Enthalpy

Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system. It includes

the internal energy, which is the energy required to create a system, and the a
mount of energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment and e
stablishing its volume and pressure.
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic potential. It is a state function of a system, and i
s an extensive quantity. The SI unit of enthalpy is the joule, but other histori
cal, conventional units are still in use, such as the small and the large calori
e.
The total enthalpy, H, of a system cannot be measured directly. Thus, change in
enthalpy, ?H, is a more useful value than H itself. The value of ?H is positive
in endothermic reactions. ?H of a system is equal to the sum of non-mechanical w
ork done on it and the heat supplied to it.
For quasistatic processes under constant pressure, ?H is equal to the change in
the internal energy of the system, plus the work that the system has done on its
surroundings.[1] This means that the change in enthalpy under such conditions i
s the heat absorbed by a chemical reaction.
The enthalpy of a system is defined as:
where
H is the enthalpy of the system (in joules),
U is the internal energy of the system (in joules),
p is the pressure at the boundary of the system and its environment, (in pascals
), and
V is the volume of the system, (in cubic meters).
The increase in enthalpy of a system is exactly equal to the energy added throug
h heat, provided that the system is under constant pressure and that the only wo
rk done on the system is expansion work:
where
?H is the change in enthalpy of the system (under the restrictions mentioned abo
ve), and
Q is the energy added to the system through heat.
Thermodynamic potential
A thermodynamic potential is a scalar function used to represent the thermodynam
ic state of a system.
Internal energy
Helmholtz free energy
Enthalpy
Gibbs free energy
Landau Potential (Grand potential)
Internal Energy
In thermodynamics, the internal energy is the total energy contained by a thermo
dynamic system.
It is the energy necessary to create the system, but excludes the energy to disp
lace the system's surroundings,
any energy associated with a move as a whole, or due to external force fields. I
nternal energy has two major components, kinetic energy and potential energy. Th
e kinetic energy is due to the motion of the system's particles (translations, r
otations, vibrations), and the potential energy is associated with the static co
nstituents of matter, static electric energy of atoms within molecules or crysta
ls, the static energy of chemical bonds. The internal energy of a system can be
changed by heating the system or by doing work on it;the first law of thermodyna
mics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the total heat adde
d and work done.
If the system is isolated, its internal energy cannot change.