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Application of Integration
Submitted to:
Ms. Sumera Nazir

Submitted by:
Quratulain
2010-COE-04

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 Application of integration
In tilt-slab construction, we have a concrete wall (with doors and windows cut out of it) which
we need to raise into position. We have only one rope and we must attach it to the centre of
mass of the wall.

In this section we'll see how to find the centroid of an area with straight sides, then we'll extend
this to areas with curved sides (where we'll use integration).

Moment
The moment of a mass is a measure of its tendency to rotate about a point. Clearly, the greater
the mass (and the greater the distance from the point), the greater will be the tendency to rotate.

The moment is defined as:

Moment = mass × distance from a point

Example

In this case, there will be a total moment about O of:

(Clockwise is regarded as positive in this work.)

M = 2 × 1 − 10 × 3 = -28 kgm

Centre of Mass
We now aim to find the centre of mass of the system and this will lead to a more general result.

Example
We have 3 masses of 10 kg, 5 kg and 7 kg at 2 m, 2 m and 1 m distance from O as shown.

We wish to replace these masses with one single mass to give an equivalent moment. Where
should we place this single mass?

Answer

Total moment = 10 × 2 + 5 × 4 + 7 × 5 = 75 kg.m

If we put the masses together, we have: 10 + 5 + 7 = 22 kg

For an equivalent moment, we need:

where is the distance from the centre of mass to the point of rotation.

i.e.

So our equivalent system (with one mass of 22 kg) would have:

Centre of Mass (Centroid) for a Thin Plate

1) Rectangle:
The centroid is (obviously) going to be exactly in the centre of the plate, at (2, 1).

2) Complex Shapes:

We divide the complex shape into rectangles and find (the x-coordinate of the cancroids) and
(the y-coordinate) by taking moments about the y and x coordinates respectively.

Because they are thin plates with a uniform density, we can just calculate moments using the
area.

The moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance of a rotating body to a change in motion.

The moment of inertia of a particle of mass m rotating about a particular point is given by:

Moment of inertia = m d 2

where d is the radius of rotation.

Inertia for a Collection of Particles

If a group of particles with masses m1, m2, m3, ... , mn is rotating around a point with distances d1,
d2, d3, ... dn, (respectively) from the point, then the moment of inertia I is given by:

I = m1d12 + m2d22 + m3d32 ... + mndn2

If we wish to place all the masses at the one point (R units from the point of rotation) then

d1 = d2 = d3 = ... = dn = R and we can write:

I = (m1 + m2 + m3 ... + mn)R2

R is called the radius of gyration.

Example:

Find the moment of inertia and the radius of gyration w.r.t. the origin (0, 0) of a system which
has masses at the points given:

Mass 6 5 9 2

Point (-3,0) (-2,0) (1,0) (8,0)

Answer

The moment of inertia is:

I = 6(-3)2 + 5(-2)2 + 9(1)2 + 2(8)2

= 54 + 20 + 9 + 128

= 211

To find R, we use:

I = (m1 + m2 + m3 ... + mn)R2

211 = (6 + 5 + 9 + 2)R2

So R ≈ 3.097

This means a mass of 22 units placed at (3.1,) would have the same rotational inertia
about O as the 4 objects.

Moment of Inertia for Areas

We want to find the moment of inertia, Iy of the given area, which is rotating around the y-axis.

Each "typical" rectangle indicated has width dx and height y2 − y1, so its area is (y2 − y1)dx.

If k is the mass per unit area, then each typical rectangle has mass k(y2 − y1)dx.

The moment of inertia for each typical rectangle is [k(y2 − y1)dx] x2, since each rectangle is x
units from the y-axis.

We can add the moments of inertia for all the typical rectangles making up the area using
integration:

Using a similar process that we used for the collection of particles above, the radius of gyration
Ry is given by:

where m is the mass of the area.

The work (W) done by a constant force (F) acting on a body by moving it through a distance (d)
is given by:

W=F×d

Example:
An apple weighs about 1 N. If you lift the apple 1 m above a table, you have done approximately
1 Newton meter (Nm) of work.

Work done by a Variable Force

If the force varies (e.g. compressing a spring) we need to use calculus to find the work done.

If the force is given by F(x) (a function of x) then the work done by the force along the x-axis
from a to b is:

The force F on an area A at a depth y in a liquid of density w is given by

F = wyA

The force will increase if the density increases, or if the depth increases or if the area increases.

So if we have an unevenly shaped plate submerged vertically in a liquid, the force on it will
increase with depth. Also, if the shape of the plate changes as we go deeper, we have to allow for
this.

So we have:

Now, the total force on the plate is given by

where

x is the length (in m) of the element of area (expressed in terms of y)

y is the depth (in m) of the element of area

w is the density of the liquid (in N m-3)

(for water, this is w = 9800 N m-3)

a is the depth at the top of the area in question (in m)

b is the depth at the bottom of the area in question (in m)

Electric Charges
The force between charges is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.

So we can write:

where q1 and q2 are in coulombs (C), x is in metres, the force is in newtons and k is a constant, k
= 9 × 109.

It follows that the work done when electric charges move toward each other (or when they are
separated) is given by:
References:

www.intmath.com/applications-integration/applications-integrals-intro.php