EE421

STUDY OF NUMERICAL OVER CURRENT RELAY

Instructed By: Name : G. R. Raban

Index Number :

Field :

Group :

Date of Performance :

Date of Submission :
Observations

Pick-up Value (A) Drop-off Value (mA)

Phase A 1.32 890

Phase B 1.22 930

Phase C 1.12 990

Operating Time at 2 × Is TMS = 1

Curve Description
Expected Range (s) Observed Value (s)

STI30XDT 1.68 - 1.87 1.747

SI30XDT 9.52 - 10.53 9.837

I30XDT 14.3 - 15.81 14.50

VI30XDT 12.82 - 14.18 12.89

EI20XDT 24.66 - 28.67 24.67

LTI30XDT 114 - 126 118.9

DT 998.3
 Operating Time (s)
Current (A)
TMS = 1 TMS = 0.5

2 10.98 4.909

4 5.039 2.460

6 3.838 1.879

8 3.252 1.629

10 2.929 1.459

12 2.720 1.352

14 2.559 1.258

16 2.430 1.213

18 2.317 1.159

20 2.248 1.106
Results

Operating Time Vs Current Variation for TMS = 1

12

10

8
Operating Time (s)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Current (A)
 Operating Time Vs Current Variation for TMS = 0.5
6

4
Operating Time (s)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Current (A)
Discussion

Time/current characteristics of a relay

There are three possible methods used to achieve correct relay co-ordination; time,
overcurrent, or a combination of both. The common aim of all three methods is to give correct
discrimination.

When discriminating by time, each protection unit comprises a definite-time delay

overcurrent relay in which the operation of the current sensitive element simply initiates the time
delay element. The relay operating time is for practical purposes independent of the level of
overcurrent. Discrimination by current relies on the fact that the fault current varies with the
position of the fault because of the difference in impedance values between the source and the fault.

In the case of discrimination by time alone, the disadvantage is due to the fact that the more
severe faults are cleared in the longest operating time. On the other hand, discrimination by current
can be applied only where there is appreciable impedance between the two circuit breakers
concerned. It is because of the limitations imposed by the independent use of either time or current
co-ordination that the inverse time overcurrent relay characteristic has evolved.

The most common characteristic

curves are illustrated in the figure.

With this characteristic, the time

of operation is inversely proportional to
the fault current level and the actual
characteristic is a function of both ‘time’
and 'current' settings. For a large
variation in fault current between the
two ends of the feeder, faster operating
times can be achieved by the relays
nearest to the source, where the fault
level is the highest. The disadvantages of
grading by time or current alone are
overcome.
The basic rules for correct relay co-ordination can generally be stated as follows:

a) Whenever possible, use relays with the same operating characteristic in series with each other
b) Make sure that the relay farthest from the source has current settings equal to or less than the
relays behind it, that is, that the primary current required to operate the relay in front is always
equal to or less than the primary current required to operate the relay behind it.

The three stage over current Characteristics of the KCGG relay

Figure shows the three stages over current characteristics of the KCGG relay. The corresponding
over current elements of those stages are I>, I>> and I>>>, and their respective time delays (t>, t>>
and t>>>). These three stages can be operated independently by setting values for each current
elements and corresponding time delays. Therefore this threes stage overcurrent characteristics
facilitate us to change the overcurrent characteristics according to our requirement.