,” you feel specially blessed. Who wouldn’t
dog is also meat surrounded by bread, so in want to have that power? Everywhere you
terms of its form, it’s definitely a sandwich. go, people already know you and like you—
More than that, a hot dog is a sandwich in maybe even love you! What else is great
terms of how its parts function. about fame?
W h a t i s t h e p u r p o s e of b r e a d i n a T h e c a m e r a s a r e a l way s fo ll ow i n g
sandwich? One obvious purpose is to provide you, so you have no privacy. Ever y time
an extra layer of taste, and most breads are you make even a little mistake, or get into
delicious. But another purpose of bread is to a fight, everything you do is recorded and
convey the sandwich’s filling to one’s mouth rebroadcast out to the public via news
without spilling anything. This is exactly networks, social networks, YouTube, and
what a hot dog’s bun does: it protects the other means. And sometimes, if you do
meat and sauce and helps convey the tasty something bad, the public will hate you. In
interior to the eater’s mouth. But a hot dog is that case, no matter where you go, your life
a sandwich for another reason. will always be miserable.
[…] […]
The transition sentence in Passage 1 mentions function, which is the topic of the
following paragraph. This is a good transition because it prepares the reader for
what’s coming next. In Passage 2, the transition sentence is a question—“What
else is great about fame?”—that does not prepare the reader for what comes
next. In fact, the transition in Passage 2 actually misleads the reader into thinking
that the next paragraph will also talk about the good points of being famous. In
fact, the next paragraph talks about the disadvantages of fame.
76
REVIEW 1
• Circle the LETTER(S) of the correct answer(s) for the following multiple-
choice questions. More than one correct answer may be possible.
1. What is a transition?
a. the supporting details of an essay b. movement from idea to idea
c. the main idea of an essay d. the conclusion of an essay
2. Which are NOT good transition words and phrases?
a. the b. on the other hand
c. however d. intelligent people
3. W
hich is NOT a good transition sentence?
a. Fear can be exciting, but there are other reasons to like horror movies.
b. Youth can be a time of difficulty, but what about young adulthood?
c. Now that we have discussed roses, nothing more can be said about them.
d. Memory is how we deal with the past, but how do we deal with the future?
REVIEW 2
Farm animals aren’t like people. They can be noisy, even aggressive. They also
move around a lot, so a farmer must constantly keep track of where they are. If cows
and horses and pigs run away, or if chickens and geese break out, a farmer can lose
a lot of money. It helps to learn something about animal psychology and behavior, but
such knowledge doesn’t make the job of animal care any easier: all that dirtiness can
be hard to handle, and that’s the basic point: taking care of farm animals is dirty work.
Pigs wallow in mud; farm dogs run through tall grass and roll in dirt; cows, chickens,
and geese are forever defecating, as if the whole world were their restroom. [WHAT
TRANSITION SENTENCE CAN BE PLACED HERE?]
Slaughtering farm animals is worse than caring for them. In some cases, a farmer
might become familiar with a cow, a pig, a chicken, or a goose. Having become
familiar with a particular animal, a farmer will have a hard time killing it. On big farms,
killing animals is often mechanized, i.e., done by machines. On smaller farms, killing
animals can be more personal. Very often, a farmer with a small property (sometimes
called a “smallholder”) will have to kill the animals himself.
1.
.
2.
.
Don’t forget!
78
Some examples of would and used to:
About ten years ago, I used to read newspapers.
I didn’t use to be so nervous; these days, I’m nervous about everything.
Did you use to smoke?
When I was a little girl, I used to love riding horses.
Back when he was five, Jared used to like mint-chocolate ice cream.
Natalie used to play video games all day when she was a teen.
When we were kids, we would go to the movies every weekend.
A long time ago, Sharon would talk all the time about her husband.
In the 1960s, Americans would often protest the government.
Millions of years ago, velociraptors would chase other dinosaurs.
Last century, world wars would happen too frequently.
When he was a big star, the actor would win prizes all the time.
• Correct or incorrect ways to talk about the past? Circle “ ” for “correct”
and “ ” for “incorrect.”
1. When Bert was ten, he would fight with other kids. |
2. Ten years ago, Darcy would love soccer. |
3. I used to have a remote-controlled helicopter. |
4. They would have hundreds of toy cars and trucks. |
5. Slade would be on a skateboard in the 1990s. |
REVIEW 2
REVIEW 3
• Write one sentence using “used to” and another using “would” to
describe past actions.
1.
2.
80
VOCABULARY
Passage
02 For each sentence below, TWO words or expressions can go into the
blank WITHOUT CHANGING THE SENTENCE’S MEANING. Select
those two words.
1. The crew members found themselves on an empty tropical island.
a. marooned b. helpless c. starving d. abandoned
2. Six large guys had trouble squeezing into the little Honda.
a. dangerous b. cramped c. tight d. large
3. The deer tried to the tiger, but the tiger was too fast: it caught the deer.
a. run away from b. flee c. fight d. talk to
4. The lovely design of the house was very .
a. clever b. appealing c. pleasant to look at d. ugly
5. Marsha gave the dog just a of cheese.
a. big piece b. pile c. thin slice d. sliver
6. Batman’s rescue of the five hostages from the terrorists was on
the news.
a. daring b. noisy c. safe d. risky
7. On his computer screen, the map was very .
a. flat b. interesting c. 2-dimensional d. 3-dimensional
8. We keep a lot of old boxes in our house’s .
a. attic b. cellar c. underground floor d. kitchen
82
READING PASSAGE
Then I opened the door and left the cupboard. I wasn’t a captain on a spaceship, nor was I
drifting through the universe alone. I was a nine-year-old boy playing a game. As a child,
I used to be scared of the dark. I didn’t like having the lights turned out in my bedroom,
and I didn’t like being the last person to go to bed at night. I would avoid the dark at
all costs. There was only one way to defeat my fear: I would confront it. So I found the
smallest room in the house—a small cupboard under the stairs—and closed the door.
Here was total darkness in a cramped space. Not even a sliver of light from underneath
the door illuminated the room. I would have to feel in order to “see.” I used to sit down in
the “cubbyhole” and count. At first, I would only make it to six or seven before my fear
won and I would have to flee the room. But in time I realized nothing bad would happen.
There were no monsters or ghosts, and the dark was a neutral phenomenon. Soon, I
turned the cubbyhole into a spaceship. Fear can stimulate creativity.
The cubbyhole was not just a spaceship. Whenever I was alone and bored at home, I
would imagine the cubbyhole as a different place. I used to think of a small and scary
place, such as a broken-down elevator, a caldera at the top of a volcano in the middle
of the night, or a medieval prison cell, and then I would close the door behind me. In
fact, the cubbyhole did have an electric light, but I never used to use it. Instead, I would
imagine myself trapped in the elevator, figuring a way out. I would imagine myself sitting
in the caldera, planning a hazardous descent. And I would imagine myself a prisoner in
Playing in the dark cubbyhole was a childhood secret. Then one day, I told my best
friend. He laughed until I asked him the question, “What are you afraid of?” He thought
for a moment. Then he said he was afraid of heights. At our park was a climbing frame.
Many of the local boys and girls would hang and swing from it. Until that moment, I
had not realized that my friend never would. Now I understood that it was because he
was afraid of heights. So we went to the park and sat on the climbing frame. There, we
devised a new game. We pretended to be baby monkeys learning to climb for the first
time. At first, progress was slow. But we used to fill our imaginations with the idea that
the climbing frame was a complex of jungle trees, surrounded by hazards such as snakes
and lions and alligators. We had very good reason not to fall. Our mental picture became
so strong that staying on the climbing frame as high and as long as possible became more
important than the fear of its height. Today that friend is the only one of our group who
has done the Macau Tower bungee jump, which is the highest bungee jump in the world.
84
Today, the dark doesn’t bother me. But nor do I sit in
the cubbyhole, imagining that I am trapped in some
life-or-death situation. Indeed, such a form of “fear-
play” is not to everyone’s taste. I remember once
spending time in the cubbyhole, pretending I was
in a flooded cellar. I exited and told my sister what I had been doing. She didn’t seem
impressed. I offered to show her what fun it could be. Again, she didn’t want to know. So,
as a mean older brother, I forced her to go into the cupboard in the dark. She screamed
from inside the cubbyhole, and I quickly let her out. I hope today that she is not scared of
the dark because of me. Was I right to make her experience my game?
06 True or False?
a. The cubbyhole was dark.
b. Both boys were afraid of heights.
c. He pretended to be a prisoner.
d. There was an explosion in the cubbyhole.
86
VOCABULARY THEME
-scend-
The root “-scend-” comes from the Latin scandere, which means “to climb.”
The root is found in several common English words.
Rock climbers ma
king a
dif ficult ascent
ascend go up; rise
descend go down
condescend (to) act as if one were superior; act arrogantly
transcend pass beyond
descendant later generations of people: children, grandchildren, etc.
transcendent surpassing all limits; holy
ascendant rising
scend the force of a wave
crescendo a forceful conclusion (usually in a musical piece)
descendent coming down
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
ascend The campfire’s smoke ascended into the night sky.
descend As evening came, the group finished descending the mountain.
condescend (to) Don’t condescend to me! I’m your mother!
transcend I n mastering kung fu, you have transcended all your previous
limitations.
descendant When I die, I wish to pass this mansion on to my descendants.
transcendent Looking at the Grand Canyon is a humbling, transcendent experience.
ascendant The political party started small, but these days, it is ascendant.
scend Pushed by a sudden scend, the ship shot forward.
crescendo Their argument reached a crescendo when Mark hit Bill in the face.
descendent Some people think China’s economy is descendent these days.
sit~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “down” and “up” can change the meaning of a
phrasal verb.
The verb “sit” can be used by itself (He sat.), but it can often be used as part of
a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are possible with “sit.”
sit for take (a test) Harry sat for his Latin exam.
a dog sits up
88
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words to fill in the blanks
for the sentences that follow.
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “sit~.” (NOTE: these are separate sentences, not a
dialogue!)
LIM: You should straight while you’re in church. Be
respectful!
TOM: Guys, I’m going to this card game because I don’t
like poker.
MUC: Ah, Mr. Henderson! Come in! Please .
PHU: Eric has to his math test tomorrow. Can you help
him study?
biker making a ra
pid downhill descen
t
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words. Can you make one sentence with each
pair?
1. tumble, universe
2. caldera, hazardous
3. bungee jump, pretend
4. appealing, cellar
5. vessel, daring
GRAMMAR FOCUS
90
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
ESSAY WRITING
In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned from this unit,
as well as at least one or two instances of this unit’s grammar point
(“used to” and “would”). Use effective transitions.
WRITING BUILDUP
92
MEMO
PERSUASIVE ESSAYS
When we say a
persuasive essay is
“making an argument,”
we don’t mean a verbal
fight: we mean the essay
is making a reasoned,
logical case.
Successful politicians
understand the power
of rhetoric. Don’t forget!
96
TOPIC: “When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck
has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the
quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.
5-level TOEFL essay 3-level TOEFL essay
W i n s to n C h u r c h i l l f a m o u s l y s a i d , “ S u c c e s s “ When people succeed, it is
i s wa lk i n g f r o m f a il u r e to f a il u r e w i th n o l o s s of because of hard work. Luck has
enthusiasm.” In other words, for Churchill, success nothing to do with it.” I disagree
is primarily about effort and attitude, not about luck. with this thinking. Many successful
Many of today’s successful businessmen would agree: people are lucky. If they do not have
while luck might be a factor, it is a minor one. Success luck, they will not successful. Hard
is mostly about factors you can control: having a clear working is important, but maybe luck
vision, anticipating difficulties, and never giving up. is more important.
A person with a clear vision of the future knows Think about winning a lottery.
what he or she wants. This is helpful because, with a Now the winner have a lot of money,
definite goal in mind, there will be much less wasted time bu t did he wo r k ha rd to get ting
and effort. Steve Jobs knew, early in life, that his future it? No. He was lucky. But he also
lay with computing technology. Yo-Yo Ma’s passion successful now, because he rich.
for the cello began in his childhood. Both men became I have an uncle who went to
extremely successful in their respective fields. Clear America. He worked hard and started
vision minimizes randomness and thus minimizes the a business there, but the America’s
need for luck, which is helpful in preparing for the future. economy got bad and his business
When you fail to plan for difficulties, you waste failed. Economic problem was not
time. Not anticipating problems can set you on the uncle’s fault. It was just bad luck. He
road to failure. While it’s impossible to anticipate every worked hard, but had poor result.
problem that might occur, it is possible to minimize Bill Gates is CEO of Microsoft.
the number of difficulties by thinking through as many How did he become so successful?
potential scenarios as you can. Businesses that fail to Maybe partly because of hard work,
consider hidden costs—construction, salaries, interior but a lso pa r tly b e c au se he wa s
design, marketing, etc.—will usually die within a year. lucky. His company first focusing
In the electronics industry, 90% of startup businesses on software, but in 1990s, internet
fail, mainly thanks to poor planning. Good planning suddenly become popular, so Bill
also reduces the need for good luck while reducing the Gates also suddenly change focus to
probability of bad luck. internet browsers, applications, etc.
Of course, we can’t control all circumstances, and His success mostly because of luck!
we can’t foresee all problems. When obstacles do Luck is powerful. It can change
arise, it’s not luck that allows us to surmount them: it’s your life. You might win Lotto, get
determination—the can-do attitude that prevents one rich, and be successful because
from giving up. Bad luck can strike at any moment, but of luck. You might work hard but
the answer to bad luck isn’t good luck: it’s perseverance. l o s e yo u r b u s i n e s s b e c a u s e o f
As Confucius said: “It does not matter how slowly you bad luck with economy. You might
go, so long as you do not stop.” start a business, then the market
Clarity of vision, anticipating difficulties through is changes, then you change your
good planning, and perseverance are all key factors business to follow market, and you
in success. Luck, by contrast, is only a minor factor. succeed…but market changing is
You have no control over good or bad luck, but you luck, not your effort. So I disagree
c a n control your vision, your planning, and your that hard work is most important for
determination. Churchill was right: success comes from succeed. Luck is more important.
effort and attitude.
98
REVIEW 1
•E
thos, pathos , or logos? Look at the sentences below, decide which
techniques they employ, then circle “E” for “ethos,” “P” for “pathos,”
and “L” for “logos.” More than one answer may be correct!
1. I have been a chef most of my adult life; now, I will teach you E/P/L
about steak.
2. It would be very embarrassing not to know that information. E/P/L
6. If we bring enough water for the hike, we won’t need to drink E/P/L
from rivers.
REVIEW 2
• In the space provided, write a short persuasive essay (3-4 paragraphs)
on the following topic:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should sometimes
do things that they do not enjoy doing. Use specific reasons and examples to
support your answer.
Don’t forget!
100
Here are some more examples. Read carefully and notice the patterns.
BY UNTIL
By the time I was four, I already knew I won’t need the car until we’re ready
how to fish. to leave.
Gerard finished the painting by Friday,
Keep working until sunset.
as promised.
Kendra says she’ll do it by 3 o’clock. Neville worked until his hands bled.
Can you deliver this to Bob by this Rocky trained until dawn, then he
afternoon? trained more.
Send this package to Sheila by the Wow, did you stay awake until
time she’s ready to go to Switzerland. sunrise?
By the time the bear reached my tent, I studied and studied until I knew
I had already gotten away. everything.
The soldiers marched until they
By the time you read this, I’ll be gone.
reached camp.
By the time he grows up, he’ll have We won’t start working until Dennis
learned a lot. arrives.
• “By” or “until”? Write the correct word in each of the blanks below.
1. Greerson! I want you to finish this project Friday!
2. I didn’t know how the weather was I left my house.
3. The bear ate all the campers, then it slept happily dawn.
4. Jake, the time you see this note, I’ll be hiking in Europe.
5. The news broadcast won’t begin 7 o’clock tonight.
6. The workers collected apples the sun went down.
7. I need to know the answer 10 a.m. tomorrow, OK?
8. Chip was washed and ready the time we sat down for dinner.
9. your grades improve, you won’t play any video games.
10. Bart thinks we can repair the damage completely this evening.
REVIEW 2
102
VOCABULARY
Passage
6. retirement n the late period of life in which one no longer works at a job
7. dominate v take over; control; strongly influence
8. proportion n a fraction; a part; a measure; a percentage
9. retain v keep; not throw away
10. spirit n vital energy; vigor; mindset ne (showing
an actual milesto
ete rs) in Gu jarat, India
kilom
11. acquaintance n a person that one knows, but who is not a friend
12. milestone n a special, memorable point (in time or space)
13. concentrate v focus
02 For each sentence below, TWO words or expressions can go into the
blank WITHOUT CHANGING THE SENTENCE’S MEANING. Select
those two words.
1. There is only one way to do this; we cannot do it .
a. otherwise b. another way c. quickly d. this way
2. T
he author could not his book because the government would arrest him.
a. buy b. publish c. print d. talk about
3. Dressing in black and attending a funeral are common customs.
a. celebratory b. marriage-related c. mourning d. grief-related
4. The professor is not a friend; he is only .
a. someone I know b. a coworker c. an acquaintance d. my boss
5. I think you need to harder on your studies if you want to get good grades.
a. focus b. think c. do a presentation d. concentrate
6. At age 48, Jeremy was experiencing .
a. a midlife crisis b. anger at the world
c. temporary insanity d. anxiety about middle age
7. The invention of the computer was a(n) in human history.
a. deep mystery b. important moment
c. conflict d. milestone
8. A large of my diet is carbohydrates like bread, pasta, and candy.
a. selection b. number c. proportion d. fraction
104
READING PASSAGE
The first twenty years of a person’s life are dominated by education. By the age of twenty,
most people have finished school. Then they decide whether to continue into higher
education or enter the workforce. In developed countries, an increasingly high proportion
enter university, finishing college at some time during their mid to late twenties. A
person’s twenties are considered a period of intense personal development, as he or she
becomes an adult while retaining a youthful spirit and identity. By the end of this period,
a person has usually decided on a particular vocation or career and is starting to part
company from teenage and university friends. But research suggests it is worth keeping in
touch. A 1973 Johns Hopkins study, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” found that maintaining
contact with old buddies and acquaintances can be very beneficial. Old friends often have
connections in different networks.
Until the age of 30, most people consider themselves “young.” Thirty marks a milestone.
By this age in many cultures, a person will have started his or her own family. In
developed countries, both men and women often concentrate on their careers. They
decide to delay having a family or otherwise choose not to start a family at all. By 2012,
the average age at which a British woman started a family had risen to 30. Some women
Life Begins at Forty was a self-help book published in the United States in 1932.
Written at a time of rapidly expanding life expectancy, the book became a best-seller.
The author’s thesis was that humans could enjoy many more enjoyable and productive
years of life if they maintained a positive attitude. By the age of forty-five, however, a
common complaint of many men is that they feel a sense of decline. They can no longer
run, think, compete, create, or work as fast as they could in their twenties and thirties.
In response, some men attempt to turn back the clock. They invest money and time in
traditionally youthful activities. Many are healthy and beneficial, such as taking up a
sport or a structured activity. These give what psychologist Victor Frankl called meaning
to life. The man who was formerly in the grip of a midlife crisis has found new purpose
in life. By the time a man has come out of his midlife crisis, it is supposed, he will feel
less pressure and more contentment. The phrase “life begins at forty” has now entered the
English language.
Until a man has a child, he remains a child. This idea implies that children create adult
men as well as men creating children. But by the age of fifty, many people’s children
will be grown up and starting to leave home, as they enter the workforce or head off to
university. Married couples in their fifties thus experience what is called ‘Empty Nest
Syndrome.’ They feel a new loneliness, caused by the departure of their children. Now
the home is quieter, less full of life and youth. Parents enter a kind of mourning state.
The good news in 2016 is that this state won’t last long because by 2014, according
to statistics, adults in the United States aged 18 to 34 were likely to be living in their
parents’ home. Due to delayed family-starting or financial difficulties, more people in this
age group lived at home than with a spouse or partner in their own household. So parents
in their fifties and sixties might experience a full household right up until the traditional
106
retirement-age threshold.
Life expectancy has now reached nine decades in some developed countries. With
advances in medical science improving the treatment and cure of previously fatal
conditions, it could one day reach 100. Before people pass away, tired of all that child-
raising, the midlife crises, and fifty years in the workforce, they may have completed
a ‘Bucket List.’ This is a list of experiences they were too busy or poor to enjoy while
younger, but now wish to accomplish before the end of their lives. Common bucket-list
items include skydiving, seeing the Grand Canyon, self-publishing a book, viewing the
aurora borealis in Scandinavia, performing in a light operetta, or saying sorry to all the
people who had been offended during a long life. Experiencing the items on a bucket list
lessens the worst feeling that age brings: regret. It also means you live life right until the
end.
06 True or False?
a. One day, the average human lifespan might be 100.
b. More 18-to-34-year-olds in the US live with their parents.
c. The ‘midlife crisis’ was invented in 1985.
d. Many people concentrate on their careers.
108
VOCABULARY THEME
-gress-
The root “-gress-” comes from the Latin gradus, which means “step.” This
ending is found in several common English words.
progression a forward movement; a sequence
congress a gathering; an interaction; a joining
move backward; worsen
retrogress
aggression angry, combative, or violent attitudes and/or behavior
regress move backward; worsen
progress move forward; improve
transgress break a rule; violate a code; misbehave
digress move away from one’s original or main point
a small dog shows
aggression
USAGE: WORDS IN CONTEXT
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
E ven though Max started piano five years ago, we’ve seen no
progression
progression in his skills.
The scientist at the south pole watched a strange congress of talky
congress
penguins.
retrogress I’m sorry, Mrs. Havelock, but your son’s condition seems to be
retrogressing despite the therapy.
aggression A loyal dog often shows love to its owners and aggression to strangers.
regress Even though he had lived in Seoul for 10 years, his Korean skills had
regressed.
progress You will never progress if you refuse to practice.
transgress Do not transgress our church’s rules by talking about the Devil here.
digress My professor loved to digress during his lectures, telling personal
stories instead of staying on topic.
Language Note
The word progress has two different pronunciations depending on whether you’re using the word
as a noun or as a verb.
NOUN: progress \ ˈprɑ: grɛs \ accent on first syllable
VERB: progress \ prə ˈgrɛs \ accent on second syllable
EXAMPLES: Wow, you’ve made a lot of progress on your painting! (noun)
John will never progress with the violin if he doesn’t listen to his teacher. (verb)
stretch~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “up” and “down” can change the meaning of a
phrasal verb.
The verb “stretch” can be used by itself (Elaine stretched.), but it can often be
used as part of a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are possible with
“stretch.”
stretch out relax The lazy cat stretched out on the sofa.
110
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words to fill in the blanks
for the sentences that follow.
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “stretch~.” (NOTE: these are separate sentences, not a
dialogue!)
GAR: Wow, you have a tiger? I see him on the living-
room floor!
PYM: This bridge the water from the island to the
mainland.
LEE: This house is old. Its history to before the Civil
War.
LON: My boring Spanish lessons will the whole week.
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words. Can you make one sentence with each
pair?
1. conscious, self-publish
2. dominate, retain
3. concentrate, otherwise
4. decline, contentment
5. loneliness, threshold
GRAMMAR FOCUS
112
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
ESSAY WRITING
01 In the space below, write a persuasive essay on the following topic:
How do you define “a life well lived”?
In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned from this unit,
as well as at least one or two instances of this unit’s grammar point
(“by” and “until”).
POST-WRITING CHECKLIST
114
MEMO
Don’t forget!
118
Along with structure, there are narrative elements. Every story Is time travel po
ssible?
will have these elements, and they are:
1. plot: A story’s plot is the story’s events. It’s what happens during
the story. Some plots are simple and easy to understand;
some plots are complex.
2. character(s): The characters of the story are the story’s main actors. These
can be people, animals, plants, or even objects that can
magically think and talk. Characters act the way real people
do: they love each other; they fight; they do things as friends;
they have wishes, desires, and ambitions. Characters can be
good or evil, funny or scary, sad or angry.
3. setting(s): The setting of a story is the story’s time and place. Does the
story take place in ancient Korea? Is it about a late-1890s
English genius who solves crimes (the famous detective
Sherlock Holmes)? Perhaps the story has more than one
setting, like H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine, which takes place
in different time periods—or a James Bond movie, which takes
place in many different countries.
4. tone: Is the story funny? Sad? Mysterious? Scary? These are all
tones—the general emotions of the story. A story can be funny
and sad at the same time.
5. theme(s): The theme of a story is what it’s really about. It is the story’s
deeper layer of meaning. For example, the love between
fathers and sons, friendship, courage, etc.
6. point of view: A point of view is a perspective. A first-person story is told
from the point of view of “I” or “me.” A second-person story
is told from the point of view of “you.” A third-person story is
told from the point of view of “he,” “she,” “it,” or “they.”
7. conflict: There is no drama without conflict. Conflict—when people and
things are against each other, causing problems that must be
resolved—is what makes stories interesting. Some conflicts
are concrete (“man versus man”); some are more abstract
(“man versus time” or “man versus nature”). A story can have
one or several conflicts.
Stories have genres (types), too: fiction (unreal) or nonfiction (real). Fictional
genres include fantasy, horror, adventure, drama, comedy, tragedy, and so on.
120
REVIEW
• The story in the first column is out of order. First, put it in the correct
order and read it. After that, answer the questions.
THE GOOD DRAGON AND THE LITTLE FROG
STORY STRUCTURE STORY ELEMENTS
(OUT OF ORDER!)
(1) “Use the magic globe!” the good dragon, fighting Which paragraph is Who are the
hard, bellowed. “I don’t know how!” wailed the frog. the dénouement? characters in this
“Yes, you do! Because you understand silver!” roared Write the number: story?
the good dragon. The frog concentrated, then suddenly
realized he did understand how to use the globe. With
a powerful shout of magic, the frog called up a great
burst of light that turned the evil dragons to dust and
blew away the thunderstorm. Nothing was left but a
beautiful, peaceful blue sky.
Which paragraph is
the rising action? What is the story’s
(2) But the evil dragon was waiting, floating in the dark,
rainy sky and holding the silver globe. “You will never
Write the number: setting?
take this back, and I will rule the world!” roared the
evil dragon. Two guardian dragons appeared, and all
three evil dragons attacked the good dragon and the
little frog. Lightning and thunder flashed and boomed
as the dragons fought in the sky. Tails whipped; claws Which paragraph is
and fangs ripped. The assault of the evil dragons was the exposition? What do you think is
too much for the good dragon, but he succeeded in Write the number: the story’s theme?
grabbing the silver prize.
(3) A little frog lived in a quiet lake, but he wanted
adventure. Bored, he played a game: he had a special
silver pebble; he threw the pebble randomly in the lake
and would try to find it. He always found it because Which paragraph is
he had a deep connection with silver things. The other
the falling action? What do you think is
frogs thought the little frog was very strange, and they
Write the number: the story’s tone?
laughed at him.
(4) The grateful dragon took the frog back to his home
and gently placed him on a lily pad. “You saved the
world,” the dragon said. “And now you know you are
powerful. You are also my very good friend. What gift
can I give you?” The frog was touched, but he said, Which paragraph is
“Your friendship is enough. Maybe one day, we can the climax?
What do you think is
go on another adventure.” The dragon nodded gravely Write the number:
the story’s genre?
and flew off. The frog, happy, found his silver pebble
and again played his little game. The other frogs, in
awe, approached the little frog and asked, “Were you
just talking to a dragon?” The little frog nodded. “And
he’s my good friend.” Together, all the other frogs said:
“Wow.” And no one ever made fun of the little frog again.
(5) One day, while the frog was playing, two giant Describe the story’s
dragons appeared at the lake, viciously fighting. One plot in a single
dragon was good; the other was evil. The evil dragon sentence.
stole a magical silver globe from the good dragon
and flew away. “Help me find that globe!” said the
good dragon to the frog. “But I can’t!” said the frog,
trembling. “Yes, you can!” said the dragon. “You
know how to find silver! I saw you do it!” So the two
flew into the sky and soon found the terrible, stormy
thundercloud where the evil dragon lived. “Can you
find the globe?” called the good dragon when they
were inside the thundercloud. The frog, riding on the
dragon’s back, closed his eyes and reached out with
his mind. “Yes! I know where it is!” He pointed.
Don’t forget!
122
SPECIAL USAGE
(1) The words for and since can be used in special ways. For, for example, can
be used with a particular comparative expression:
Work on the problem for as long as it takes.
(2) As you see in the above examples, since can be used with pronouns, noun
phrases, and even clauses or noun phrases plus adjective clauses (for, as
a time expression, can never be used with clauses). Look at the following
sentences and note the underlined clauses after since.
I have lived in Korea since Kim Young-sam was president.
Bertrand has known you since you were a baby.
You have been stubborn ever since you were born.
Since we talked last time, my life has greatly improved.
Since the last time I saw you, something has changed. (NP + clause)
REVIEW 2
• Look at the following questions and circle the LETTER(S) of the correct
answer(s).
1. Which phrase can go in the blank for the following sentence?
The chicken has been roasting in the oven .
a. since this morning b. since all day long
c. for noon d. for five hours
2. How would you answer the following question?
How long have you been waiting?
a. For about twenty minutes. b. Since we talked this morning.
c. Since 4 o’clock. d. For the last time we met.
3. W
hich sentences are WRONG?
a. People have been using horses since thousands of years.
b. The ginkgo tree has existed for over 270 million years.
c. This festival has been held for 200 years ago.
d. Humans have used tools since the beginning of history.
REVIEW 3
124
VOCABULARY
Passage
6. hijack v forcibly take over a vehicle (car, bus, boat, plane, etc.)
7. parachute n a large, dome-shaped cloth to slow down a fall
8. refuel v take in more fuel (gas, etc.) while traveling
9. outlandish adj very strange-looking; garish
10. publicized adj talked about in the news; talked about publicly
02 For each sentence below, TWO words or expressions can go into the
blank WITHOUT CHANGING THE SENTENCE’S MEANING. Select
those two words.
1. I stared at Madame Zweibel’s pink-and-orange dress because it looked so .
a. normal b. very strange c. boring d. outlandish
2. S
peaking rudely to the CEO requires plenty of .
a. audacity b. laziness c. politeness d. nerve
3. We don’t want to any suspicions if we plan to steal the treasure.
a. arouse b. think about c. cause d. kill
4. Nowadays, if you commit a computer crime, the police can track your .
a. memory card b. virtual footprint c. online pattern d. email activity
5. I owe Jack $500 because he’s .
a. my creditor b. a person I must pay
c. the person who must pay me d. a friend I know
6. For this , you will need to use your credit card.
a. transportation b. transaction c. sale d. cancellation
7. Our team was the missing girl within 24 hours.
a. asked not to find b. told to deliver
c. tasked with finding d. given a mission to find
8. Every Christmas, Christians around the world celebrate the of the
baby Jesus.
a. arrival b. wisdom c. life d. advent
There are many reasons why people might suddenly wish to disappear. Maybe they are
Since the advent of the internet, people have socially networked online. In other words,
for two decades, we have been advertising our locations. A person wishing to disappear
must stop using networks such as Facebook and Instagram. This is called “minimizing
your virtual footprint.” It should be done slowly, so that people don’t suddenly suspect
your intentions. Before you leave your current life, you should also create disinformation
about yourself. Change the spelling of your name with creditors. Have your mail
delivered to a different address. Change your social-security number. These methods will
all confuse people trying to establish your new location.
From your new destination, you must exercise caution. If you must contact your family,
use phone cards or anonymous email accounts. You will have to use a web proxy to hide
your IP address. Since credit cards leave a trace of human identity, you must also start
completing all payment transactions by cash. Whether paying for air tickets or a sandwich,
cash is the method that does not flag your presence in a particular location. But you cannot
pay cash for the rest of your life, so your new life will need a new identity. This is the final
part of the mystery you are trying to create. So people who disappear start a corporation.
Then they hide behind it. The corporation will handle formal transactions, like renting an
apartment and paying bills. Erasing your identity and establishing a new one is a thorough
and delicate process because the person looking for you knows all the tricks.
The individual tasked to track down a disappeared person is called a skip tracer. The skip
128
tracer is hired to trace the whereabouts of any person who has skipped town. The skip
tracer is a kind of detective. He or she will use phone records, public records, credit-card
details, air-travel records, and all kinds of information to track down runaways. These
professional hunters also use ‘social engineering.’ That is, they contact individuals who
may have information about the subject. And of course, they scour the internet for any
trace of the subject’s recent activity. The people most likely to be able to make themselves
disappear would be skip tracers.
DB Cooper hasn’t been seen since 1971, when he opened a jet-plane door and jumped
out. For all this time, he might have been living anonymously under a new name, forever
keeping secret the truth about his identity. All that the FBI ever recovered was the
parachute and a few crumpled twenty-dollar bills. Credit cards were less common back
then, and there was no such thing as a virtual trail. From a plane high up in the sky, one
man was able to achieve the perfect disappearance.
06 True or False?
a. DB Cooper was never caught.
b. Seattle is in Cuba.
c. Cooper detonated a bomb.
d. He refueled the plane in Portland.
130
VOCABULARY THEME
-ish
The suffix “-ish” comes from the Old English -isc, which means “somewhat,”
“like,” or “having the character of.” The root is found in several common English
words.
outlandish strange; foreign-looking; weird
foolish like a fool; idiotic; stupid
reddish somewhat red
squeamish easily nauseated; easily sickened; afraid of violence, blood, and gore
amateurish unprofessional; poorly done
churlish rude; uncivilized (syn. boorish)
peckish hungry
mannish masculine-looking; like a man (usually said of women)
clannish keeping with one’s clan or family; not liking strangers
hellish horrible; terrifying; reminiscent of hell
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
outlandish I hope you don’t wear that ugly, outlandish hat to the party.
foolish Spending money—and never saving it—is a foolish way to live.
reddish Her cheeks were reddish because of the cold wind outside.
squeamish Ellen was always squeamish while watching horror movies.
amateurish I don’t like this amateurish painting. It looks as if a child had made it.
churlish Loudly saying bad words in church is a churlish thing to do.
peckish Feeling peckish, the bear dug around for honey.
mannish Brienne of Tarth is a tall, tough, and mannish female warrior.
clannish The Swiss are sometimes clannish, preferring to avoid strangers.
hellish Living through a war is an unimaginably hellish experience.
g squeamish
woman actin ell
about a bad sm
make~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “up” and “over” can change the meaning of a
phrasal verb.
The verb “make” can be used by itself (I make cakes.), but it can often be used
as part of a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are possible with “make.”
132
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words provided to fill in
the blanks for the sentences that follow.
Darla turned green and became when she saw the strange-
looking, multicolored, fish the fishermen had caught. The
biggest fisherman took out a cleaver and chopped off the struggling fish’s
head. It immediately stopped moving. The huge man looked at Darla. “Eat it,”
he commanded, holding up the fish’s dead body. Darla shook her head no; she
wasn’t feeling at all. blood dripped from the
fish onto the deck of the ship, and all the men stared at Darla, waiting for her
to take the fish and eat its raw meat.
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “make~.” (NOTE: these are separate sentences, not a
dialogue!)
MAX: Can you the people in this blurry photo?
BOB: After I rescued the cat from the tree, the townspeople me
a hero!
PAT: Those terrible raccoons always with my dog’s food.
JUG: We’re going to this whole room, so take
everything out of it.
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words. Can you make one sentence with each
pair?
1. hijack, vanish
2. trace, parachute
3. audacity, tricks
4. outlandish, web proxy
5. advent, intrigue
GRAMMAR FOCUS
134
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
ESSAY WRITING
In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned from this unit,
as well as at least one or two instances of this unit’s grammar point
(“since” and “for”).
POST-WRITING CHECKLIST
02 Check off ( ) the following items if you have done them. I forgot what?
In the essay I just wrote, did I remember to…
write an introductory paragraph (5-8 sentences)?
write three body paragraphs (5-8 sentences)?
write a concluding paragraph (5-8 sentences)?
indent the first sentence of every paragraph by 5 spaces?
make my purpose clear (narrative, persuasive, expository writing)?
136
MEMO
Don’t forget!
140
Writing an expository essay requires the same sort of planning and organizational
skills that you need when writing other kinds of essays. Begin with brainstorming
and outlining, then arrange your essay in the standard format: intro, body, and
conclusion. Keep in mind that you are not injecting your opinion into this essay, so
avoid saying things like “This is worse” or “In my opinion, we should not…” or “Plan
A is better than Plan B.”
Understand the difference between fact and opinion. An opinion is a value
judgment. By “value,” we mean good or bad, better or worse. If we use the word
“too,” for example, then the sentence probably expresses a negative judgment:
this is bad. For example, “I ate too much pizza last night” means that I regret
eating so much pizza.
Look at the fact/opinion chart below to see examples of facts and opinions.
If your teacher asks you to write an expository essay (or a news article), you will
probably have to research and analyze your topic. Researching the topic means
finding information about it. Analyzing the topic means understanding the topic’s
parts and components—how they relate to each other, and what each part’s
importance is. If, for example, you must write an article about dogs, you will first
research dogs, gathering and organizing information about them. Then you must
decide which topics will appear in your five-paragraph essay. Your essay’s rough
outline might look like this:
I. Intro: A General Explanation of Dogs
II. What Dogs Look Like
III. Dog Biology
IV. Dog Behavior and Relationships with People horror
People love the cinema. Movies entertain, allowing viewers to escape everyday life for a
couple hours. Different people watch movies for different reasons, so it is only natural that
there are many types of movies. These movie types are called genres, which is a French
word that means “class,” “category,” “type,” or “kind.” Some movie genres are strange and
not very popular, such as certain “art films,” but other genres are extremely popular. This
essay will discuss three of those genres: comedy, action, and horror.
Comedies make people laugh, so they are normally funny in tone, but many good
comedies also make people think or touch them emotionally, like Pixar’s The Incredibles or
Finding Dory. Many comedies showcase crazy or off-beat characters; comic stories also
often rely on hilarious misunderstandings or harmless disasters. So-called “adult” comedies,
like Sausage Party, might feature raw, vulgar language and sexuality. In many comedies, as
with most dramas, the main character experiences great difficulties before finally solving his
or her problems. Comedies also provide a subtle way to discuss sensitive social issues that
might otherwise make people angry (issues of race, sex, class, etc.).
Action movies normally tell the story of a hero or heroes who must face terrible danger.
The good guys must rescue a victim, take revenge after being hurt, or stop a global disaster in
time. Time is, in fact, crucial in most action movies because it helps build suspense—a feeling
of dramatic tension before something terrible might happen. Classic 1980s actions movies are
Die Hard and Predator. Nowadays, people enjoy the James Bond films starring Daniel Craig
or the Mission: Impossible series with Tom Cruise. Action films let us root for the hero and feel
good about his accomplishments. After watching such movies, we feel like heroes ourselves.
Horror movies are another popular genre. At first, it may be difficult to understand
why because horror movies are frightening, featuring terrifying, nightmarish images, often
accompanied by plenty of blood and gore, monsters and evil spirits. But in truth, people
enjoy being frightened and disgusted. Disgust, in particular, is a paradoxical emotion: when
we are disgusted by something, we are simultaneously attracted to it and repelled by it.
Think of a car accident: the scene is terrible, and you want to look away, but instead, you
continue to stare. Horror movies explore our fear of death and monsters, our fascination with
life after death, and our secret desire to watch other people suffer horrible fates. There are
old, classic horror movies like Dracula, and there are modern torture films like Hostel.
Comedy, action, and horror are three of the most popular movie genres, but we should
also note that mixed genres are possible: there are action-comedies like Deadpool and
horror-comedies like The Cabin in the Woods. And there are other popular genres as well:
thrillers, adventures, mysteries, and so on. Movies are a rich and varied form of entertainment.
They help us escape everyday life to live out our fantasies… and even our nightmares.
142
REVIEW 1
• Fact or opinion? Read the following statements, then circle “F” for “fact”
and “O” for “opinion.”
1. Pluto was called a planet, but it became a dwarf planet in the early F/O
2000s.
2. Traveling in Europe is interesting, but traveling in Asia is a lot more fun. F / O
3. The Dallas Cowboys won a 35-23 victory against the Denver Broncos. F/O
REVIEW 2
Don’t forget!
144
SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS
other than Other than Marco, we all agree this is good.
(except for) Everything was tasty, other than the onions.
none other than Your father is none other than the president!
(that very person/thing) This is none other than Lee Min-ho!
[not]…other than by …ing We can’t win other than by fighting harder!
(only by …ing) You won’t get healthier other than by exercising more.
every other My relatives visit us every other weekend.
(every second one) She chose every other lollipop.
another That sandwich was good. May I have another?
(one more) We have another week to finish this project.
another I hate you. I want another brother.
(something different) She rejected the design and chose another.
• Circle the LETTER of the correct answer for each question below.
1. I don’t like this soda. May I have ?
a. the another one b. another one
2. In the sentence “Another child has found her way home,” the word “another” is
a. a pronoun. b. an adjective.
3. day will be OK for the meeting, Monday. I don’t care
which day.
a. Any other; other than b. Another; none other than
4. In the sentence “That was a bad storm; we’re waiting for another,” “another”
means
a. a different storm. b. one more storm.
5. You can’t get an “A” other than even more.
a. by studying b. studying
6. Wow! Yesterday, I saw Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Terminator!
a. none other than b. other than
REVIEW 2
• Circle the LETTER(S) of the correct answer(s) for each of the questions
below.
1. We have to prepare. One bear attacked us, but is coming.
a. every other one b. another
c. other than d. another one
2. Clark can’t use these tools. He needs .
a. the others b. the another one
c. another ones d. the other ones
3. My dog died last year, and now I want .
a. another one b. an other than
c. another dog d. none other
REVIEW 3
146
VOCABULARY
Passage
1. trial n a challenge
2. rear v raise (a child, a pet, etc.)
3. patiently adv calmly and tolerantly; without anger
4. moody adj angry, irritated, or brooding; unpredictably emotional
5. squeeze v persuade by pressuring
02 For each sentence below, TWO words or expressions can go into the
blank WITHOUT CHANGING THE SENTENCE’S MEANING. Select
those two words.
1. Whenever it rains, my grandmother becomes and starts crying.
a. moody b. emotional c. excited d. afraid
2. When my dog saw me coming, he became , barking and wagging his tail.
a. shy b. enthusiastic c. exuberant d. sad
3. Eric explained to his baby sister why she couldn’t have ice cream.
a. calmly b. excitedly c. patiently d. angrily
4. Many scientists think it’s better to eat food.
a. organic b. nutritious c. man-made d. all-natural
5. My brother is so thin because he’s a very eater.
a. quick b. slow c. fussy d. picky
6. Please our dog while we’re gone.
a. feed b. watch over c. play with d. monitor
7. We think this bad medicine will her illness.
a. worsen b. eliminate
c. change the nature of d. exacerbate
8. Meditating non-stop for two hours requires a lot of .
a. energy b. enthusiasm c. discipline d. strictness
148
READING PASSAGE
Jessie is nine years old. Recently, she has started to complain that, apart from her, all
of her friends have a smartphone. In fact, Jessie believes that all other nine-year-olds
apart from her have a smartphone. Her daddy, Rob, has patiently explained to her that
this is not true, but Jessie is adamant. She is moody every day in her efforts to squeeze
a smartphone out of Dad. Her mom, Marcia, has suggested a compromise. She says that
they will buy Jessie a smart watch. This has some of the functions of a smartphone and,
most importantly, has a telephone function to call parents. But Jessie says she already has
a watch and doesn’t want another one. Mom and Dad hoped Jessie would eventually give
up her demand, but she persists. Parents and child are now at an impasse. How can the
situation be resolved?
Son David is a naughty boy. He takes great pleasure in bouncing off the sofas, climbing
on the kitchen surfaces, and generally making a nuisance of himself. This drives his mom
mad. But at four years old, David is too old to be strapped into a baby chair. And while
Mom and Dad are preparing dinner or engaged in some other necessary housework, they
cannot always monitor and moderate David’s exuberant misbehavior. What is more, both
parents have different methods for dealing with David. Mom is ‘shouty.’ She admits she is
Another problem parents have is with their children’s friends. Last week, Rob and Marcia
made a big snafu. One of Jessie’s classmates had a birthday party. She invited all of her
best friends from class. The girl’s parents posted a list of birthday presents on social
media. They asked the invited guests to buy one each for their daughter. Rob and Marcia
forgot all about the list and bought the girl another present instead. The other guests all
took a present on the Facebook list. The girl’s parents expressed their displeasure with
Rob and Marcia, and now Rob and Marcia are worried that the girl will treat Jessie
differently in school. They don’t want their daughter to be excluded from a class social
group. Is there anything they can do to fix the situation?
Rob and Marcia have different views on diet. Rob thinks that David’s behavior can be
calmed down if they have an organic-based diet, one that incorporates a lot of
vegetables. Marcia is less fussy. She thinks that sausages, bread, beans, chips,
and the kinds of foods that David loves to eat are all harmless. She
believes they make David happier and therefore easier to deal with.
Rob is of the opinion that the sugar and salt and artificial additives
present in such foods exacerbate David’s wilder tendencies.
The parents argue in the supermarket and have yet to find a
compromise solution. In this respect, David prefers his mom’s
approach. How should Rob and Marcia proceed?
150
These four parental dilemmas present unique problems. The first involves an issue of
maturity. The parents must decide whether their nine-year-old daughter is sufficiently
mature to be trusted with an item of technology. They must trust their daughter not
to use the smartphone excessively or inappropriately. The second dilemma involves a
disagreement between the parents over the issue of discipline. Mom and Dad have a distinct
approach to the problem of David’s behavior. While Mom favors an immediate and stern
response, Dad thinks impatience is counterproductive. David is getting mixed messages.
The third problem involves a sensitive case of friends and parental networking. Rob and
Marcia have made a mistake, albeit one that can affect their daughter’s popularity within
her immediate social circle. They have to find a delicate manner of handling the problem.
The fourth problem is as much an issue between the parents as it is between parents and
child. Mom and Dad are basically trying to feed their excitable son the foods that they
themselves like to eat. They have a growing list of problems to solve.
06 True or False?
a. David can be strapped into a baby chair.
b. Rob and Marcia love their children.
c. Mom raises her voice when David is naughty.
d. David climbs on the furniture.
152
VOCABULARY THEME
counter-
The prefix “counter-” comes from the Latin contra, which means “against,”
“opposite,” “in return.” The root is found in several common English words.
counterpunch punch back (after being punched)
countersue sue in response to a suit
counterpoint a rebuttal of a view or an argument
counterattack an attacking response to an attack
countervailing moving against
countermand deny or contradict (a military order)
counteraccusation an accusation in response to another accusation
counterbalance eight used to stop something from falling over; action against
w
something
countercultural not mainstream; marginal; running against normal culture
counteroffer a financial proposal in response to a financial proposal
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
counterpunch When Bruiser punched, Rocky counterpunched.
countersue If you sue me, I’ll countersue you!
counterpoint He made a good point, but her counterpoint was stronger.
counterattack Because they attacked us, we must counterattack quickly.
countervailing any people like big hats these days, but the countervailing
M
fashion is all about wearing small hats.
countermand hen the captain ordered his soldiers to fire, the lieutenant
W
countermanded that order and told his troops to wait instead.
counteraccusation He accused her of stealing; her counteraccusation was that he
had lied.
counterbalance rance thinks it must act as a counterbalance to American global
F
power.
countercultural In the 1960s, hippies were a major countercultural force in America.
counteroffer hank you for your offer not to bomb my city, but I’ll make you a
T
counteroffer: leave my city, and I’ll let you live.
squeeze~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “into” and “out” can change the meaning of a
phrasal verb.
The verb “squeeze” can be used by itself (Darla squeezed the sponge.), but it
can often be used as part of a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are
possible with “squeeze.”
fire by gently
squeeze off Rick squeezed off a few pistol shots.
pulling a trigger
put (liquid) onto Mandy squeezed mayonnaise onto
squeeze onto
by squeezing bread.
force (oneself) I squeezed past a dozen people in the
squeeze past
past room.
nts
ing into his pa
a man squeez
154
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words to fill in the blanks
for the sentences that follow.
Back in the 1960s and 1970s, my uncle was part of the hippie
movement. He had crazy hair, protested against the government, did crazy art,
and fought for world peace. The hippies were making some kind of
against “establishment” culture—the so-called “normal” people, the dirty
politicians, and the people living joyless lives. My uncle and his friends were
pushing against “normal” values; hippies represented a point of
view. My uncle made a lot of enemies back then; some people still hate him.
One man is suing him, so my uncle told me that he plans to .
Good luck, Uncle Frank!
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “squeeze~.” (NOTE: these are separate sentences, not a
dialogue!)
NAT: I’ve gained so much weight that I can no longer these
pants!
BEE: A n octopus is so flexible that it can very small
openings.
RAY: The three-year-old carefully some toothpaste onto his
toothbrush.
DAG: The hunter a shot, but he missed the deer.
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words. Can you make one sentence with each
pair?
1. trial, moody
2. patiently, exuberant
3. snafu, fussy
4. dilemma, exacerbate
5. discipline, nuisance
bad parenting!
GRAMMAR FOCUS
156
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
ESSAY WRITING
In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned from this unit,
as well as at least one or two instances of this unit’s grammar point
(“another” and “the other”).
POST-WRITING CHECKLIST
158
MEMO
There are different kinds of human Humans alway are try to improve
progress: social progress, technological t h e m s e l ve s . A l o n g t i m e a g o, f o r
progress, political progress, and so example, women cannot vote; but thees
on. Progress is not the same as mere days they can. This is a social progress.
change; progress implies improvement. Humans also improve with technology,
A good question to ponder, however, is like transportation: first walking, then
whether all progress is good. This essay using horses and carts, then using cars,
will argue that the answer is no because bus, and trains, then fly in airplanes.
progress, especially technological, Technology improve everything in life. Its
always comes at a cost. Progress is always good. So are other
Technology has to do with objects, good things. All progress always good.
tools, and devices created to help Is there any bad things technology?
people perform a function or accomplish Maybe weapons are bad because killing
a goal. Technology can be simple and people. A long time ago, people fight
non-mechanical, like a hammer or with sticks and rocks. Next is Swords,
shovel, or it can be as complex as a cell bows and arrow, then is coming guns
phone. By helping people, technology and rockets and the Missile.
supposedly improves human life by But is weapon technology so bad?
making us generally faster, stronger, and No because is protect us from enemies.
more efficient. If progress Weppons making, means
Unfortunately, technology can also better protect. So even weapons is
make us lazy, distracted, and even anti- mean better life for people because
social. Americans typically use cars to safer.
drive everywhere instead of walking, thus Human progress is always good
making people less healthy. Television b e c a u s e Te c h n a o l g y g o o d. W h e n
and video games distract people from techanolyg improve, peoples is improve
tasks and conversations. Cell phones too. But is not only improve. Culture
are arguably worse because they tempt is improve, art is improve, Polticks is
people into individual online worlds, thus iomrpove. All parts of human life is more
killing family interactions. better because progress.
Technological progress comes with a
cost. Technology might improve our lives
by making tasks less difficult, but it also
Two ways to judge an essay are (1) by the
harms us by making us lazy, distracted,
quality of its writing, and (2) by the quality of its
and fa r le s s sociable. A ll of the se
content.
negative effects are harmful for human
society and culture, so we can conclude WRITING: spelling, grammar, punctuation,
that not all progress is beneficial. capitalization, sentence structure, rhythm of
prose, word usage (diction), etc.
Buckyballs: an example of CONTENT: Rhetoric (ethos, pathos, logos),
nanotechnology organization, clarity, coherence, general
fluency, use of logic and evidence, etc.
Don’t forget!
162
DISCUSSION
Obviously, the first essay is better than the second essay—much
better. If this were a TOEFL exam, the first essay would rate a 5;
the second essay, which is hard to understand, would rate about a 2.
The first essay introduces the concept of progress and immediately associates it
with improvement. It then asks whether all progress is good.
The essay’s second and third paragraphs present a contrast: the second
paragraph defines technology and suggests that it has benefits, but the third
paragraph talks about technology’s negatives. Using contrast is a good rhetorical
technique.
The final paragraph is the essay’s conclusion, which sums up technology’s
benefits and dangers and reconnects technology to the original question of
whether progress is always good. The conclusion reaffirms that it is not always
good.
Overall, the quality of the first essay’s writing is excellent. There are no mistakes
in grammar, spelling, or other aspects of English.
The second essay, by contrast, is a mess. There are many spelling and grammar
mistakes, plus mistakes in capitalization and punctuation. The content is also
horrible: the essay’s bad-quality writing makes the meaning of some sentences
unclear, and the essay’s logic is also a problem because the writer provides the
weird, awkward example of weapons technology to make his point.
The TOEFL essay-rating scale, which is useful for judging essays, is from 0 to 5
points.
5 Nearly perfect English; the thesis is clear, the argument is well organized, and
there are almost no technical errors in language.
4 Almost as good as a “5” essay, but with a few more errors. The errors are
usually not very serious: poor punctuation or an occasional misspelling.
3 The essay has many mistakes, but the language and the logic are still
generally understandable.
2 The essay has more mistakes than a “3” essay, and the writing is very hard
to understand.
1 The essay is full of errors and almost impossible to understand.
0 The essay writer wrote nothing.
Here are the same paragraphs, but improved to “5” level except for the “0”-level
text. Can you see the difference? What was changed? Why?
5 4 3
I love my hometown of My hometown is Cleveland, Before I came to this
A lexandria, Virginia, but I Ohio, which is actually a pretty university, I was from Busan,
don’t think it’s per fect. If I terrible city. Cleveland has South Korea, which is my
could change one thing about many problems, but if I could hometown. Busan is ver y
Alexandria, it would be this: fix just one important problem, beautiful, but it is also
make the city less expensive. it would be crime, which has expensive. Many people live
There are several ways to do taken over the streets. We there, and costs are too high.
this. First, we should… might need to raise taxes in I'd like to change this.
order to fund the police, but...
2 1 0
My hometown is Daegu. My hometown is Muyang. I’m sorry, but I don’t know
I enjoy living there, but one There isn’t much to do what to write.
problem is the subway, which anywhere. I would change
is too limited. There need to be everything about the town,
more stops and more subway but mostly, I would clean it
lines; there aren’t enough lines up because it has been dirty
now. Because there are too for many years, and many
many people, the subway gets families have left. I want a
very crowded. change—to live in a cleaner
We also have to walk far town.
because there aren’t enough
subway stops.
164
REVIEW 1
Ticher spuden not Many teachers become Teacher pay impor tant,
norngmal pay bottm low Keep la z y because they can not but is relating how student
twen Thousen dollars notting be fired, nor can they have do? Good per form student
Much but wold meybenoug. the ir pay re du c e d. T his is is good pay teachers? Bad
If, supden try try try is myB why I think it would be a very per f form stodent is bad
nuf reezn Teach pay,, up tueni good idea to pay teachers paying teaches? Pay low to
Darzen ponts. according to how much their teacher is good idea. If thats
students learn. Such a system studeng is bad.Pay high to
is fairs because, the better techer for good stujent also
the students perform on tests god idea’s.
(thanks to teacher), the higher
t h e te a c h e r s’ p ay w i l l b e.
Good teachers will be paid
well; poor teachers will be
paid very little. This is just.
REVIEW 2
Don’t forget!
166
So the general rules for using these expressions are:
1. with an article (a few, a little) = neutral or positive emotion
2. without an article (few, little) = negative emotion
3. with emotional content written out = either with or without an article is possible
REMEMBER: few = plural; little = singular!
Few are… Few are familiar with Bantu culture.
Little is… Little is known about the giant squid.
ALSO: as with the “another/other” expressions in Unit 7, “few/little” can
function as both pronouns and as adjectives.
Jack drank a little. (pronoun)
Few Westerners are familiar with Bantu culture. (adjective)
• In the blanks for each sentence, write in the correct words or phrases:
few, little, a few, a little . Follow the emotion shown in parentheses.
1. people attended Tim Kaine’s rally. (disappointment)
2. Yeah, I drank beer, and it was great! (happiness)
3. We own cats. (neutral attitude)
4. This stupid man has education. (negative)
5. Of course we can talk! I have time now. (neutral)
REVIEW 2
REVIEW 3
• Write one sentence using a “little” expression; write the other using a
“few” expression.
1.
.
2.
.
168
VOCABULARY
Passage
21. flashcard n small file card with information written on both sides, often
a
used as an aid to memorization
22. fluke n a rare, random occurrence; an accident, usually fortunate
23. reproducible adj repeatable (as with a science experiment)
24. across the board adv happening in all categories; widely; everywhere
25. spare adj extra
02 For each sentence below, TWO words or expressions can go into the
blank WITHOUT CHANGING THE SENTENCE’S MEANING. Select
those two words.
1. Grandpa worked on his puzzle.
a. attentively b. emotionally c. carelessly d. carefully
2. When I saw the word “borborygmus,” I quickly it.
a. Googled b. thought about c. searched for d. repeated
3. The eagle flew me as I biked down the road.
a. just behind b. next to c. above d. alongside
4. I can’t when I last ate something so delicious.
a. remember b. recall c. say d. imagine
5. I didn’t want to try this strange-looking soup, but you , and it’s
good!
a. convinced me b. told me not to
c. recommended it d. changed my mind
6. Is life on Earth just a , or is there life everywhere in the cosmos?
a. big joke b. bizarre thing c. random accident d. fluke
7. The company president her employees’ creativity.
a. mentioned b. extolled c. praised d. hated
8. Learning to juggle is .
a. so easy b. difficult c. tricky d. amusing
170
READING PASSAGE
“Take a Break!”
I am a high-school student with bad grades. I don’t understand why. I spend long hours in
the school library poring over my textbooks and class notes. I take them home and read
them over in my bedroom, often missing sleep. I have few hours to myself. I even keep
some review material in the bathroom, and yet my grades are not improving. A few of
my friends who study less than I do still manage to achieve better grades. How do they
do better with less effort? This is a continual source of frustration. Everyone says I’m
reasonably intelligent. They all praise my attitude toward school and education. Yet the
problem remains. If I don’t resolve it soon, I worry it will affect my chances of doing well
on the university-entrance examination. So I started to look for answers.
I asked around. First, I turned my attention to my peers. A few of them were out on
the basketball court as usual. They didn’t take kindly to my interrupting their game,
especially with a question related to study. They shrugged their shoulders and said they
didn’t know why I wasn’t doing better. One of them said I take studying too seriously,
which I didn’t really understand. So I approached my homeroom teacher. He listened
attentively, but said that I was doing few things wrong. In the end, he suggested I have
a rest. I didn’t think that was much help, either. A few hours later, I returned home and
asked my parents. They were concerned for me and tried to put my mind at ease. “Let’s
go see a movie this weekend,” Mom suggested. “It will take your mind off studying.”
This was a nice idea, but it wouldn’t solve the matter at hand. Where else could I look?
The internet. I Googled my problem. I figured the internet has answers to much more
trivial questions than my own, so why not? The results surprised me. Pretty early on
in my search, I came across a study undertaken by the Surrey Business School in the
United Kingdom. This study extolled the virtues of something called “spaced learning.”
In spaced learning, students study material in short bursts and take regular breaks. The
university studied 600 business students who were divided into three test groups. Each
group was provided with the same learning material. However, they studied the material
The key, it seems, is giving the brain time to absorb the information it has just taken in. If
learners do this, they will actually retain more information. Shorter periods of learning are
more effective. In the study, subjects remembered 78% of the material presented in the first
half of an hour-long lecture. But then they only remembered 22% of the material presented
in the last half-hour. So they recalled few of the later presented facts. The study also reported
that spaced learning helps students score higher on tests. The difference in test scores was
nearly 20%. Now I was convinced. I had to change my approach to study. I was wasting my
time spending hours poring over the same books when I could just spend a more concentrated
few minutes taking in the same information. I would put spaced learning to the test.
One of my trickiest areas of study is Chinese vocabulary. Formerly, I spent hours reading
lists of words alongside their translated meaning. But within a day, it seemed I had forgotten
most and had to look them up again. This time around, I applied the methods of spaced
learning. I studied for no longer than twenty minutes, and instead of aiming to learn as
many words as possible, I made a shorter list of fifteen. To aid my recall, I made a few
flashcards on which I drew the character on one side and wrote its meaning on the other.
Then I had a glass of orange juice. When I returned to my desk half an hour later, I was
amazed. Looking at one side of my flashcard, I was able to recall what was written on the
other side. The results were much better. It seemed that my brain had fully absorbed the
information I had learned. But perhaps it was just a fluke, and I had gotten lucky with this
particular set of words. So I repeated the experiment to see if the results were reproducible.
Again, I studied for no more than twenty minutes, making flashcards of a short list of
Chinese words. Later that day, I returned to the flashcards, and to my surprise and delight, I
had great recall. The study was correct. I had found a solution to my problem.
172
In our recent midterm tests, I used spaced learning to review. I found the process
less pressured than traditional revision methods. I was able to relax a little instead of
panicking about the upcoming examinations. Pleasingly, I saw an improvement in my
grades across the board. I didn’t get all A’s, and I wasn’t top of the class, but that wasn’t
my goal. I had sought only to improve my general scores and remove the frustration of
spending all my spare time in the library. So my friends, my teacher, and my parents had
been right after all. I shouldn’t take it all too seriously; I needed to rest more; and I should
go out to take my mind off study. Today, I spend more time on the basketball court. And
this weekend, I am going to see a movie with my parents.
06 True or False?
a. He studies in the bathroom.
b. He drinks orange juice.
c. Surrey Business School is in the USA.
d. Spaced learning improves test scores.
174
VOCABULARY THEME
ab-
The prefix “ab-” comes from the Latin ab-, which means “away from,” “down,”
or “off.” The prefix is found in several common English words.
absorb take into (as a liquid into a sponge)
abjure renounce; deny; reject
abnormal not normal; not regular or ordinary; strange
abnegation refusal; denial; disciplined living through denial of material things
abjection a state of misery, poverty, and rejection
abdicate give up (one’s rule/authority, etc.)
abdomen the stomach region
abscond go away secretly
abduct kidnap
abstain refrain from
a woman with pa
in in her abdome
n
USAGE: WORDS IN CONTEXT
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
absorb ith his 220 IQ, Marcus could quickly absorb huge amounts of
W
information.
abjure You are no longer my son! I abjure you! Begone!
abnormal Having eight fingers on each hand is…a little abnormal, yes.
abnegation The old Buddhist monk lived a strict life of abnegation, accepting
nothing.
abjection When the prince saw his citizens, their faces filled with abjection, he
wept.
abdicate The king knew his people hated him, so he decided to abdicate the
throne.
abdomen Horace felt a sharp, stabbing pain in his abdomen, so he called the
doctor.
abscond The burglar absconded with all of our money.
abduct At what time did the terrorists abduct your family, Mr. Mills?
If you wish to be healthy, you should
abstain
abstain from smoking and drinking.
read~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “up” and “about” can change the meaning of a
phrasal verb.
The verb “read” can be used by itself (She reads fast.), but it can often be used
as part of a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are possible with “read.”
176
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words to fill in the blanks
for the sentences that follow.
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “read~.”
ARM: Have you ever much Korean history?
LEG: Well, yes… I once a whole book called Korea:
Old and New. I’m convinced that, if Korea continues to progress, it will
one day take over the world.
ARM: Whoa, I think you’re too much the book! Korea
is a wonderful country, and it’s definitely improving, but I don’t think it’ll
become a global superpower.
LEG: You never know. Maybe you should on Korean
history!
rmal shape
one foot an abno
a bunion, giving
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words. Can you make one sentence with each
pair?
1. pore, interrupt
2. absorb, retain
3. tricky, apply
4. continual, spare
5. across the board, trivial
GRAMMAR FOCUS
178
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
ESSAY WRITING
In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned from this unit,
as well as at least one or two instances of this unit’s grammar point
(“few/a few” and “little/a little”).
POST-WRITING CHECKLIST
180
MEMO
DRAFTING
Which is kinds of rat traps are better: “killing” traps or “humane” traps.? There
are good arguments for both. People who support killing traps think that we haev
to reduce the rat porpulation because rats brings disease. If you use a human
trap and throw the rat into the woods, the rat population is reduced, in fact, it may
go up. Supporters of human traps, by contrast, say that it’s unethical to kill small
harmless animals. After all, a rat doesn’t know that bothering human beings, so
why does it deserve to die?
Don’t forget!
184
Here is the second draft of the above paragraph:
Which kinds of rat traps are better: “killing” traps or “humane” traps? There
are good arguments for both. People who support killing traps think that we have
to reduce the rat population because rats bring disease. If you use a humane
trap and throw the rat into the woods, the rat population isn’t reduced; in fact, it
may go up. Supporters of humane traps, by contrast, say that it’s unethical to kill
small, harmless animals. After all, a rat doesn’t know that it’s bothering human
beings, so why does it deserve to die?
Much better! But is this perfect? It’s not bad, but it could be stronger. So, for the
final draft, let’s add in a hook, buildup, and thesis to make this a much stronger
intro paragraph.
We know we should be kind to all animals, but almost everybody hates rats.
Most people think of rats as dirty, disgusting creatures that eat garbage and make
messes. For this reason, most people want to get rid of rats by killing them and/
or removing them. For this purpose, people need rat traps. But which kinds of rat
traps are better: “killing” traps or “humane” traps? There are good arguments for
both, but in the end, even though they seem cruel, killing traps are much better.
Supporters of humane traps say that it’s unethical to kill small, harmless animals.
After all, a rat doesn’t know that it’s bothering human beings, so why does it
deserve to die? However, people who support killing traps think that we have to
reduce the rat population because rats bring disease. If you use a humane trap
and throw the rat into the woods, the rat population isn’t reduced; in fact, it may
go up. Killing traps reduce the population and stop disease.
Notice how we have edited our final draft. First, we added a hook to get the
reader interested (red). Second, we added a buildup (green) to talk about the
general problem. Third, we added a thesis (blue), so that our paragraph now has
a clear main idea. Fourth—and this may be harder to see—we changed the order
of the arguments for humane and killing traps: humane traps are now first, and
killing traps are second.
Why did we do that? For a very important rhetorical reason: the last
item is the thing we’re supporting! You will often see this technique
in Western speech and writing; it has psychological roots. The thing
we favor usually comes last in a list. For example:
We can refuse to negotiate and go to war, or we can try to negotiate and have
a chance at peace. (The writer wants peace: he mentions peace LAST.)
People have long had a fascination with mountains. They are part of many
cultures’ stories—the dragon living on the mountain, the treasure hidden inside
the mountain, and so on. Mountains also attract climbers, who often feel that
climbing a mountain is like going on a sacred journey. Thousands of people die
every year when they go mountain climbing; the sport is popular but dangerous.
On Mount Everest alone, around 280 people have died climbing the mountain.
Why do people do something as dangerous as mountain climbing? Because they
love a challenge.
The hook and buildup of the above paragraph are not very smoothly put together.
Can we rewrite the above so that (1) the prose is smoother, (2) the paragraph
progresses from a hook to a buildup to a thesis, and (3) everything is a little more
concise (i.e., short but clear)? Let’s try:
Mountains are magical, mysterious, and deadly. They are part of our folklore,
their cloud-covered peaks seem to hide great secrets, and they kill hundreds of
climbers every year. It’s easy to understand why people think about mountains so
much, but why are so many people willing to risk their lives climbing mountains,
in spite of the dangers? This is probably because people love a challenge, and a
mountain is the ultimate challenge.
The above paragraph is shorter and clearer (more concise). The ideas within the
paragraph are better organized. This is a good redraft.
IMPORTANT NOTE: during the drafting process, you might realize that your first
draft is completely wrong, and that you have to start over again. Don’t be upset
or depressed: see this as an opportunity to learn, grow, and improve.
THINGS TO THINK ABOUT WHEN DRAFTING:
1. Is my grammar correct? How about my vocabulary usage? My spelling? My
punctuation and capitalization?
2. Is my writing rhetorically strong? Does it have ethos, pathos, and logos?
3. Is my thesis clear?
4. Am I missing any important information? Should I add anything?
5. Do I have enough ideas/details to support my thesis?
6. Do I have a good, strong conclusion?
7. Should I cut any text out to streamline my writing?
186
REVIEW 1
• Look at the two text boxes below. One is a first draft; the other is a
second draft. Which is which? Write “1” for “first draft” and “2” for
“second draft” in the little boxes, then write a final draft of the text in
the space provided.
Can play games teaching us about life? Can playing games teach us about life?
Games has rules, so some people might say Games have rules; they also often require
that gemes are unlike real life, which has no people to cooperate in teams or groups, and
rules. But is this true? In life, you are always they can encourage competition. All of these
follooing rules: social rules of politness, aspects of games are similar to real life, so it
rules of school conduct, rules at cherch, at seems clear that games can indeed teach us
the gym, etc. Games can also make people about real life.
cooperate with each other in teams, which is
like real life. Teams can compeat with each
other, which is also like those real life. So
games can definately teaching us about what
is the real life.
188
Maybe can be used in front of numbers:
There were maybe sixty people in the room.
Maybe is similar to perhaps and (it) could be (that):
Maybe I’ll win. = Perhaps I’ll win. = It could be that I’ll win.
But never confuse the adverb maybe with the verb may be!
WRONG: I’m sorry, but I maybe late.
RIGHT: I’m sorry, but I may be late.
WRONG: May be this is the best solution.
RIGHT: Maybe this is the best solution.
Note
In spoken English or in written dialogue, “This is maybe the best solution” is possible, but for
formal written English, it’s better to surround a mid-sentence maybe with commas: “This is,
maybe, the best solution.”
• Put a check ( ) in the box under the correct category (MAY, MIGHT,
MAYBE) to indicate which word should go in the blank for each of the
following sentences.
MAY MIGHT MAYBE
1. Be careful: it rain later today!
2. you should look for the book in the library.
3. We’re hungry, so we get some pizza for lunch.
4. I think, , that the baby is awake.
5. Oh, that guy? That be Richard.
6. There be a tiny, tiny chance that we’ll meet the pope.
7. They saw five or six monsters down in the valley.
8. my daughter will win the race.
9. A dragon be inside that egg.
REVIEW 2
• Circle the LETTER(S) of the correct answer(s). More than 1 answer may
be correct.
1. This the best day of my life!
a. maybe b. may be c. might d. might have been
3. The sentence “The enemy army may have won a victory.” means
a. the enemy definitely won a victory.
b. the enemy probably did not win a victory.
c. the enemy probably won a victory.
d. the enemy probably lost.
REVIEW 3
190
VOCABULARY
Passage
192
READING PASSAGE
It was time for a snack. The usual burger and rice restaurants were all within the visible
distance. But, I thought, I may not have the chance to visit this city again. I should try
somewhere new. Lined up on the pedestrianized shopping street in front of me were half-
a-dozen bunshik stalls. Maybe I’ll discover a delicious local snack? I decided to sample
Sometimes, it feels as if there are more coffee shops in Korea than there are restaurants.
They are everywhere. Most are national and international franchise operations. But there
are also a vast number of small, independently run coffee shops, with unique features and
a distinct ambience. The first one I saw was a ‘pet coffee shop,’ where customers could
take their pets into an animal-friendly environment. I peered in to see a number of dogs
wandering around the floor area. That wasn’t for me. But then I found a small, intimate
place playing gentle traditional music. The owner was an elderly lady and I was delighted
to see a selection of traditional teas on the menu. I had a cup of sweet ginger tea. I was
beginning to like my new Korean city.
By now, I really wanted to stand in a small space and sing a loud pop song. Fortunately,
across from the tea shop was a noraebang, a karaoke-style singing room. Ostensibly, it
was for teenagers. Most of the customers this Saturday afternoon were kids of all ages,
placing 500-won coins into the slots of the machine and choosing some of
the latest K-pop releases to bellow out at each other. But there was no
rule against adults’ using it, and I can sing as badly as anyone else! I
spent a fun, noisy twenty minutes practicing a variety of
English and Korean-language songs.
194
My final stop was a place I have seen before
but never been brave enough to try. I treated
myself to a ‘fish foot massage.’ As I entered,
a member of staff directed me to leave my
shoes in a locker by the door and follow her
to a seat at a window facing onto the street.
Under the counter, my feet dangled in a cool tank of water, through which swam scores of
little fish. As they brushed over my feet, I felt a strange but satisfying tingling sensation.
Why had I never had a fish foot massage before?
After my foot bath, I spent the remaining hour until I met my friend wandering around,
enjoying the genial street life and the different feel and features of this new city. Coming
here had reinvigorated my interest in Korean people and culture. By avoiding franchises,
I had discovered original and interesting places. They were maybe not as popular and
famous as the global brands so many of us usually opt for, but they were stimulating and
relatively cheap. I may even come back one day.
01 What is ddeokbokki?
a. hard rice cake b. soft cake
c. soft rice cake d. hard cake
06 True or False?
a. The bunshik-stall owner was Indian.
b. Manhwa means comic book.
c. The noraebang was across from Haengseong Manhwa.
d. It was not her first fish foot massage.
196
VOCABULARY THEME
-ped-
The prefix “-ped-” comes from the Latin pes, which means “foot.” The suffix is
found in several common English words.
pedestrian (1) someone on foot; someone walking
pedestrian (2) normal; ordinary; prosaic; unexciting centipede
Read the following example sentences to understand how to use these words.
pedestrian (1) Nice, France, has a famous pedestrian zone where walkers can visit
many different shops and restaurants.
pedestrian (2) After an adventurous life as a secret agent, James Bond found his
retirement to be rather boring and pedestrian.
biped The hairy biped in front of me grunted something I didn’t understand.
quadruped Sally was in love with all the world’s quadrupeds—all the dogs, all
the cats, all the horses, cows, skunks, elephants, and armadillos.
pedal I pushed hard on my bike’s pedals as I worked my way up the steep hill.
centipede Centipedes are long, ugly, and dangerous because they bite.
millipede The millipede quietly crawled along the branch.
W hen I got my pedicure, the ladies washed my feet, clipped my
pedicure
toenails, and scraped away all my calluses.
K nowing she had misspoken, Hillary backpedaled on her foreign-
backpedal
policy claim.
My love of sugar is a big impediment to
impediment
weight loss.
stay~
A phrasal verb is a verb that is often used with prepositions (at, with, behind,
under, over, on, etc.). The verb plus the preposition, when together, make a
phrase, and the meaning of the phrasal verb can change a lot, depending on
the preposition. Here are some examples:
As you see, the prepositions “up” and “down” can change the meaning of a
phrasal verb.
The verb “stay” can be used by itself (She stayed home.), but it can often be
used as part of a phrasal verb. Many different phrasal verbs are possible with
“stay.”
198
VOCABULARY EXERCISES ★ VOCABULARY THEME AND PHRASAL VERBS
01 Look at the words in the box below. Use the words to fill in the blanks
for the sentences that follow.
02 Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the correct phrasal
verb using “stay~.” (NOTE: these are separate sentences, not a
dialogue!)
BEL: I late every night, worrying about my son.
JOY: Do you go out or whenever the weather is
bad?
OSO: Because your cat is so sick, we don’t want to leave you right away; we
can the weekend and leave on Monday if you
want.
LIG : Rick was angry with the band leader, but the leader asked him to
because quitting was for losers.
pedicure
QUICK CONVERSATION
02 Here are some pairs of words and expressions. Can you make one
sentence with each pair?
1. tried and tested, browse
2. visible, pedestrianized
3. genial, stimulating
4. stacked, discovery
nument,
5. tingling, reinvigorate Sun Voyager Mo
Reyk jav ik, Ice land
GRAMMAR FOCUS
200
WRITING PROMPTS: LET’S WRITE A BIT!
ESSAY WRITING
Tours, France
01 In the space below, write an essay on the following topic:
How would you explore a new city in a foreign country?
In your essay, use some of the vocabulary you learned from this unit,
as well as at least one or two instances of this unit’s grammar point
(“may,” “might,” and “maybe”).
POST-WRITING CHECKLIST
202
MEMO
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE
2.
3.
ESSAY OVERVIEW
• In the space below, write a paragraph describing what an essay is, what its
parts are, and the different purposes it can have.
206
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. cram
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. keen
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. query
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. hardship
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES
2.
3.
BRAINSTORMING
• Think about the following essay topic, then use the space below to brainstorm
an essay.
TOPIC: Why do you think people attend college or university?
Create your mind map here.
208
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. destiny
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. hire
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. radical
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. interfere
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!
TRANSITIVE/INTRANSITIVE VERBS
• Write 2 sentences below, one with a transitive verb and one with an
intransitive verb.
1.
2.
OUTLINING
• Read the following essay topic and create an outline for an essay about it in
the space below.
TOPIC: Do you prefer living in small towns or big cities? Why?
I. INTRO
A. Hook :
B. Buildup :
C. Thesis :
II. BODY
A. 1st Supporting Idea :
1. Detail :
2. Detail :
nd
B. 2 Supporting Idea :
1. Detail :
2. Detail :
C. 3rd Supporting Idea :
1. Detail :
2. Detail :
III. CONCLUSION
A. Summary of Ideas :
B. Final Thoughts :
210
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. momentum
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. gore
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. executioner
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. disoriented
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!
USED TO/WOULD
• Write 2 sentences about past habits—one with “used to” and the other with
“would.”
1.
2.
TRANSITIONS
• In the space below, write TWO paragraphs on any topic. Include a transition
between paragraphs.
212
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. vessel
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. drift
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. hazardous
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. pretend
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!
BY/UNTIL
2.
PERSUASIVE ESSAYS
• In the space below, write a short persuasive essay on the following topic:
“
Never give up” means to keep trying and never stop working for your goals.
Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use specific reasons and
examples to support your answer. Use a separate piece of paper if you need
more room.
214
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. measure
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. conscious
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. dominate
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. mourning
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!
SINCE/FOR
• Write 2 sentences—one using “since” and the other using “for” (time
expressions).
1.
2.
NARRATIVE
• In the space below, write a short fictional story about you and your best friend.
216
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. baffled
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. intrigue
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. outlandish
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. creditor
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!
ANOTHER/THE OTHER
• Write 2 sentences, one with “another” and the other with “the other” (ha ha!).
1.
2.
EXPOSITORY WRITING
• In the space provided below, write a news article about an event that
happened at home.
218
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. patiently
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. nuisance
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. snafu
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. discipline
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!
2.
3.
4.
• Look at the passage below. How good is the English on the TOEFL scale?
Give the passage a score, then explain, in the space provided, why you gave
that score.
When we were childrens, we were taught to tell truth. Telling truth and
being honest also become criteria of judging a person. I do think that most
people prefer to live in a world of pure truth and it is also the best wish of all
kind hearted people. However, what we have to facing is not the dream land.
Telling truth all the time could only exist in our dreams. In another word, lies
could not be avoided.
I will illustrate my opinion with the following facts. In the business world,
always telling truth equals to commit suicide. For example, when competitor
company is asking the content of a tender or the cost of a major product,
telling truth is nonsense. Furthermore, we could learn from old collegue that
to keep the business secrete is to keep the position.
My rating:
220
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. continual
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. shrug
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. burst
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. alongside
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!
MAY/MIGHT/MAYBE
• Write 3 sentences—one with “may,” a second with “might,” and a third with
“maybe.”
1.
2.
3.
DRAFTING
• Write a second draft of the passage from Unit 8 Review in the space provided
below.
222
DEFINITIONS
• Write down, in your own words, what you think the following words mean.
After you write down your definition, write a sentence that uses the word.
1. stacked
MEANING
SENTENCE
2. browse
MEANING
SENTENCE
3. genial
MEANING
SENTENCE
4. ambience
MEANING
SENTENCE
SHORT WRITING
• Write 3-4 sentences, putting together the following words in a paragraph. You
can write a story or whatever you want, but please don’t write a simple list of
sentences. Put them all together with a main idea!